La industria eléctrica en España 1890-1936(Es)/ Electric industry in Spain 1890-1936(Spanish)/...

8/2/2019 La industria elctrica en Espaa 1890-1936(Es)/ Electric industry in Spain 1890-1936(Spanish)/ Industria elektrikoa E

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ICNBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@CKB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

Npcjki Jczvmiml Zmfzg{k

Kpv{fnmp fk Dnpvmznc K`mbln`c

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2/165

IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.


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Ki Jcb`m fk Kpxcc) ci x{jin`cz kpvc pkznk) xzkvkbfk ac`ninvcz

ic fna{pnb fk kpv{fnmp fk nbvkzp s{k `mbvznj{~cb ci lkomz `mbm`nlnkbvm

fk ic k`mbmlc kpxcmic"

Imp cbinpnp) mxnbnmbkp ~ `mb`i{pnmbkp fk kpvcp nbqkpvngc`nmbkp

zkxzkpkbvcb icp nfkcp fk imp c{vmzkp) `mb icp s{k bm bk`kpcznclkbvk

`mnb`nfk ki Jcb`m fk Kpxcc"

Ki Jcb`m fk Kpxcc fna{bfk vmfmp p{p nbamzlkp~ x{jin`c`nmbkp xkznfn`cp c vzcqp fk ic zkf Nbvkzbkv

kb ic fnzk``nb dvvx?--www"jfk"kp

Pk xkzlnvk ic zkxzmf{``nb xczc anbkp fm`kbvkp

m pnb bnlm fk i{`zm) pnklxzk s{k pk `nvk ic a{kbvk"

Jcb`m fk Kpxcc) Lcfznf) :887

NPPB? 8:30,:78: $kfn`nb nlxzkpc.

NPPB? 3;7>,414: $kfn`nb kik`vzbn`c.Fkxpnvm ikgci? L" 3;68>,:884

Nlxzkbvc fki Jcb`m fk Kpxcc


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Kpv{fnmp fk Dnpvmznc K`mbln`c) b" ;8

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IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

Npcjki Jczvmiml Zmfzg{k


5/165

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3 Ic kqmi{`nb fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kpxcmi $34>8,3>01. 37

3"3 Ki fkpczzmiim fk ic xmvkb`nc ~ ic xzmf{``nb ki`vzn`c3>

3": Ki xczs{k ki`vzn`m kpxcmi ~ p{ ktximvc`nb :3

3"0 Ic kqmi{`nb klxzkpcznci 08

3"6 Bmvc anbci 0;

: Ki tnvm fk imp {pmp nbc{g{zcikp fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf? Kpxcc) ci{ljzcfc 07

:"3 Imp xznlkzmp xcpmp 04

:": Ic ni{lnbc`nb c qcxmz fk imp kbvmzbmp {zjcbmp $3448,3>83." Qkpvnz `mb ki vzcok fk lmfc

icp `ciikp ~ xcpkmp im`cikp 0>

:"0 Fk ic dnfzmlk`bn`c c ic dnfzmkik`vzn`nfcf? ic kik`vznan`c`nb z{zci ~ ic `mbs{npvc fk imp

lkz`cfmp fk ci{ljzcfm 61

:"6 Nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c ~ ci{ljzcfm kb 3>38 ;8

:"; Bmvc anbci ;:

0 [pmp nbvkbpnqmp k dnfzmkik`vzn`nfcf" Imp cbvk`kfkbvkp fk ic kik`vzinpnp ~ fk ic vkzlm,s{ln`c

kb Kpxcc ;0

0"3 Ic s{ln`c ki`vzn`c? cxin`c`nmbkp kik`vzmivn`cp ~ kik`vzmvzln`cp ;6

0": Imp xzm`kpmp kik`vzmivn`mp? ci{lnbnm ~ ìmzcvmp ;1

0"0 Ic vkzlms{ln`c ki`vzn`c kb Kpxcc 18

0"6 Bmvc anbci 1>

6 Ic `mbpminfc`nb fk icp dnfzmki`vzn`cp? cg{c ~ lcb{ac`v{zc {zjcbc $3>38,3>:;. 73

6"3 Ic b{kqc anpmbmlc fki pk`vmz p{lnbnpvzcfmz fk kik`vzn`nfcf 7:

6": Ic kìmpnb lcb{ac`v{zkzc ~ p{p mzgkbkp? ic dkzlmpc nbfkxkbfkb`nc 7;

6"0 Ic dnfzmkik`vzn`nfcf? `mpvkp ~ zk`{zpmp bcv{zcikp 74

6"6 Icp `mbfn`nmbkp nbpvnv{`nmbcikp 4:

6"; Nbqkzvnz) mbpvz{nz ~ m`{xcz lkz`cfmp? ic vczkc fk icp `mlxccp 41

6"1 Bmvc anbci >:

; Icp kpvzcvkgncp `mzxmzcvnqcp fk imp gz{xmp jcb`cznmp ~ ic ikbvc nbvkgzc`nb fk imp lkz`cfmp

ki`vzn`mp kpxcmikp $3>:;,3>0;. >0

;"3 Imp ilnvkp fk ic dnfzmkik`vzn`nfcf kb ic Kpxcc fk 3>08 >0

;": Ki xmpvkzgcfm amlkbvm ki`vzn`m N? ic zkf ki`vzn`c bc`nmbci >4

;"0 Ki xmpvkzgcfm amlkbvm ki`vzn`m NN? ic `mbpvz{``nb fk fns{kp 388

;"6 Ic anpmbmlc klxzkpcznci cbvkp fk ic g{kzzc `nqni 380

;"; Ic vklnjik nbqcpnb? Mzjkgmm qp" [zz{vnc 387

;"1 Bmvc anbci 33:1 @mbì{pnmbkp 33;

Cbkom 3 33>

Cbkom : 307

Cbkom 0 30>

Gimpcznm 36;

A{kbvkp ~ jnjinmgzcac 3;3

bfn`k fk `{cfzmp 313

bfn`k fk gzan`mp 310

Pngicp ~ cjzkqncv{zcp lp azk`{kbvkp 31;


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JCB@M FK KPXCC > KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

Gzc`ncp c kpk fkp`{jznlnkbvm Uvzcbpamzlcz ic kbkzgc ki`vzn`c kb a{kzc lmvzn) ~ ic a{kz,

c lmvzn kb kbkzgc ki`vzn`c\) pk iikqcb a{kzcp kbmzlkp) cbvkp xkzfnfcp) fkpfk cjz{xvcp

lmbvccp dcpvc `kbvzmp cgz`micp m acjznikp) im s{k dc xzmf{`nfm {bc kpxk`nk fk zkqmi{,`nb nbf{pvznci s{k bm x{kfk lkbmp fk ktngnz cig{bcp fnpxmpn`nmbkp ikgnpicvnqcp U\" @mb,

qkb`nfm ki pkbcfmz s{k p{p`znjk fk s{k ki Pkbcfm cbdkic cjznz `clnbmp b{kqmp c ic zn,

s{kc xjin`c xczc ktvkbfkz ki jnkbkpvcz kbvzk imp kpxcmikp ~ xczc ktvkbfkz imp zk`{zpmp

fki Vkpmzm5 mbqkb`nfm fk s{k imp xzm`kfnlnkbvmp nbf{pvzncikp pmb imp s{k nbai{~kb fk {bc

lcbkzc lp zxnfc kb ki c{lkbvm fk ic xzmf{``nb5 mbqkb`nfm fk s{k vmfc ic nbf{pvznc

bc`nkbvk pk xzkpvc c {b fkpczzmiim nbanbnvm {cbfm pk gczcbvnc ic injkzvcf nbf{pvznci) s{k kp

ic lp xzmf{`vnqc fk vmfcp icp injkzvcfkp) ~ fk s{k kpc injkzvcf bm pkzc a`ni pn bm pk iik,

qczcb c ic ikgnpic`nb icp nfkcp ~ imp fkp`{jznlnkbvmp s{k p{zgkb kb ic dnpvmznc d{lcbc5

`mbqkb`nfm fk s{k xczk`k nbfnpxkbpcjik) c lkfnfc s{k cljnc ki zgnlkb fk icp nbf{p,

vzncp) fn`vcz ik~kp s{k czlmbn`kb imp nbvkzkpkp xznqcfmp `mb imp nbvkzkpkp xjin`mp5 `mb,

qkb`nfm fk s{k kbvzk vmfcp icp fkpclmzvnc`nmbkp bnbg{bc lp xzmqk`dmpc s{k ic fkp,clmzvnc`nb fk ic Bcv{zcikc) s{k dc dk`dm xmpnjik ki fkp`{jznlnkbvm fk ic ik~ fk ic

`mbpkzqc`nb fk ic kbkzgc) vnkbk ki dmbmz fk kikqcz ci Pkbcfm ic png{nkbvk xzmxmpn`nb fk

ik~ U"""\) Xzmxmpn`nb fk Ik~ fk fmb Cijkzvm Jmp`d ci Pkbcfm $34>>.) Pkzqnf{ljzk amzm,

pc fk `mzznkbvk ki`vzn`c) Ic Kbkzgc Ki`vzn`c) xx" ::7 ~ ::4"

@{cbfm pk {lxik cjcilkbvk {b pngim fk ic mbpvnv{ nb fk icp gzcbfkp klxzkpcp ki`vzn,

`cp kb Kpxcc) ki lcxc kbkzgvn`m) ~) pmjzk vmfm) ki ki`vzn`m) xczk`kb iiclcfmp c p{aznz cb

lc~mzkp ~ lp xzma{bfmp `cljnmp s{k imp c`ck`nfmp fkpfk imp ivnlmp m`dkbvc3" Kb 3>48)

ki lcxc ki`vzn`m qngkbvk kb Kpxcc kzc {b fkpxzmxpnvm fk fnp`mbvnb{nfcfkp klxzkpczncikp

~ xzmf{`vnqcp) kb {bc nbf{pvznc `{~mp lkomzkp zkbfnlnkbvmp c kp`cic pk imgzcb) xczcfon`c,

lkbvk) lkfncbvk ic nbvkgzc`nb fk lkz`cfmp c vzcqp fk zkfkp fk nbvkz`cljnm" Imp xkzanikp

ktvzcqcgcbvkp fk kpk lcxc ki`vzn`m) s{k xkzf{zczmb f{zcbvk pkvkbvc cmp) `mbpvnv{cb {bc

dkzkb`nc lp fk icp fnpvmzpnmbkp fki ikgcfm azcbs{npvc" Vzcp ic NN G{kzzc L{bfnci) kb K{zmxc ~

Clzn`c fki Bmzvk ki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m lkzk`n ic `mbpnfkzc`nb fk lmbmxminm bcv{zci bk`kpnvc,

fm fk zkg{ic`nb xjin`c" @mb fnakzkbvkp gzcfmp fk nbvkzqkb`nb) icp Cflnbnpvzc`nmbkp xczvn`n,

xczmb kb ic anbcb`nc`nb fk nbazckpvz{`v{zcp ~ kb ic nbvkgzc`nb fk imp lkz`cfmp ki`vzn`mp

lkfncbvk zkfkp fk nbvkz`cljnm bc`nmbci) c `cljnm fk nbvkzqkbnz kb fnqkzpmp gzcfmp kb ic zk,

g{ic`nb fki c``kpm ci pkzqn`nm ki`vzn`m ~ ic zkg{ic`nb fk p{p xzk`nmp:" Kb Kpxcc ~ f{zcbvk

ki azcbs{nplm) pk kl{iczmb kpcp xmivn`cp) p{jqkb`nmbcbfm ic `mbpvz{``nb fk fns{kp ~ `mb,

gkicbfm icp vcznacp" Nb`i{pm ki xzmxnm Kpvcfm kbvz kb `mlxkvkb`nc `mlm xzmf{`vmz" Bm mjp,

vcbvk) pk fnzc s{k bnbg{bc fk kpcp nbvkzqkb`nmbkp xkzpng{n ic zkg{ic`nb fk {b lmbmxminm)pnbm lp jnkb `mbo{gcz czjnvzcznclkbvk ic clkbcc ~ ki xzklnm pkgb imp fna`nikp ks{ninjznmp

fk xmfkz f{zcbvk imp p{`kpnqmp gmjnkzbmp azcbs{npvcp0"

Kb zkcinfcf) ki lcxc ki`vzn`m kpxcmi cxkbcp pk dcjc civkzcfm f{zcbvk `{czkbvc

cmp" Kzc l{~ pnlnicz c cs{ki fk 3>0;) kt`kxv{cbfm ic kt`kbvzn`nfcf fk im s{k iikgczc c

`mbpvnv{nz ki gz{xm KBFKPC kb xczvk) az{vm fk ic vkbc`nfcf kb ki {pm fk imp zk`{zpmp `czjm,

bakzmp fki xcp xmz xczvk fki NBN) ~ kb xczvk) dkzkb`nc fk Ic @cbcfnkbpk6" Bm mjpvcbvk) kb

im a{bfclkbvci ki fnpkm ki`vzn`m kpxcmi `mbpvnv{c {bc xicplc`nb fki fkpczzmiim c p{ injzk

cijkfzm fk kpvc nbf{pvznc f{zcbvk ki xkzmfm fk kbvzkg{kzzcp" ^ im s{k kb 3>48 kzc {b cjngc,

Nbvzmf{``nb

3" Gczz{p ~ Gcz`c $:88;." :" Ic fm`vznbc xzkfmlnbcbvk kb Gczankif ~ Imqkom~ $3>16. ~ @zkw ~ Eiknbfmzakz $3>41." P{zkqnpnb) xmz Jc{lmi $3>77. ~ Icaambv ~ Vnzmik $3>>0." 0" X{k~m $:881." 6" Ki Kpvcfm pk dnm vcljnb `mb p{p xzmxncp`mb`kpnmbkp ~ `mlxkvc cxczkbvklkbvk `mlm {b xzmf{`vmz lp" Qcpk Glk Lkbfmc $:881.) x" 6:7"


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JCB@M FK KPXCC 38 KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

zzcfm cbc`zmbnplm) kb 3>0; kzc ki zkp{ivcfm fk {b xkzmfm fk gzcb xzmpxkznfcf xczc ki pk`vmz

p{lnbnpvzcfmz fk kpvc kbkzgc"

Imp imgzmp fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m f{zcbvk ki xznlkz vkz`nm fki pngim TT a{kzmb pnb f{fc

l{~ zkikqcbvkp c kp`cic kpxcmic" Kb xznlkz i{gcz) xmzs{k `mbpvnv{~ {bc gzcb nbf{pvznc) ic

xznb`nxci fki xkzmfm kb Kpxcc) vcbvm xmz ic `{cbvc fk ic nbqkzpnb fkpkljmipcfc `mlm xmz

p{ `mbvznj{`nb c ic amzlc`nb fk `cxnvci apn`m;" Kb pkg{bfm i{gcz) xmzs{k kb ic dnpvmznc kpxc,

mic kpvk pk`vmz kp {b koklxim l{~ pnbg{icz fk cfmx`nb vk`bmign`c kan`c? icp p{`kpnqcpv`bn`cp kb`czgcfcp fk ic ktximvc`nb) ci xznb`nxnm fki `czjb) ~ i{kgm ~ lc~mznvcznclkbvk fk

p{p zmp) pk c`mgnkzmb pnb cxczkbvk zkvzcpm" Kb vkz`kz i{gcz) xmz `{cbvm ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxc,

mic zkp{iv {b akblkbm s{k pk clxin c vkzznvmznmp zklmvmp ~ s{k jkbkan`n c cig{bcp `cxcp

fk ic xmjic`nb dcpvc kbvmb`kp pnklxzk ktì{nfcp fk {bc qnfc lp `lmfc" Ic kik`vznan`c`nb)

xkzm pmjzk vmfm ic fna{pnb fk ic ni{lnbc`nb ki`vzn`c) dnm cvnpjcz kb Kpxcc xmz qk xznlkzc

im s{k @clj fnm kb iiclcz ic fklm`zcvnc`nb fki jnkbkpvcz) kb vcbvm dc`nc 3>0; dcpvc {b

>8+ fk ic xmjic`nb kpxcmic ci`cbcjc c fnpaz{vcz fki pkzqn`nm ki`vzn`m1" Xmz im fklp) kpvc

clxinc ktvkbpnb fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf kb Kpxcc v{qm zkxkz`{pnmbkp l{~ xmpnvnqcp pmjzk ki `mb,

o{bvm fki pk`vmz pk`{bfcznm" Ic nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c `mlkb c klxikcz lcpnqclkbvk dnfzmkik`,

vzn`nfcf xm`m cbvkp fk ic N G{kzzc L{bfnci ~) c xczvnz fk kbvmb`kp) ic lcb{ac`v{zc kpxcmic pk

jkbkan`n fk {b nlxmzvcbvk cdmzzm kbkzgvn`m ~ fk icp lkomzcp kb icp xzmf{`vnqnfcfkp fkznqc,fcp fk ic p{pvnv{`nb fki vzcjcom xmz `cxnvci s{k ic {vninc`nb fki lmvmz ki`vzn`m ac`ninvcjc7"

Bm mjpvcbvk) ki tnvm s{k ocimb imp xznlkzmp xcpmp fk ic nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c kpxcmic pk

qk ingkzclkbvk klxccfm `{cbfm p{ vzc~k`vmznc pk ktclnbc c kp`cic k{zmxkc" Kb mvzmp xcpkp

fmbfk) `mlm kb Kpxcc) pk klxikczmb lcpnqclkbvk zk`{zpmp dnfz{in`mp xczc ic mjvkb`nb fk

kik`vzn`nfcf f{zcbvk ki xznlkz vkz`nm fki pngim TT) ic kik`vznan`c`nb a{k cbvkznmz ~ lp nbvkbpc"

Kb Nvcinc) @cbcf) P{nc m Kp`cbfnbcqnc ki {pm fki cg{c `mbvznj{~ fk`npnqclkbvk c nbvkbpnan`cz

p{p `mbp{lmp gimjcikp fk kbkzgc) b{vznkbfm qngmzmpmp vzcpqcpkp nbvkzpk`vmzncikp" C kik`vznan`c,

`nmbkp x{ocbvkp `mzzkpxmbfnkzmb) xmz im fklp) pk`vmzkp ki`vzn`mp xmfkzmpmp4"

Ki `mbm`nlnkbvm fk s{k dcpvc dm~ pk fnpxmbc c`kz`c fk kpvmp cbvk`kfkbvkp zklm,

vmp fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kpxcmi dc cvzcqkpcfm {bc acpk fk gkbkzcinc`nmbkp xmiln`cp f{zcb,

vk imp cmp bmqkbvc>5 ~ mvzc p{`kpnqc fk fkvciicfmp cbinpnp `mlx{kpvmp kb lmbmgzcacp zkgnm,

bcikp ~ klxzkpczncikp) `cfc qk lp cj{bfcbvkp k nbamzlcfcp) ~ s{k pk fnpvnbg{kb fki

`l{im zk`nkbvk fk x{jin`c`nmbkp `mblklmzcvnqcp38" Cdmzc jnkb) lnkbvzcp s{k icp xmiln`cp

gkbkzcikp fkp`cbpcjcb pmjzk `nlnkbvmp azgnikp) x{kp fnp`{vcb pkznkp man`ncikp fk xmjzk `c,

infcf xczc ki `mbo{bvm fki vkzznvmznm kpxcmi) icp qcinmpcp nbqkpvngc`nmbkp fk `cpm pk dcb `knfm

c {b ljnvm zkpvznbgnfm) bm pnklxzk zkxzkpkbvcvnqm"

Ki xzmxpnvm fk kpvc lmbmgzcac kp) x{kp) nbfcgcz kb ki xkzmfm ìcqk fk gkpvc`nb

fk kpk xznlkz pnpvklc ki`vzn`m kpxcmi) ki lcxc fk `{~mp lkz`cfmp kqmi{`nmb c lcz`dcp

amzcfcp dcpvc 3>0;33" Xczc klxkcz) pk ktxmbkb imp zkp{ivcfmp fk lnp ì`{imp pmjzk icp

xznb`nxcikp lcgbnv{fkp fk ic nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c dcpvc 3>013:" ) i{kgm) pk ktxin`cb icp zcmbkp fk

p{ zkicvnqm tnvm) fkpfk {b x{bvm fk qnpvc vk`bmign`m) nbf{pvznci ~ klxzkpcznci) fkvkbnbfmpkkb cpxk`vmp zkicvnqmp ci lkfnm bcv{zci) ki kbvmzbm nbpvnv{`nmbci ~ p{ `mbang{zc`nb `mzxmzcvnqc"

Bm mjpvcbvk) pk dc kikgnfm {bc amzlc bczzcvnqc kb {bc kpvz{`v{zc s{k xzm`{zc pkz ci vnklxm

;" Kb zkic`nb `mb p{ nlxmzvcb`nc kb imp lkz`cfmp fk `cxnvci) qcpk Zmifb) Gcz`c Fkigcfm ~ L{m $3>70.) v" :)x" 018" Ic `mbvznj{`nb fk icp nbazckpvz{`v{zcp ki`vzn`cp c ic fmvc`nb kpxcmic) kb Dkzzcb Imb`b $:886." 1" @clj$3>:1." Ki kpv{fnm fk `mbo{bvm lp zk`nkbvk kp ki fk Lci{s{kz fk Lmvkp $:881." 7" P{ `mbvznj{`nb kbkzgvn`c) kbP{fzn $3>>7. ~ Jkvzb $:88;." 4" Mvzc `czc`vkzpvn`c ccfnfc fk kpvmp xcpkp dnfzmfkxkbfnkbvkp kzc ki kp`cpm gzcfmfk nbvkgzc`nb xzmf{`vnqc cbvkznmz c 3>6;" Ki kpv{fnm mlxczcvnqm ipn`m pmjzk kik`vznan`c`nmbkp kp ki fk Lmzvczc $3>06.5

kbvzk imp lp zk`nkbvkp) Pkgzkvm $:881.) kb gkbkzci) ~ Icbvdnkz $:881.) pmjzk ic nbvkzqkb`nb xjin`c" >"Qcbpk ci zkp,xk`vm imp fkjcvkp lcbvkbnfmp p{`kpnqclkbvk xmz P{fzn ~ Cbvmib kb 3>>8 ~ 3>>7? P{fzn $3>>8j.) P{fzn $3>>7.) Cb,

vmib $3>>8. ~ Cbvmib $3>>7." 38" Kbvzk icp lmbmgzcacp? Ci`cnfk $3>>6.) Cbkp $:881.) C{jcbkii $:88;.) Cbvmib $3>>>j.)@czlmbc $3>>>.) @c~b $3>>7.) Gczz{p $:881c ~ j.) Bk $3>>: ~ 3>>;. ~ Vkffk $3>47." 33" Xczc i{kgm fkpc`kikzcz,

pk ~ cbs{nimpczpk xzmgzkpnqclkbvk vzcp ic mbpvnv{`nb fk Njkzf{kzm kb 3>66) ic zkc`nb fk KBFKPC ~ ic bc`nmbcinc`nbfk ic Jcz`kimbc Vzc`vnmb" 3:" Bm mjpvcbvk) ic x{kpvc kb lcz`dc kb 3>0; fk imp xznlkzmp gz{xmp gkbkzcfmzkp kb ki Kpicxmz xczvk fk Pcivmp fki F{kzm kp c ln xczk`kz ki dnvm s{k `nkzzc ki xkzmfm `mbpvnv{~kbvk fki pnpvklc ki`vzn`m kpxcmi"


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vklvn`c ~ `zmbmign`c" Ic xkzpxk`vnqc cfmxvcfc kp `mlxczcvnqc) kb vcbvm xzm`{zc jkbkan`ncz,

pk fk x{jin`c`nmbkp pmjzk pk`vmzkp ki`vzn`mp cbimgmp ~ fk {bmp `mb`kxvmp jpn`mp xzm`k,

fkbvkp fk fnqkzpcp fnp`nxinbcp ~ kbams{kp) fk imp s{k icp xgnbcp nblkfncvcp fcb `{kbvc 30"

Xmz pk`vmz ki`vzn`m pk kbvnkbfk cs{i kb`czgcfm fki p{lnbnpvzm xjin`m fk kik`vzn,

`nfcf) nbì{~kbfm imp nìmp fk gkbkzc`nb) fk vzcbpxmzvk ~ fk fnpvznj{`nb mlkz`nci fk kpvckbkzgc36" Ic kik`vznan`c`nb mbpnpvk kb ki xzm`kpm fk fna{pnb fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf s{k zkvzmcin,

lkbv ic kqmi{`nb fk kpvc nbf{pvznc" Xkpk c p{ zkikqcb`nc) imp kak`vmp fnbln`mp fk ic kik`,

vznan`c`nb pmjzk ic k`mbmlc kpxcmic c `mzvm ~ iczgm xicm bm pmb ki mjokvnqm `kbvzci fk

kpvcp xgnbcp"

Ic invkzcv{zc k`mbln`c `{kbvc `mb vzkp iczgcp vzcfn`nmbkp nbvkzxzkvcvnqcp c`kz`c fki

xcpcfm nbf{pvznci fk imp pk`vmzkp ki`vzn`mp `mbvklxmzbkmp `czc`vkzncfmp pnbg{iczlkbvk

xmz p{ xk`{incznfcf v`bn`c ~ xmz p{ bcv{zcikc kpvzcvgn`c" Ic xznlkzc) cbvng{c xkzm xm`m

vzcbpnvcfc) pk dc m`{xcfm fk ic kik`vznan`c`nb kb p" Xkzpng{k fkpkbvzccz icp cxmzvc`nmbkp fk

kpvc kbkzgc ci `zk`nlnkbvm k`mbln`m `mbvklxmzbkm kb {bc fnzk``nb s{k nbc{g{z Pqkb,

bnipmb kb 3>;6" Fkpfk kbvmb`kp) imp ac`vmzkp fk icp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp dcb pnfm iczgclkbvk

fnp`{vnfmp) c{bs{k bm vcbvm p{ zkxkz`{pnb kak`vnqc kb ki gzcfm fk kik`vznan`c`nb fk `cfcxcp3;" Icp mvzcp fmp `mzznkbvkp pk dcb m`{xcfm lp jnkb fk ic kqmi{`nb fk ic xzmxnc nbf{p,

vznc" Fkpfk imp ivnlmp m`dkbvc) {bc pk dc `kbvzcfm kb cqkzng{cz `{ikp pmb imp cpxk`vmp

vk`bmign`mp s{k dcb nb`nfnfm kb ic fnqkzpc `mbang{zc`nb nbf{pvznci fk imp fnpvnbvmp pk`vmzkp

ki`vzn`mp31" Ic mvzc vzcfn`nb `mlxzkbfk imp kpv{fnmp fmbfk xzkqcik`kb icp qczncjikp nbpvnv{,

`nmbcikp) xkzm kpvc vcljnb dc nfm qczncbfm p{ vklvn`c) cbvkp `kbvzcfc kb ic qcinfk fk imp

lmfkimp zkg{icvmznmp ~ ivnlclkbvk lp m`{xcfc kb ktclnbcz ic zkic`nb kbvzk ic vk`bmimgc

ki`vzn`c ~ ic `mbang{zc`nb nbpvnv{`nmbci fki xzmxnm pk`vmz fk p{lnbnpvzm kbkzgvn`m37"

Vmfc kpvc zn`c invkzcv{zc bmp dc qkbnfm c xzmxmz`nmbcz bm`nmbkp jpn`cp pmjzk ic pnb,

g{icznfcf fk kpvc nbf{pvznc) ~ vzkp pmb) c ln o{n`nm) imp `mb`kxvmp kpkb`ncikp xczc ic `mzzk`vc

`mlxzkbpnb fki xcpcfm fki pkzqn`nm ki`vzn`m? p{ fnqnpnb xmz `nìmp) p{ vkbfkb`nc zkvn`{icz ~

ki xmin,xzmf{`vm ki`vzn`m"

Imp k`mbmlnpvcp kpxk`ncincfmp kb lkz`cfmp ki`vzn`mp iiclczmb ic cvkb`nb ~c dc`k

qknbvk cmp c`kz`c fki kzzmz s{k pk `mlkvc ci `mbvklxicz kpvmp lkz`cfmp {bnvcznclkbvk"

C o{n`nm fk Ompemw ~ P`dlcikbpkk) pk dcb fk `mbpnfkzcz vzkp lkz`cfmp ki`vzn`mp fnakzkb`nc,

fmp) `mzzkpxmbfnkbvkp c imp `nìmp kb s{k pk fnqnfk ki p{lnbnpvzm? ki fk gkbkzc`nb) ki fk

vzcbplnpnb ~ ki fk fnpvznj{`nb" Pmim kpvmp fmp ivnlmp x{kfkb cijkzgcz zkbfnlnkbvmp c kp`c,

ic ~) xmz vcbvm) pkz p{p`kxvnjikp fk `mbang{zczpk `mlm lmbmxminm bcv{zci zkg{icfm) lnkbvzcp

s{k ki `nìm fk gkbkzc`nb kp jpn`clkbvk `mlxkvnvnqm34"

Bm mjpvcbvk) cbvkp fk 3>6;) kpvmp `nìmp cxczk`cb c lkb{fm nbvkgzcfmp kb vmzbm

c klxzkpcp s{k cp{lcb icp vzkp a{b`nmbkp" Kb kak`vm) imp lkz`cfmp ki`vzn`mp `zk`nkzmb

png{nkbfm {b xcvzb zkvn`{icz kb s{k `cfc xczvk xczvn`nxcjc `mlm `mlxmbkbvk fk {b pnpvk,lc nbvkgzcfm k nbvkzfkxkbfnkbvk" Pk fna{bfnkzmb lkfncbvk ki vkbfnfm nbn`nci fk ibkcp fk

30" Lk zkankzm c icp dnpvmzncp fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf klxzkbfnfcp vcbvm kb Nvcinc `mlm kb Azcb`nc? Dnpvmnzk Gbzcik fkiik`vzn`nv nb Azcb`k $3>>0,3>>6. ~ Pvmznc fkiinbf{pvznc kikvvzn`c nb Nvcinc $3>>3,3>>0." Cljcp `{kbvcb `mb fnqkzpmp qmi,

lkbkp) kbvzk imp s{k pk c`cjcb `mbvcbfm lnikp fk xgnbcp" Lp zk`nkbvklkbvk) pmjzk Xmzv{gci) @czfmpm Lcvmp

$:886." 36" Xczc lc~mz nbamzlc`nb) qcpk ki Gimpcznm" 3;" Pqkbbnipmb $3>;6." Ktnpvk {bc iczgc xmiln`c kbvzk icvzcfn`nb bkmìpn`c ~ ic kqmi{vnqc kb vmzbm c `{i a{k ki kok fk ic cxmzvc`nb fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf ci `zk`nlnkbvm k`mbln`m

`mbvklxmzbkm? ic `cfc fk xzk`nmp fk ic kbkzgc m imp b{kqmp xzmf{`vmp" Ic xznlkzc) kb Wmmia $3>46.5 ic pkg{bfc) kb

Zmpkbjkzg $3>4:." P`d{zz $3>>8. dc nbpnpvnfm kb ki zk`nlnkbvm fk ic xzmf{`vnqnfcf vmvci fk imp ac`vmzkp s{k ic kik`vzn`nfcf

xzm`{z" ^ Fcqnf $3>47.) kb ic ibkc fk Zmpkbjkzg) c`cj fkanbnbfmic `mlm {bc GXV" Zk`nkbvklkbvk) Jkvzb $:88;. dc

czg{lkbvcfm c acqmz fki cg{c `mlm ac`vmz fk`npnqm fki fnakzkb`nci kbvzk kik`vznan`c`nmbkp" 31" D{gdkp $3>40. ~ Gncb,bkvvn $3>4;." 37"Ci xznlkz gz{xm `mzzkpxmbfkb) `mb `cz`vkz gkbkzci xczc imp pkzqn`nmp xjin`mp) icp cxmzvc`nmbkp fk

Lniwczf $:886. ~ fk Lcf{zknzc $:886. pmjzk Xmzv{gci" Ci pkg{bfm gz{xm) imp vzcjcomp lp zk`nkbvkp fk Dc{plcb ~Bk{akif $:886." 34" Ompemw ~ P`dlcikbpkk $3>40 ~ 3>41." Cb cp) ki lmbmxminm bcv{zci fk ic fnpvznj{`nb ki`vzn`c bmp{xkzc oclp ki zkc fk {bc `n{fcf fk vclcm lkfncbm"


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JCB@M FK KPXCC 3: KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

vzcbpxmzvk ~ i{kgm fk fnpvznj{`nb) ~ p{p lkomzkp zkbfnlnkbvmp pk mjv{qnkzmb mb ic nbvkbpnan,

`c`nb fki {pm fk kpvcp zkfkp" Ci vnklxm) ic nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c pk dc `czc`vkzncfm vcljnb

xmz {bc `zk`nkbvk `mb`kbvzc`nb fk ic ktximvc`nb" [bc qk p{xkzcfm ki xkzmfm xnmbkzm) ic

gkbkzc`nb ~ ic vzcbplnpnb ki`vzn`c zks{nznkzmb kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp fk gkbkzc`nb ~ zkfkp fk

lc~mz fnlkbpnb) s{k vcljnb fnpaz{vcjcb fk zkbfnlnkbvmp zk`nkbvkp fk kp`cic) xkzm {~mp

`mpvkp nbn`ncikp a{kzmb `zk`nkbvkp) nlxmbnbfmpk `mlm jczzkzcp fk kbvzcfc c b{kqmp `mb,

vkbfnkbvkp" Kpvk cpxk`vm pk ktcpxkzcjc kb imp pnpvklcp fk gkbkzc`nb dnfzm,fkxkbfnkbvkp)x{kp icp `kbvzcikp dnfz{in`cp ~ icp ibkcp fk vzcbplnpnb bk`kpczncp xczc p{ ktximvc`nb) icp

x{bvm,fk,xzmf{``nb,x{bvm,fk,`mbp{lm) kzcb xczvn`{iczlkbvk mbkzmpcp) ki cxnvci pk fkp,

kljmipcjc fk {bc pmic qk ~ ki xicm fk clmzvnc`nb kzc xzmimbgcfm" Kb `mbpk`{kb`nc)

cbvkp fk 3>6;) ic `mbang{zc`nb lmbmxmipvn`c ~ imp zkxczvmp fki lkz`cfm ki`vzn`m kbvzk

{bcp xm`cp klxzkpcp pk qnkzmb zk`nkbvklkbvk acqmzk`nfmp xmz imp zkbfnlnkbvmp c kp`cic fk

ic gkbkzc`nb ~ ic vzcbplnpnb ki`vzn`c ~ xmz icp jczzkzcp fk kbvzcfc s{k nlxmbc ic anbcb`nc,

`nb fk kpvmp `nìmp3>"

Cfklp) imp k`mbmlnpvcp kpxk`ncincfmp kb kpvmp lkz`cfmp `mbpnfkzcb ic kbkzgc

ki`vzn`c `mlm {b xmin,xzmf{`vm" Xczc {b `n{fcfcbm fk xznb`nxnmp fki pngim TT) ic i{ ki`vzn`c

~ ic acjzn`c`nb fki ci{lnbnm zkxzkpkbvcjcb akblkbmp vcb fnqkzpmp `mlm ic ni{lnbc`nb xmz

c`kvnikbm) jnkb mbm`nfc kb ic Kpxcc fki cljnm fk pngim) ~ ic mjvkb`nb fk czj{zm fk ci`nm)xkpk c s{k ic xznlkzc a{kzc xmpnjik gzc`ncp c ic pkg{bfc" Ic nfkbvnfcf s{k dm~ pk cxzk`nc kb

vmzbm ci akblkbm kik`vznan`cfmz kpvznjc kb ic xzmgzkpnqc nbvkgzc`nb fki `mbo{bvm fk p{lnbnpvzm

kb civc ~ jcoc vkbpnb kb vmzbm c zkfkp) fkxkbfnkbvkp fk mlxccp s{k {jzkb gzcbfkp zkcp

~ s{k nbì{~kb kbvzk p{p {p{cznmp vcbvm imp lmfkpvmp `mbp{lnfmzkp fmlpvn`mp fk i{ `mlm

imp xzmf{`vmzkp fk ci{lnbnm m icp gzcbfkp `mlxccp fk vzcbpxmzvk akzzmqncznm" Xkzm cb dm~ c

`cfc vnxm fk ìnkbvk pk ik mazk`k {b xzmf{`vm kb civc m kb jcoc vkbpnb s{k mzngnbc `mpvkp

l{~ fnakzkbvkp xczc icp `mlxccp p{lnbnpvzcfmzcp) pkgb p{ xkzani fk `mbp{lm fncznm ~ kpvc,

`nmbci ic xmvkb`nc `mbvzcvcfc) ic f{zc`nb ~ ic z{vnbc kb ki {pm fk kpc xmvkb`nc:8"

Kb kpvc xkzpxk`vnqc fk xmin,xzmf{`vm) kp xmpnjik nbvkzxzkvcz ic fna{pnb fk ic kik`vzn`n,

fcf xczc p{`kpnqcp cxin`c`nmbkp `mlm p{`kpnqcp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp m jzmvkp kik`vznan`cfmzkp

fnakzkb`ncfmp" Imp {pmp nbc{g{zcikp ni{lnbc`nb {zjcbc ~ xzm`kpclnkbvmp nbf{pvzncikp ki`,

vzn`mp) kb xczvn`{icz ic kik`vzm,lkvci{zgncpk p{lnbnpvzcjcb c p lnplmp m kb zkfkp s{k `{,

jzcb ki kbvmzbm nblkfncvm) ~ xzk`kfnkzmb kb lp fk qknbvk cmp vcbvm c ic {vninc`nb fki

lmvmz ki`vzn`m) cxin`cfm c ic lcb{ac`v{zc) `mlm c ic kik`vzms{ln`c" Pmim vzcp ic nb`mzxmzc,

`nb fk kpvmp ivnlmp {pmp `mlkbczmb c cxczk`kz imp xznlkzmp pnpvklcp fk p{lnbnpvzm ki`,

vzn`m nbvkgzcfm) s{k pkzcb ki kp`cib nbn`nci fk icp zkfkp zkgnmbcikp:3" Cp pk ktxin`c s{k imp

vk`bimgmp p{kicb `mbì{nz s{k ic kik`vzn`nfcf ~ ki qcxmz `mbpvnv{~kzmb fnpvnbvcp amzlcp fk

kbkzgc s{k pk p{pvnv{~kzmb ikqklkbvk kbvzk p) xmz `{cbvm) kb zkcinfcf) anocb p{ cvkb`nb kb

icp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp xzk`m`kp) xkzmfm f{zcbvk ki `{ci fkpvc`czmb imp b{kqmp xzmf{`vmp::" C

p{ qk) imp k`mbmlnpvcp bkmìpn`mp pk dcb `mb`kbvzcfm lp jnkb kb ktxin`cz ic kik`vznan`c,

`nb lcb{ac`v{zkzc) fmbfk p pk mjpkzqc `mb ìcznfcf {b xzm`kpm fk p{pvnv{`nb kbvzk kbkz,gcp xzmlmqnfm xmz icp fnakzkb`ncp kb ic lcz`dc fk imp xzk`nmp zkicvnqmp kbvzk kpvcp ~ mvzmp

ac`vmzkp fk xzmf{``nb:0"

C{b `{cbfm kb ic kqmi{`nb fk vmfcp icp nbf{pvzncp ki`vzn`cp pk cxzk`nkb kpvmp vzkp

zcpgmp `ml{bkp) ic fnqkzpnfcf kb ic vzc~k`vmznc fk `cfc {bc a{k l{~ vklxzcbc" Pkgb ic mjzc

fk D{gdkp) lcvncfc xmz Gncbbkvvn:6) kpvc xi{zcinfcf pk azcg{ kb zcb fk icp p{`kpnqcp

3>" [b xmzlkbmzncfm kpvcfm fk ic `{kpvnb) kb C{jcbkii $:88;."D{gdkp $3>40 ~ 3>47." [b fkjcvk zk`nkbvk pmjzk icnlxmzvcb`nc fk ic vkbfkb`nc zkvn`{icz) kb D{gdkp $:88;. ~ @dcbfikz $:88;." :8" Kpvm pk zk`mbm`k kb ic c`v{cinfcf `mbic cxin`c`nb fk vcznacp fnqkzpcp pkgb vnxm fk klxikm) c{b c pcjnkbfcp fk s{k ic nbvkgzc`nb fk fnakzkbvkp vnxmp fk

{p{cznmp lkomzc imp zkbfnlnkbvmp fk icp klxzkpcp p{lnbnpvzcfmzcp" Ic p{j,cfnvnqnfcf fk `mpvkp fki xmin,xzmf{`vm ki`,

vzn`m kp zks{npnvm fki lmbmxminm bcv{zci" Ompemw ~ P`dlcikbpkk $3>40 ~ 3>41.5 Ompemw $3>>1." :3" Pkgzkvm $3>>0c ~:881." ::" Zmpkbjkzg $3>7: ~ 3>>6.) F{ Jmaa $3>17. ~ Fkqnbk $3>40." :0" Wmmia $3>46. kpvzn`vclkbvk) ~ P`d{zz $3>>8.xczc ic xzmf{`vnqnfcf vmvci fk imp ac`vmzkp" :6" D{gdkp $3>40.) Gncbbkvvn $3>4;."


10/165


`mljnbc`nmbkp fk vk`bmimgc ~ zk`{zpmp xznlcznmp fnpxmbnjikp" Kpvcp `mljnbc`nmbkp dcjzcb

fkvkzlnbcfm pkbfcp vk`bmign`cp fk icp s{k kzc fna`ni kp`cxcz) c{bs{k `cfc kbvmzbm nbpvnv{,

`nmbci ~ klxzkpcznci c`cjczc anbcilkbvk fk vzms{kicz `cfc pk`vmz ki`vzn`m :;"

Kb kak`vm) kpvcp nbf{pvzncp kqmi{`nmbczmb kb bvnlc fkxkbfkb`nc `mb {b `cljnm vk`,

bmign`m fk znvlm qkzvngnbmpm ~ l{ivnxmicz f{zcbvk ki lkfnm pngim cbvkznmz c ic Pkg{bfc G{kzzc

L{bfnci" Icp nbbmqc`nmbkp pk ingcjcb {bcp c icp mvzcp) x{kp imp pnpvklcp ki`vzn`mp a{b`nmbc,

jcb fk lcbkzc nbvkgzcfc) xkzm imp b{kqmp `mlxmbkbvkp pk xzkpkbvcjcb kb mikcfcp p{`kpn,qcp:1" Ic pkik``nb fk {b fkvkzlnbcfm `mlxmbkbvk fk {b pnpvklc {b gkbkzcfmz) ki qmivcok

fk {bc vkbpnb kb ic fnpvznj{`nb `mbpvnv{c {bc fk`npnb fk iczgm ci`cb`k kb vcbvm ingcjc

vmfc ic zkf fmbfk pk `mbk`vcjc `mb {bc pkbfc fk fkxkbfkb`nc vk`bmign`c fkvkzlnbcfc"

Cp) dcpvc jnkb cqcbcfm ki xkzmfm fk kbvzkg{kzzcp) `mbqnqnkzmb pnpvklcp fk gkbkzc`nb)

vzcbplnpnb ~ fnpvznj{`nb ki`vzn`c civkzbcvnqmp ~ bm `mlxcvnjikp" Fk dk`dm) icp kik``nmbkp

p{`kpnqcp fk icp xczvkp fk {b pnpvklc ki`vzn`m `mbfn`nmbcjcb bm pmim p{ amzlc) pnbm s{k

cfklp fk`nfcb kb cig{bc lkfnfc p{ xmzqkbnz" Ki `cpm imbfnbkbpk) xmz koklxim) zkxzkpkbvc

{b koklxim `iczm fk vklxzcbm fkpxkg{k ~) pnb kljczgm) fk xzk`m mjpmikp`kb`nc v`bn`c) ci

fna{bfnzpk clxinclkbvk pnpvklcp xznlnvnqmp fk gkbkzc`nb ~ fnpvznj{`nb s{k nlxnfnkzmb p{

cfk`{c`nb c imp b{kqmp dciicgmp cbvkp fk ic clmzvnc`nb fk ic lcs{nbcznc xznlnvnqc:7" Ci

`cjm) ic `mljnbc`nb f{zcbvk fk`kbnmp fk nb`kzvnf{ljzk ~ kp`cimbclnkbvm fki `cljnm v`bn,`m `mbpvnv{~ {b ac`vmz xznlmzfnci fk fnqkzpnfcf kbvzk pk`vmzkp ki`vzn`mp xnmbkzmp"

Ki pkg{bfm ac`vmz `mbpnfkzcfm zkikqcbvk xmz imp dnpvmzncfmzkp fk ic vk`bmimgc xczc ic

`mbang{zc`nb fk {b pnpvklc ki`vzn`m xznlnvnqm a{k ki mzngkb xznlcznm fk ic kbkzgc" Dcpvc

3>6;) ic kik`vzn`nfcf pk mjvkbc jpn`clkbvk lkfncbvk ki {pm fk `czjb m fk cg{c" Ic gkm,

gzcac fk imp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp xkzm vcljnb ki znvlm fki `cljnm v`bn`m) ic kp`cic fki ks{nxm

xzmf{`vnqm) cp `mlm icp qkbvcocp xmvkb`ncikp fk `cfc pnpvklc ki`vzn`m pk azcg{czmb c ic

lkfnfc fki cg{c m fki `czjb:4" Kb Kpvcfmp [bnfmp) Gzcb Jzkvcc m Ciklcbnc) `mb cj{bfcb,

vkp zkpkzqcp apnikp) pk fkpczzmiiczmb pnpvklcp vzln`mp" Imp pnpvklcp ki`vzn`mp fkxkbfnkbvkp

fki qcxmz pk dcb fkanbnfm `mlm fk fkpxkzvcz vczfm) pnklxzk xmpvkznmz c ic fna{pnb fki lmvmz

ki`vzn`m kb vmzbm c 3>8;) `{cbfm ic kik`vzn`nfcf qnbm c p{pvnv{nz ci qcxmz kb ic lcb{ac`v{zc"

Acqmzk`nkzmb ic vkbfkb`nc c ic fnplnb{`nb fk ic nbvkbpnfcf kbkzgvn`c fk ic nbf{pvznc s{k cii

pk qkbc lcbnakpvcbfm fkpfk ki ivnlm vkz`nm fki pngim TNT" Cfklp) imp pnpvklcp vkzlm,

ki`vzn`mp cqcbcfmp pk `czc`vkznczmb xmz nbvkgzcz p{ ktximvc`nb) c vzcqp fk zkfkp `mlkz,

`ncikp" Xmz ki `mbvzcznm) imp pnpvklcp dnfzm,fkxkbfnkbvkp) `mlm a{kzmb imp bzfn`mp) ki nvcincbm

~ ki p{nm) pk dcb fkanbnfm `mlm vklxzcbmp) nbvkbpnqmp ~ xm`m `mmzfnbcfmp" Cii fmbfk pk

mazk`cb `mbfn`nmbkp kt`kx`nmbcikp xczc ic mjvkb`nb fk dnfzmkik`vzn`nfcf) ki xzk`m tnvm fk

ic kik`vzm,pnfkz{zgnc) ~ i{kgm fk ic kik`vzm,s{ln`c) cikbv {b zkp{kivm `zk`nlnkbvm nbn`nci) ci

vnklxm s{k pk nbvkbpnan` ki `mbp{lm kbkzgvn`m nbf{pvznci5 pnb kljczgm) ic `mmzfnbc`nb fk

imp pnpvklcp fk p{lnbnpvzm ki`vzn`m zkp{iv kb kpvmp xcpkp l{~ ikbvc) pn pk kt`kxvc ki `cpm

P{nm) fmbfk ic nbvkgzc`nb pk kak`v{ xmz nbn`ncvnqc xjin`c :>"

Cfklp fk ic vk`bmimgc pkik``nmbcfc ~ fk imp zk`{zpmp fnpxmbnjikp) imp pnpvklcpki`vzn`mp dcb kqmi{`nmbcfm vcljnb fk c`{kzfm ci tnvm c`{l{icfm fk p{p p{`kpnqcp cxin`c,

`nmbkp" Ic ktvkbpnb fk `cfc klxikm ki`vzn`m kb {b vkzznvmznm dc mjkfk`nfm c p{p `czc`vkzp,

vn`cp vk`bmign`cp ~ c p{ fnpxmbnjninfcf fk zk`{zpmp) xkzm vcljnb c ic dnpvmznc fk p{ pk`vmz

nbf{pvznci) c ic pnv{c`nb fk imp p{pvnv{vnqmp fk `cfc klxikm) c ic kqmi{`nb fk p{p bnqkikp fk

zkbvc ~) kb xczvn`{icz) c ic c``nb fk icp nbpvnv{`nmbkp nlxin`cfcp? klxzkpcp ~ Cflnbnpvzc`nb

Xjin`c" Ki fnakzkb`nci fk zk`{zpmp xznlcznmp fk `cfc vkzznvmznm `mbfn`nmb kb j{kbc lkfnfc ic

:;" D{gdkp $3>47." :1" J{kbc xczvk fk icp nbbmqc`nmbkp s{k xkzlnvnkzmb ic gkbkzc`nb ~ {pm fk kik`vzn`nfcf `mbpvnv{,~kb koklximp vklxzcbmp fk xzm`kpmp xicbnan`cfmp fk nbqkpvngc`nb ~ fkpczzmiim kb imp s{k xczvn`nxcb `nkbvan`mp ~ kl,

xzkpcznmp fk cljmp icfmp fki Cvibvn`m" Cxczvk fki zkicvm cxcpnmbcbvk s{k xzmxmz`nmbc ki xzmxnm D{gdkp $3>40.) qcbpk

Xcppkz $3>;0.) Jmwkzp $3>4:. ~ Anbb $3>47." Ic kp`cicfc kb ic xzmf{``nb fk nbbmqc`nmbkp acqmzk`n) xmz vcbvm) {bc

kb`czbncfc `mlxkvkb`nc kbvzk pnpvklcp ~ `mlxmbkbvkp fnqkzpmp" Pmjzk ki kp`cimbclnkbvm v`bn`m) qcpk Pkgzkvm$3>>:c ~ 3>>0c." :7" J~cvv $3>7>. ~ Wcfc $3>4>." :4" Imp pnpvklcp dnfz{in`mp dcb pnfm fkp`znvmp xmz Gncbbkvvn $3>4;~ 3>>:." :>" Fmp zkqnpnmbkp zk`nkbvkp fk ic invkzcv{zc) kb Lcf{zknzc $:886. ~ Jczvmiml $:88;."


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pkbfc fk fna{pnb ki`vzn`c) xkzm) zk`xzm`clkbvk) ic ktvkbpnb fk `cfc cxin`c`nb `mbamzl

icp `czc`vkzpvn`cp kpkb`ncikp fki pk`vmz p{lnbnpvzcfmz08"

Cp) dcpvc 3>6; pk p{`kfnkzmb vzkp xcvzmbkp jpn`mp fk ktximvc`nb dnfzm,ki`vzn`c

s{k cpm`ncjcb zk`{zpmp) vk`bmimgc fk gkbkzc`nb ~ fk cxin`c`nb) imp `{cikp bm pk nbvkgzczmb

kb zkfkp `ml{bkp dcpvc jnkb cqcbcfm ki xkzmfm fk kbvzkg{kzzcp"

3 Ki xznlkzm fk kiimp a{k ki `mzzkpxmbfnkbvk c imp {pmp nbc{g{zcikp ni{lnbc`nb ~vzcbpxmzvk {zjcbm) c xczvnz fk 3448" P{ fkxkbfkb`nc fk ic `mzznkbvk `mbvnb{c

mjingcjc c s{k pk p{lnbnpvzczcb c p lnplmp m `mb xks{kmp pnpvklcp fmvcfmp

fk kpvc`nb `kbvzci s{k ciikgcjcb ai{nfm ci kbvmzbm nblkfncvm" Pk fna{bfnkzmb vcbvm

kb vkzznvmznmp vzln`mp `mlm dnfzm,fkxkbfnkbvkp) fmbfk pk xzmxcgczmb lkfncb,

vk ic `mbqkzpnb fk cbvng{mp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp dnfzmlk`bn`mp"

: Ki pkg{bfm `mbpnpvn kb ic ktximvc`nb nbvkbpnqc fk `mzznkbvkp dnfz{in`cp c gzcb

kp`cic xczc p{ cxin`c`nb kik`vzmivn`c ~ kik`vzmvzln`c" P{ gkmgzcac kzc cnpicfc

~ xzkfmlnb iczgm vnklxm ic c{vmgkbkzc`nb"

0 Ki vkz`kz jzmvk kik`vznan`cfmz a{k ki s{k xkzlnvn ic `mzznkbvk civkzbc `mb ic vzcbpln,

pnb fk ai{nfm c gzcb kp`cic" Fkpfk 3>8; cxzmtnlcfclkbvk) a{k xmpnjik kb K{zm,

xc ki vzcbpxmzvk fk kik`vzn`nfcf fk mzngkb dnfz{in`m dcpvc imp kbvmzbmp {zjcbmp ~)xmz vcbvm) p{ cxzmqk`dclnkbvm xmz xczvk fk ic lcb{ac`v{zc) `mb ic `mbpng{nkbvk

p{pvnv{`nb fk `czjb xmz kik`vzn`nfcf" Kpvk lmlkbvm `mnb`nfn) cfklp) `mb ic

xzmxcgc`nb fki lmvmz ki`vzn`m) s{k c`zk`kbvczc ic kik`vznan`c`nb fk imp kbvmz,

bmp vzln`mp) ~ ic fkbpnan`c`nb fk icp zkfkp im`cikp ~ zkgnmbcikp"

6 Xmz ivnlm) c xczvnz fk 3>3;,3>:; cxzmtnlcfclkbvk) fnm `mlnkbm ic xzminakzc,

`nb fk icp lc`zm,`kbvzcikp vzln`cp k dnfz{in`cp ~ ki vkbfnfm fk zkfkp fk nbvk,

gzc`nb nbvkzzkgnmbcikp" Icp nbbmqc`nmbkp bm qnbnkzmb kbvmb`kp fki vkzzkbm fk ic

cxin c nb) pnbm fk ic lkomzc kb imp zkbfnlnkbvmp c kp`cic ~ fk icp k`mbmlcp fk zkf 03"

Ki xznlkz `cxv{im fk kpvc lmbmgzcac dc`k {bc cxzmtnlc`nb fk `mbo{bvm c ic kqm,

i{`nb fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kpxcmi kb xkzpxk`vnqc k{zmxkc) xkzm ki zkpvm fk icp xczvkp pk

cfk`{cb c kpmp `{cvzm lmlkbvmp" Ki pkg{bfm `cxv{im cjmzfc imp xznlkzmp jcij{`kmp fk

kpvc nbf{pvznc kb Kpxcc kb `mbpmbcb`nc `mb ic fna{pnb fki ci{ljzcfm ~ imp {pmp {zjcbmp"

Ki vkz`kzm pk fkfn`c c icp cxin`c`nmbkp nbvkbpnqcp dnfzmki`vzn`cp ~ ki `{czvm c ic fna{pnb fk

ic lcb{ac`v{zc ~ c p{ zkxkz`{pnb pmjzk ki fkqkbnz fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m" Ki ivnlm cazmbvc icp

fnffi`{ivcfkp fk ic nbvkgzc`nb fk icp zkfkp ~ ic `mbpvz{``nb fk gzcbfkp ks{nxmp fk gkbkzc`nb

`mb cbvkznmznfcf c ic g{kzzc `nqni kpxcmic" Kb `cfc {bm fk kpmp `cxv{imp pk cbcincb icp xm,

pnjninfcfkp fk fna{pnb kb Kpxcc fk `cfc {bm fk kpvmp lmlkbvmp kik`vznffi`cfmzkp) xzkpvcbfm

kpxk`nci cvkb`nb c icp `mbfn`nmbkp fki kbvmzbm bcv{zci) xkzm vcljnb nbpvnv{`nmbci) ~ c p{p

zkp{ivcfmp vcbvm fkpfk {b x{bvm fk qnpvc nbf{pvznci `mlm klxzkpcznci"

Kpvc lmbmgzcac kp ki zkp{ivcfm fk {bc zkkp`znv{zc `mlxikvc fk cig{bcp xczvkp fk

ln Vkpnp Fm`vmzci) s{k fkakbf kb :880 kb ki Nbpvnv{vm [bnqkzpnvcznm K{zmxkm fk Aimzkb`nc cbvk

{b vznj{bci mlx{kpvm xmz Tml @czlmbc) Gnmqcbbn Akfkzn`m) Ocnlk Zknp ~ I{`ncbm Pkgzk,

vm" Ic Vkpnp xzkpkbvcjc {bc fnpxmpn`nb vklvn`c) ~ ki c`kbvm kpvcjc x{kpvm cii kb imp ac`vm,

zkp bcv{zcikp k nbpvnv{`nmbcikp s{k cak`vczmb c ic kqmi{`nb nbf{pvznci fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kp,

xcmi dcpvc 3>01" Ki ivnlm `cxv{im pk fkfn`cjc c p{ vzc~k`vmznc klxzkpcznci" Cs{ lk dk

fk`nfnfm xmz {bc mzgcbnc`nb zmbmign`c) mdkzkbvk mb ln xkzpxk`vnqc fk ic fna{pnb nbfn,

qnpnjik fki `mlxikom gkbkzc`nb,cxin`c`nb f{zcbvk kpvk xkzmfm) kt`kxvm ki xznlkz `cxv{im) s{k

08" Xczc {bc zkic`nb ktdc{pvnqc fk ic j njinmgzcac) Jczvmiml $:880.) " 3 ~ 0" 03" [b kps{klc jpn`m fk kpvcp kvcxcpkp ki s{k mazk`n Pkgzkvm $3>>:c ~ 3>>0j."


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JCB@M FK KPXCC 3; KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

dc`k {b zkxcpm gkbkzci c p{ vzc~k`vmznc fk `mbo{bvm ~ xzkpkbvc imp xzmjiklcp gkbkzcikp

s{k b{vzkb ki zkpvm fki vktvm" Kb imp xzmxnmp `cxv{imp ~ kb vzkp cxbfn`kp mazk`m nbamzlc,

`nb vni pmjzk ki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kpxcmi) c`v{cincfc zkpxk`vm c ic s{k xzkpkbvcjc kb ln

fnpkzvc`nb" Dk fkpxmocfm c kpvcp xgnbcp fk imp cxczvcfmp vkzn`mp s{k b{vzcb j{kbc

xczvk fk ln Vkpnp ~ dk kinlnbcfm cpnlnplm cig{bcp ktxin`c`nmbkp v`bn`cp s{k dk xzm`{zcfm

p{xinz `mb {b gimpcznm ~ `mb mvzcp c`iczc`nmbkp nbpkzvcp kb imp `cxv{imp `mzzkpxmbfnkbvkp"

Kpxkzm s{k kpvm dc~c pnfm p{an`nkbvk xczc ic `mlxzkbpnb fk {b pk`vmz v`bn`clkbvk vcb`mlxikom) ~ cb lp kb p{ qkzpnb dnfz{in`c"

Dk vkzlnbcfm kpvcp xgnbcp gzc`ncp ci p{pvkbvm k`mbln`m fk ic A{bfcm @nb`nc

~ Vk`bmimgnc xmzv{g{kpc) s{k lk anbcb`nc fkpfk kbkzm fk :881 {b xzm~k`vm xmpv,fm`vmzci

pmjzk ic kik`vznan`c`nb xmzv{g{kpc kb ki Fkxczvclkbvm fk Dnpvznc fki NP@VK fk Inpjmc" Ki

cxm~m nb`mbfn`nmbci fk Ocnlk Zknp ~ ic c`mgnfc fk B{bm Lcf{zknzc dcb zkp{ivcfm c`n`cvkp

fk`npnqmp xczc xmbkz x{bvm anbci c kpvk xzm~k`vm ~ klxzkbfkz mvzmp cpnlnplm ni{pnmbcbvkp" Ki

zkpxmbpcjik fk s{k kpvc x{jin`c`nb qkc ic i{ dc pnfm) bm mjpvcbvk) Xkfzm Vkffk) vcbvm xmz

p{ klxkm `mlm xmz icp ktvzklcp ac`ninfcfkp s{k lk dc jznbfcfm" Anbcilkbvk) kpvk vzcjcom

qc fkfn`cfm c ic lklmznc fk ln cj{kic Npcjki Clmz ~ c ln dnom Gmbcim) s{nkbkp pk `z{czmb

kb ki `clnbm fk ic qnfc pnb iikgcz c `mbm`kzpk"

Pcbvncgm,Inpjmc) :887"


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14/165


Fkpfk 3>38 ~ dcpvc 3>18) ki cg{c `mbpvnv{~ ki xznb`nxci zk`{zpm xczc ic mjvkb`nb fk kik`vzn,

`nfcf kb Kpxcc" Xkpk c kpc xzmimbgcfc dkgklmbc dnfz{in`c) ic vzc~k`vmznc fki pk`vmz p{ln,

bnpvzcfmz kpxcmi) ci ng{ci s{k ic fk p{ kik`vznan`c`nb) `mlxczvn xm`mp zcpgmp `mb ic kqmi{,`nb mlb c icp nbf{pvzncp ki`vzn`cp fk imp xcpkp k{zmxkmp cp iiclcfmp dnfzm,fkxkbfnkbvkp)

fkp`znvc xmz Gncbbkvvn `mlm xzk`m) nbvkbpnqc ~ xm`m `mmzfnbcfc3"

Imp xcpkp s{k klxikczmb lcpnqclkbvk ki cg{c xczc xzmf{`nz kik`vzn`nfcf `mb cbvk,

znmznfcf c ic NN G{kzzc L{bfnci pk fnqnfcb kb vzkp gz{xmp" Pkgb pk fkpxzkbfk fki `{cfzm 3"3)

Bmz{kgc) P{k`nc ~ P{nc `mbamzlczcb ki gz{xm fk `cjkc" Dcjcb `mlkbcfm xzk`mlkbvk

~ imgzcjcb kb 3>07 `mbp{lmp fk lp fk 3"888 eWd xmz dcjnvcbvk ~ cm" C kpvk gz{xm) pk

nb`mzxmzcjc c lcz`dcp amzcfcp p{ qk`nbm bzfn`m) Anbicbfnc" [b pkg{bfm gz{xm kpvczc amz,

lcfm xmz cig{bmp xcpkp fki P{z) `mlm Nvcinc ~ Azcb`nc) c{bs{k kpvc ivnlc `mb lp fk ic

lnvcf fki xcp klxikcbfm `czjb xczc ic xzmf{``nb fk kik`vzn`nfcf" Xmz ivnlm) Kpxcc s{k,

fczc c lkfnm `clnbm kbvzk kpvmp xcpkp ~ Xmzv{gci ~ Gzk`nc) s{k cxkbcp dcjzcb nbn`ncfm

kbvmb`kp p{ cbfcf{zc dnfzmki`vzn`c" Dcpvc 3>01) x{kp) ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxcmic pk dcjcfkpczzmiicfm kb {bc lkfnfc lmfkpvc kb vzlnbmp `mlxczcvnqmp? p{p `mbp{lmp p{xmbcb vcb

pmim {b vkz`nm fk imp nvcincbmp ~ {b `{czvm fk imp azcb`kpkp:"

Kpvc cgz{xc`nb pk `mzzmjmzc ci `mbpvcvcz kb ki `{cfzm 3": ic kqmi{`nb fk ic nbvkbpnfcf

fki `mbp{lm ki`vzn`m f{zcbvk ki lnplm xkzmfm" Bmz{kgc pk fkpvc`c) ~ c {bc `nkzvc fnpvcb`nc ik

png{kb ki zkpvm fk imp xcpkp bzfn`mp ~ P{nc) ~ c`kz`bfmpk c kpvmp ivnlmp kb`mbvzclmp c

Azcb`nc k Nvcinc" Kpxcc bm ci`cbc c lkfncfmp fk imp cmp vzknbvc bn {b vkz`nm fk ic nbvkbpnfcf fki

`mbp{lm ki`vzn`m nvcincbm) xkzm pk ks{nxczc ci xmzv{g{p" Xmzv{gci) `mb {b `mbp{lm xmz dcjn,

vcbvk l{`dm lkbmz) lcbvnkbk {bc zkic`nb kbvzk cljcp pkznkp l{~ pklkocbvk c ic kpxcmic"

Ic kp`cpc nbvkbpnfcf fk ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxcmic kp anki zkaikom fki zkxczvm kbvzk

gz{xmp fk `mbp{lnfmzkp" @mlm pk cxzk`nc kb ki `{cfzm 3"0) ic nbf{pvznc pk dcjc `mbqkzvnfm

kb ki xznb`nxci {p{cznm ki`vzn`m kb qpxkzcp fk ic g{kzzc `nqni) xkzm ic xmz`nb fk kpvk klxikm

kzc l{`dm lkbmz s{k kb mvzmp xcpkp fk xzkfmlnbnm dnfzmki`vzn`m" Cfklp) pim {b 4+ fki

vmvci fk ic kbkzgc ki`vzn`c fnpvznj{nfc kb Kpxcc pk klxikcjc kb nbf{pvzncp kik`vzm,nbvkbpn,

qcp) `mbp{lnbfmpk ki zkpvm xmz lcb{ac`v{zcp" Cpnlnplm) kb 3>:>) {b kikqcfm xmz`kbvcok fk

`mbp{lmp pk fkpvnbcjc kb Kpxcc c ni{lnbc`nb pkzqn`nmp xjin`mp ~ vzc``nb) `mbpnfk,

zcfmp cljmp `mlm {pmp {zjcbmp k nbn`ncikp fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf0"

Ci `cjm) cbvkp fk ic NN G{kzzc L{bfnci ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxcmic xm`m pk co{pvcjc ci

lmfkim xzmx{kpvm xmz Gncbbkvvn xczc nfkbvnan`cz icp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp dnfz{in`cp" Dcjc fkpxkz,

vcfm ikbvclkbvk ~ kzc kp`cpclkbvk nbvkbpnqc) fkp`miicbfm imp {pmp ingkzmp fki ai{nfm" Pmic,

lkbvk pk `mzzkpxmbfc `mb ki xcvzb dnfz{in`m ic nb`nxnkbvk nbvkz`mbktnb fk p{p pnpvklcp

zkgnmbcikp" Kb ic Kpxcc fk 3>68 ic `mmzfnbc`nb zkgnmbci kzc nb`mlxikvc) c{bs{k pk d{jnkzcbvkbfnfm nlxmzvcbvkp ibkcp s{k {bcb Bmzvk) @kbvzm ~ Kpvk xkbnbp{icz 6"

Cbvk kpvcp kqnfkb`ncp ~ c xczvnz fk ic mjzc fk Lci{s{kz) imp dnpvmzncfmzkp kpxcmikp

`c~kzmb kb ic `{kbvc fk s{k) kb zkcinfcf) ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxcmic pk xczk`c lp c cs{kiicp

xzmxncp fk xcpkp fk xzkfmlnbnm vzln`m) `mlm Ciklcbnc m Kpvcfmp [bnfmp ;" Xkpk c ic fnakzkbvk

3 Ic kqmi{`nb fki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kpxcmi $34>8,3>01.

3" Gncbbkvvn $3>4;) 3>>3 ~ 3>>7." :" Xczc {b xcbmzclc c`v{cincfm fk icp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp k{zmxkcp) Pkgzkvm $:881.5 ~pmb fk gzcb {vninfcf imp qmilkbkp fk icp `mbakzkb`ncp kfnvcfcp xmz @czfmv $3>47. ~ Vzf $3>>:." 0" Lnkbvzcp s{k kbKpxcc ic nbf{pvznc cjpmzjc {b 7:+ fki `mbp{lm) kb Nvcinc p{xmbc ki 7;+ ~ kb Azcb`nc ki 7>+" Ic fnakzkb`nc kb ki

pkpgm fk {bcp ~ mvzcp kpvcfpvn`cp fkznqc fki dk`dm fk s{k ic c{vmgkbkzc`nb) cj{bfcbvk kb imp vkzznvmznmp fk xzkfmln,

bnm dnfzmki`vzn`m) kpvcjc cpm`ncfc kb Nvcinc) Bmz{kgc m P{k`nc lp jnkb c icp nbf{pvzncp nbvkbpnqcp kb ki {pm fk kpvc

kbkzgc) lnkbvzcp s{k kb Kpxcc im kpvcjc ci `mbp{lm fk ci{ljzcfm fnpvznj{nfm fkpfk kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp fk kp`cic

lbnlc" 6" Jczvmiml $:88;." ;" Lci{s{kz $3>47.) x" 18" Ki kp`cpm co{pvk fki `cpm kpxcmi ci lmfkim dnfz{in`m iikqc Pkgzkvm c xzkg{bvczpk xmz ic xkzvnbkb`nc fk ic xzkakzkb`nc kpxcmic xmz ki cg{c kb {bc fk p{p p{gkzkbvkp pbvkpnp

`mlxczcvnqcp pmjzk icp xznlkzcp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp k{zmxkcp" Pkgzkvm $3>>:c."


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kbqkzgcf{zc fk icp kik`vznan`c`nmbkp kb Kpxcc ~ kb Kpvcfmp [bnfmp) fmbfk pk ci`cbcjcb ::1

eW nbpvcicfmp xmz dcjnvcbvk kb 3>:1) azkbvk c {bc `cxc`nfcf bm lc~mz fk 67 eW kb ic lnplc

ak`dc kb Kpxcc) kb bnbg{bm fk imp fmp xcpkp ic kik`vznan`c`nb c`zk`kbv fk lcbkzc fkpvc`cfc

ic nbvkbpnfcf fki `mbp{lm kbkzgvn`m" Xmz im fklp) ki c{gk kik`vznan`cfmz pk zkvzcp kb Kpxcc

dcpvc ic N G{kzzc L{bfnci1" Ki czzcbs{k fk ic kik`vznan`c`nb kb cljmp xcpkp `mnb`nfn `mb ic

cxin`c`nb fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf c ic lcb{ac`v{zc ingkzc) kb xczcikim `mb ic fna{pnb fki lmvmz ki`vzn`m

~ imp {pmp {zjcbmp" Ki znvlm dcjzc qkbnfm fkanbnfm xmz ic kqmi{`nb fk imp xzk`nmp fk ac`vmzkp

p{pvnv{vnqmp) czjb ~ vzcjcom bm {cinan`cfm7" Ktxin`cfm cp) ~ l{~ cfk`{cfclkbvk) ki kxnpmfnm

`mb`zkvm fki fkpxkzvcz kik`vznan`cfmz kpxcmi) zkpvc kb `cljnm zkpmiqkz ic xczcfmoc fk xmz s{)

ANBICBFNC AZCB@NC NVCINC BMZ[KGC KPXCC P[K@NC P[N_C XMZV[GCI GZK@NC

3>38 p"f" :1)01 p"f" 6:4)>0 34)1: p"f" :>6)>1 p"f" p"f"3>:: 40);; 3;3)>> 3;3)33 3"440)77 6>)>> 666)07 718)8; 3>)73 3>)>0

3>:4 :06)64 064)>1 :13)1> :"6>1)8> >4)48 7;4)83 3":0;)1; 03);8 :7);13>07 763)87 67>)83 060)08 0"3;6):0 380)00 3":;1)71 3";;7)17 ;3)>0 :;)3>

XZMF[@@NB FK KIK@VZN@NFCF XMZ DCJNVCBVK KB FNPVNBVCP AK@DCPeWd xmz dcjnvcbvk

@[CFZM 3"3

A[KBVKP? Kvklcf ~ I{`ncbn $3>>3. ~ Lnv`dkii $3>46."

3>38 8)88> 8)::: 8)88> 8)87043>:: 8)867 8)86> 8)8;7 8)7> 8)8: 8)31; 8)3434 8)83> 8)8373>:4 8)8> 8)871 8)840 8)404 8)803 8):86 8):836 8)8:1 8)8313>07 8):3; 8)333 8)333 8)467 8)80; 8):77 8):;31 8)807 8)830

XZMF[@@NB FK KIK@VZN@NFCF KB ZKIC@NB @MB KI XZMF[@VMeWd-XNJ

@[CFZM 3":

A[KBVKP? Kvklcf ~ I{`ncbn $3>>3.) Lnv`dkii $3>46. ~ Xzcfmp $3>>0 ~ :880."

CMP ANBICBFNC AZCB@NC NVCINC BMZ[KGC KPXCC P[K@NC P[N_C XMZV[GCI GZK@NC

Vzc``nb 3)3: 7)81 4)4> 8)1; >)> ;)3 4)6 :1)0:Kik`vzm,nbf{pvznc 3>)80 ::)34 3;)60 70)>3 :;)1 34 ;):1Mvzcp nbf{pvzncp 73)84 ;0)04 16): 1)>1 7:)73 ;7)37 ;0)1 0>)67Pkzqn`nmp xjin`mp 4)77 37)0> 33)64 34)64 37)04 3:)36 :8 :4)>;

VMVCI 388 388 388 388 388 388 388 388

ZKXCZVM FK IMP @MBP[LMP ANBCIKP FK KIK@VZN@NFCF @MLKZ@NCI KB 3>:> @[CFZM 3"0

A[KBVK?Cbb{cnzk Pvcvnpvns{k fk ic Pm`nv fkp Bcvnmbp $3>0:,00."

c" 3>08"j" @mb c{vm,xzmf{`vmzkp"`" Kb Kpxcc) pk kpvnlc s{k kb 3>0: ic kik`vzm,nbf{pvznc cjpmzjc {b 1)0+ fk imp mbp{lmp vmvcikp"

ANBICBFNC $c. AZCB@NC NVCINC BMZ[KGC $j. KPXCC $`. P[K@NC P[N_C XMZV[GCI

1" Pkgb imp fcvmp fk Lmzpki $3>>3.) x" ;>4) ~ kpvnlc`nb xzmxnc" Ic kik`vznan`c`nb clkzn`cbc) kb B~k $3>>8. ~ P`d{zz$3>>8." 7" Lci{s{kz $3>47.) x" ;>) ~ C{jcbkii $:883.) x" 614) zkpxk`vnqclkbvk"


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JCB@M FK KPXCC 3> KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

dc`nkbfm {pm fki cg{c) ic nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c kpxcmic `zk`n kbvmb`kp ~ bm kb ic amzlc ~ ki

vnklxm fk imp mvzmp pk`vmzkp dnfzmki`vzn`mp"

3"3 Ki fkpczzmiim fk ic xmvkb`nc ~ ic xzmf{``nb ki`vzn`c

Dcpvc cdmzc) ki czg{lkbvm fk icp xmiln`cp s{k imp dnpvmzncfmzkp kpxcmikp dcb xzmvcgmbn,

cfm pmjzk ic qkzvnkbvk xzmf{`vnqc fk kpvc nbf{pvznc pk dc cgmvcfm kb acpkp xzkinlnbczkp cbvk

ic azcgninfcf fki lcz`m mlb fk fnp`{pnb4

" Cs{kiim s{k pk dc canzlcfm c`kz`c fk icp acpkpnbn`ncikp fk ic nbf{pvznc ki`vzn`c kpxcmic ~ p{ `mzzkicvm kik`vznan`cfmz pk dc qkbnfm cxm~cb,

fm kb ki ktclkb fk icp pkznkp man`ncikp fk xzmf{``nb ~ mbp{lm x{jin`cfcp kb imp xznlkzmp

cmp `{czkbvc kb imp cb{cznmp kpvcfpvn`mp fk Kpxcc>" Ic kpvcfpvn`c xjin`c kb kpmp cmp

xzmqm`c {bc fkp`mbancbc nblkfncvc) pn pk `mbpnfkzc s{k p{ x{jin`c`nb kzc lcvkznc kpvzc,

vgn`c xczc ki zgnlkb azcbs{npvc38" Ic kqmi{`nb fki xczs{k gkbkzcfmz fk kik`vzn`nfcf kzc

vkzzkbm cb lp nb`{ivm dcpvc imp ivnlmp m`dkbvc fki pngim TT) x{kp pmim pk `mbm`cb icp

zkic`nmbkp man`ncikp fk kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp x{jin`cfcp kb ki xznlkz fk`kbnm fki pngim33" Xm`m m

bcfc pk pcjc pmjzk ki zkbfnlnkbvm fki `mbo{bvm fk imp ks{nxmp) kt`kxv{cfmp imp fcvmp fk

ic @lczc Man`nci fk Xzmf{`vmzkp ~ Fnpvznj{nfmzkp fk Kik`vzn`nfcf $@MXFK. x{jin`cfmp c

xczvnz fk 3>:>3:" Lnkbvzcp s{k ic nbqkpvngc`nb c`kz`c fk kpvc nbf{pvznc xzmgzkpcjc c lcz,

`dcp amzcfcp kb K{zmxc) ic fnpxkzpnb) dkvkzmgkbknfcf ~ xcz`ncinfcf fk icp a{kbvkp xznlc,zncp kpxcmicp xzkqnbm c imp kpv{fnmpmp fk vmfm nbvkbvm fk {bc kpvnlc`nb civkzbcvnqc fk icp

pkznkp xznb`nxcikp30"

Ic x{jin`c`nb fk lmbmgzcacp zkgnmbcikp vcljnb njc zkqkicbfm ic ktnpvkb`nc fk fnp,

`zkxcb`ncp bmvmzncp kbvzk icp pkznkp man`ncikp ~ icp b{kqcp kpvnlc`nmbkp xcz`ncikp36" Xmz {bc

xczvk) c{bs{k icp `nazcp man`ncikp bm mazk`nkzcb fkpgimpkp zkgnmbcikp) vmfm nbfn`cjc s{k

imp fcvmp zk`nkbvkp `mdmbkpvcjcb kp`cpclkbvk `mb kpvmp cgzkgcfmp bc`nmbcikp" Xmz mvzc) imp

`zk`nlnkbvmp cj{ivcfmp fk xmvkb`nc ~ xzmf{``nb kb imp cmp fk ic nblkfncvc xmpg{kzzc `nqni

fk ic kpvcfpvn`c xjin`c fkpxkzvcjcb pkzncp f{fcp? f{zcbvk imp xznlkzmp `{czkbvc) ~ kb {b

xkzmfm fk pkzncp fnan`{ivcfkp kb ki cjcpvk`nlnkbvm) pk xzkpkbvcjcb c{lkbvmp fklcpncfm

fkpvc`cfmp vcbvm kb ki cxczcvm xzmf{`vnqm `mlm kb p{ ktximvc`nb3;"

Kb cvkb`nb c kpvc `czkb`nc klxzkbf ic vczkc fki `i`{im fk icp pkznkp fk xmvkb`nc

nbpvcicfc ~ fk xzmf{``nb fk kik`vzn`nfcf kb Kpxcc dcpvc 3>01) `{~m xzm`kpm fk kicjm,

zc`nb cxczk`k xmzlkbmzncfclkbvk fkp`znvm kb ki cbkom 3 ~ `{~mp zkp{ivcfmp kpvb cii

fkpgimpcfmp cb{ci ~ zkgnmbcilkbvk) ~ cs{ zkp{lnfmp kb ki `{cfzm 3"6 ~ imp gzan`mp pn,

g{nkbvkp"

4" Icp xmiln`cp c icp s{k lk zkankzm pmb icp xzmvcgmbncfcp xmz @czikp P{fzn ~ Azcb`kp`c Cbvmib" Cbvmib $3>>8 ~3>>7.5 P{fzn $3>>8j ~ 3>>7." >" Kpvcp pmb icp mlxnicfcp xmz @czzkzcp $3>4>. ~ zkxzmf{`nfcp kb cs{kiicp nbvkzbc,`nmbcikp fk Lnv`dkii $3>74. ~ Kvkflcb ~ I{`ncbn $3>>3." Ic b{kqc pkznk fk xzmf{``nb xczc kpvk xkzmfm kp ic lc kb

Bcfci $:880.) `{cfzmp NN":":"6 ~ NN":":";) ~ @czzkzcp ~ Vca{bkii $:88;.) `{cfzm ;"37" 38" Kb fmp pkbvnfmp) kb imp cmp

`mnb`nfkbvkp `mb ic NN G{kzzc L{bfnci) xmz ic bcv{zcikc fk kpvc nbf{pvznc kbkzgvn`c) ~ kb imp cmp xmpvkznmzkp) xmz p{ `mnb,`nfkb`nc `mb {b xkzmfm fk a{kzvkp zkpvzn``nmbkp ci `mbp{lm fki ai{nfm" Fk dk`dm) bm kp ktvzcm kb`mbvzcz lcvkzncikp kb

imp ivnlmp `{czkbvc s{k bm pmxmzvcb {b `z{`k `mb cs{kiimp fk imp ivnlmp `nb`{kbvc" Qcpk) xmz koklxim) ki `mbvzcpvk

kbvzk imp kljcipkp kpxcmikp kb a{b`nmbclnkbvm pkgb [BKPC $3>61. ~ pkgb ki Pnbfn`cvm Bc`nmbci fk Cg{c) Gcp ~

Kik`vzn`nfcf $3>18." 33" P{fzn iikq c `cjm {b bmvcjik kpa{kzm) xzm~k`vcbfm imp zk`{kbvmp ktdc{pvnqmp fk x{kpvc kb{pm fk gz{xmp gkbkzcfmzkp mzzkpxmbfnkbvkp c 3>18 ~ x{jin`cfmp fmp cmp fkpx{p) c{bs{k) mlm i lnplm pkcicjc)

`mb ki `mb`{zpm fk kpvc pmic a{kbvk pk fkpkpvnlcjcb icp `kbvzcikp cjcbfmbcfcp m fkpvz{nfcp fkpfk p{ nbc{g{zc`nb

dcpvc 3>18" P{fzn $3>47 ~ 3>>8c." 3:" @MXFK $3>:>,3>0;." 30"Vclxm`m ic kpvcfpvn`c nvcincbc pk p{pvzck c cig{,bcp fk kpvcp fnan`{ivcfkp" Qcpk ci zkpxk`vm ic kp`cpc `mbvnb{nfcf kb imp fcvmp zk`mgnfmp xmz Cbfzkc Gn{bvvnbn kb

Gcicppm $3>>0.) xx" 33;> ~ pp" 36" Pk `{kbvc dcpvc ki lmlkbvm `mb lmbmgzcacp xczc ki `cpm `cvcib ~ bcqczzm)c{bs{k kpvk ivnlm cxmzvc vcljnb nbamzlc`nb pmjzk ki pk`vmz qcp`m kb p{ `mbo{bvm" C`kz`c fki pk`vmz lcfznikm) ki

`cpvkiicbm,ikmbp) ki cbfci{) ki cpv{zncbm ~ ki gciikgm pk dcb x{jin`cfm vcljnb cig{bmp kpv{fnmp" Cs{kiim s{k pk

`mbm`k c`kz`c fki zkpvm fk icp zkgnmbkp kpxcmicp xzm`kfk fk kpv{fnmp klxzkpczncikp) kbvzk imp s{k fkpvc`cb imp

zk`nkbvkp fk Njkzfzmic ~ cs{kiimp `mzzkpxmbfnkbvkp c Ki`vzn`cp Zk{bnfcp fk _czcgmc) Dnfzmki`vzn`c fki @cbvjzn`m)

Kik`vzc fki Qnkpgm ~ Pkqniicbc" Ci`cnfk $3>>6.) Clngm $3>>3.) Cbkp $3>>; ~ :881.) Cbvmib $3>4>.) C{jcbkii $:883 ~

:88;.) @cxki $3>>6.) @czlmbc ~ Xkbc $3>4>. ~ @czlmbc $3>>>.) @c~b $3>>7 ~ :88:.) Gcz`c Fkigcfm $3>>8.) Gczz{p$3>>7c) 3>>7j) :881c ~ :881j.) Gkzlb $3>>8.) Lci{s{kz $3>41. ~ Bk $3>>: ~ 3>>;." 3;" Pkcicfm xmz P{fzn$:888.) x" ;"


17/165

JCB@M FK KPXCC :8 KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

XMVKB@NC NBK $c.

3>88 4; 73 3;6 387

3>8; 3:4 337 :3: 37>3>38 :81 37: 0;7 :>33>3; 033 018 ;17 1:>3>:8 6>7 113 >;7 3"3733>:; 1>8 >30 3";0> 3">;83>08 3"8:7 3":8> :"18> 0"3;63>0; 3"648 3"13> 0":7: 0"16;

@MLXCZC@NB KBVZK PKZNKP MAN@NCIKP ^ KPVNLC@NB XZMXNCIc xmvkb`nc kb eW ~ ic xzmf{``nb kb eWd-cm

@[CFZM 3"6

c" NBK qcznmp cmp"j" Cbkom 3"

XMVKB@NCNBPVCICFC $j.

XZMF[@@NB NBK $c. XZMF[@@NB $j.

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@MLXCZC@NB KBVZK PKZNKP FK XZMF[@@NB VMVCI FK KIK@VZN@NFCF

KB KPXCC $3>88,3>0;.

GZAN@M 3"3

A[KBVK? @{cfzm 3"6"

8

:88

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188

488

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XMVKB@NC NBK

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@MLXCZC@NB KBVZK PKZNKP FK XMVKB@NC KI@VZN@C NBPVCICFC VMVCIKB KPXCC $3>88,3>01.

GZAN@M 3":

A[KBVK? @{cfzm 3"6"


18/165


Fk ic `mlxczc`nb fk icp b{kqcp kpvnlc`nmbkp fk xmvkb`nc ki`vzn`c nbpvcicfc kb

Kpxcc `mb icp pkznkp fnpxmbnjikp pmzxzkbfk ic bmqkfcf fk {b `zk`nlnkbvm cbvn`nxcfm? kpvc

`zk`k nbvkbpclkbvk kb qpxkzcp fk ic N G{kzzc L{bfnci) c xczvnz fk 3>38" Cfklp) vclxm`m

pk cfqnkzvk ic p{x{kpvc c`kikzc`nb kb ki znvlm fk c{lkbvm fk ic `cxc`nfcf nbpvcicfc fkpfk

3>:;) vci ~ `mlm pk dcjc p{x{kpvm) pnbm s{k) cbvkp ci `mbvzcznm) pk lcbvnkbk pmpvkbnfm fkp,

fk kbvmb`kp" Zkpxk`vm fk ic xzmf{``nb) ki znvlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm c xczvnz fk 3>3; kp lc~mz

fki s{k pk xzkp{lc dcpvc cdmzc) xkzm vcljnb xczk`k c{lkbvcz ki kak`vm fk ic `znpnp c xczvnzfk 3>08" Kb p{lc) icp b{kqcp pkznkp mazk`kb kqmi{`nmbkp zk`mbm`njikp) `mb {b fkpxkg{k

vczfm) ~ x{bvmp fk iikgcfc bm vcb cikocfmp fk icp kpvnlc`nmbkp `mbm`nfcp" @mzzmjmzcb) bm

mjpvcbvk) s{k kbvzk 3>3; ~ 3>:; vzcbp`{zzn ki xkzmfm `icqk kb s{k ki pk`vmz ki`vzn`m kpxc,

mi ikqcbv xmz qk xznlkzc ki q{kim? `mb lp fk 3; cmp fk cvzcpm zkpxk`vm c mvzmp pk`vmzkp

dnfz{in`mp k{zmxkmp"

3": Ki xczs{k ki`vzn`m kpxcmi ~ p{ ktximvc`nb

@mlm pk mjpkzqc kb ki gzan`m 3"0) Kpxcc pk `mbqnzvn c im iczgm fki xznlkz vkz`nm fki pngim TT

kb {b xzmf{`vmz fk kbkzgc ki`vzn`c klnbkbvklkbvk dnfz{in`m" Kb cxcznkb`nc) ki pk`vmz ki`,

vzn`m kpxcmi pkg{c ic xc{vc lcz`cfc xmz Nvcinc) {b xcp dnfzm,fkxkbfnkbvk) fki kbvmzbm lk,

fnvkzzbkm ~ `mb fnan`{ivcfkp xzkqncp kb ki p{lnbnpvzm kbkzgvn`m xczc cjcpvk`kz p{ lcgzc nb,f{pvzncinc`nb31" Pmim pk cxzk`nc {b `nkzvm zkvzcpm ~ {bc ingkzc fkxkbfkb`nc lkbmz fki cg{c"

Kb Kpxcc) kb 3>0;) ki xczs{k fk gkbkzc`nb fk kik`vzn`nfcf kpvcjc `mbpvnv{nfm kb {b 7;+

xmz `kbvzcikp fk kpvk vnxm) ~ ic xzmf{``nb `mb kpvk mzngkb ci`cbcjc `cpn ki >8+ fk ic kik`,

vzn`nfcf `mlkz`ncincfc"

Pkgb pk fkpxzkbfk fki `{cfzm 3";) ki znvlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm fk ic xmvkb`nc ki`vzn,

`c kpxcmic f{zcbvk ki xznlkz vkz`nm fki pngim TT xzkpkbvc {b xkzani `czc`vkzncfm xmz {b

nbvkbpm c{lkbvm dcpvc 3>::) kb xczvn`{icz kbvzk 3>30 ~ 3>::) `mb {bc vcpc fk nb`zklkbvm

c`{l{icvnqm `kz`cbc ci 3;+ cb{ci" Kpvk znvlm fnplnb{~k dcpvc {b 7+ kbvzk ki ivnlm cm ~

3>03) s{k bm ci`cbc ki 6+ kb qpxkzcp fk ic g{kzzc `nqni" @mlm pk `mlxz{kjc kb ki cbkom 3)

`{cfzm C"3":) kpvk `zk`nlnkbvm `mnb`nfk kpvzk`dclkbvk `mb cs{ki fk ic xmvkb`nc dnfzm,

ki`vzn`c) lnkbvzcp s{k ic `cxc`nfcf vzln`c xzkpkbvc {b znvlm cigm fnqkzpm" Ic dnfzmkik`,

vzn`nfcf mazk`k c{lkbvmp `kz`cbmp ci 37+ f{zcbvk imp cmp cbvkznmzkp k nblkfncvclkbvk

xmpvkznmzkp c ic N G{kzzc L{bfnci) xkzmfm f{zcbvk ki `{ci kpvc pk s{nbv{xin`5 {b `zk`nlnkb,

vm lmfkzcfm f{zcbvk ki fk`kbnm xmpvkznmz) kb ki s{k pmim f{xin` p{ `cxc`nfcf fk gkbkzc,

`nb) `mb `zk`nlnkbvmp kb vmzbm ci 7+ cb{ci5 ~ {bc acpk fk `zk`nlnkbvm cb lp ikbvm f{,

zcbvk imp `nb`m cmp s{k xzk`kfnkzmb ci `mbain`vm jin`m `nqni) kb s{k ic xmvkb`nc dnfz{in`c

bm `zk`n pnbm {bc `{czvc xczvk fk `{cbvm im dcjc dk`dm f{zcbvk ki fk`kbnm cbvkznmz) `mb

c{lkbvmp kb vmzbm ci 6+" C p{ qk) ki `zk`nlnkbvm fk ic xmvkb`nc vzln`c zkp{ivc ikbvm)

pkgb ln kpvnlc`nb) dcpvc 3>30) `mbpnfkzcbfm ki bnqki fki xkzmfm cbvkznmz c 34>45 c{,

lkbv ng{cilkbvk f{zcbvk ic acpk fk ic Gzcb G{kzzc) xkzm `mb nb`zklkbvmp `kz`cbmp ci

33+) ~) c xczvnz fk 3>::) `zk`n lp ikbvclkbvk s{k ic xmvkb`nc dnfz{in`c) xkzm `mb fnak,zkb`ncp kb ki znvlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm lkbmzkp s{k icp `mbpvcvcfcp xczc xkzmfmp cbvkznmzkp?

`kz`c fk {b 1+ f{zcbvk ki fk`kbnm fk 3>:8 ~ {b 0+ f{zcbvk imp cmp s{k xzk`kfnkzmb c ic

g{kzzc `nqni"

Pn pk `mlxczc ic kqmi{`nb fk ic `cxc`nfcf fk gkbkzc`nb kpxcmic `mb cs{kiic nvc,

incbc) pk cfqkzvnzb fk nblkfncvm cig{bcp fnakzkb`ncp" Pkgb l{kpvzcb ki `{cfzm 3"; ~ ki gz,

an`m 3"0) ic kp`cic fk {vninc`nb fki cg{c kb Nvcinc kzc lc~mz s{k kb Kpxcc dcpvc 3>01) ~

vcljnb kzc lc~mz ki gzcfm fk fkxkbfkb`nc fki cg{c fk cs{kiic k`mbmlc xczc ic mjvkb`nb

fk kik`vzn`nfcf" Lnkbvzcp s{k kb Nvcinc ic xmvkb`nc vzln`c fnpxmbnjik kb 3>01 cxkbcp p{lcjc {b

:8+) kb Kpxcc p{xmbc `cpn {b 08+ fk ic `cxc`nfcf vmvci fk gkbkzc`nb" Cfklp) pk cxzk,

31" Jczfnbn $3>>7."


19/165

JCB@M FK KPXCC :: KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

`nc s{k kb Nvcinc ic xmvkb`nc dnfzmki`vzn`c `zk`n lp c`kikzcfclkbvk f{zcbvk ki xkzmfm cb,

vkznmz ci `mbain`vm jin`m) ~ c xczvnz fk 3>::) lp s{k kb ki fk`kbnm cbvkznmz" @mbvzcznclkbvk c

im s{k pk cfqkzvc kb Kpxcc) ki nb`zklkbvm fk ic xmvkb`nc dnfz{in`c fki fk`kbnm fk 3>:8 pk

`mzzkpxmbfn `mb ic kpvcjninc`nb m fnplnb{`nb fk ic xmvkb`nc vzln`c"

Ki vclcm fk imp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp dnfzmki`vzn`mp kpxcmikp a{k `zk`nkbfm? pk

s{nbv{xin` kb s{nb`k cmp ~) cfklp) ic civ{zc ~ ki `c{fci pk vznxin`czmb) im s{k nbfn`czc {bclkomzc kb ic {vninc`nb fk imp zk`{zpmp kbvzk cljcp ak`dcp37" Bm mjpvcbvk) ic kp`cic fk icp

`kbvzcikp dnfzmki`vzn`cp kpxcmicp kzc zkf{`nfc) `{cbfm kpvcp pk `mlxczcb `mb icp lcgbn,

v{fkp fnpxmbnjikp xczc Nvcinc34" Kak`vnqclkbvk) ic xzkbpc v`bn`c `mkvbkc zkicvc `lm ki kp,

a{kzm `mbpvz{`vmz fk imp xznlkzmp fk`kbnmp fki pngim pk `kbvz kb cs{kiimp pcivmp s{k ktxim,

vcjcb imp zklcbpmp bcv{zcikp) {jn`cfmp kb ki `{zpm civm fk imp zmp) ~ fk kp`cpmp `c{fcikp)

lkfncbvk `cbcikp fk fkznqc`nb" Kb icp `cpcp fk ls{nbcp pk c`mxicjcb gkbkzcfmzkp fk

kp`cic lkfnc m xks{kc" Fkpfk imp pcivmp pk vzcbpxmzvcjc ki ai{nfm c imp lkz`cfmp zk`kxvmzkp

c fnpvcb`ncp `mlxzkbfnfcp kbvzk imp 388 el ~ imp :;8 el" Ic lc~mzc fk kpvmp kpvcjik`nlnkb,

37" Lnkbvzcp s{k ic civ{zc lkfnc fk imp kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp kpxcmikp kb 3>37 kzc fk 08)0 l) kb 3>03 kzc fk 4>)3:) ~ ki`c{fci pk kikqczc fk 0"841 i-p c 38"61: i-p" Pkgb kicjmzc`nb xzmxnc c xczvnz fk fcvmp ktvzcfmp fk Lnbnpvkznm fk Am,

lkbvm $3>:3. ~ Lnbnpvkznm fk Mjzcp X{jin`cp) @mbpkom fk ic Kbkzgc $3>0:." 34" Gncbbkvvn $3>>3.) x" 0;;,013"

8

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18

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3>88 3>8; 3>38 3>3; 3>:8 3>:; 3>08 3>0; 3>68 3>6; 3>;8 3>;; 3>18 3>1; 3>78 3>7;

KPXCC DNFZ[IN@C

NVCINC DNFZ[IN@C

KQMI[@NB FKI XMZ@KBVCOK FK XZMF[@@NB DNFZ[IN@C KB NVCINC^ KPXCC ZKPXK@VM CI VMVCI FK IC XZMF[@@NB KI@VZN@CZKPXK@VNQC $3>88,3>7:.

A[KBVKP? Xczc Nvcinc) Jczfnbn $3>>:.) Gncbbkvvn $3>47. ~ Kvkflcb ~ I{`ncbn $3>>3." xczc Kpxcc)

cbkom 3 ~ @czzkzcp $:88;."

GZAN@M 3"0GZAN@M 3"0

XMVKB@NC KB LW XMVKB@NC KB LW

7:33788>33>30 :30 4)4: >18 31)403>:: 701 36)77 3">70 4)003>03 3"004 1)41 ;"883 38)44

3>01 3"13> 0)44 ;"311 8)1;

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@CXC@NFCF FK GKBKZC@NB KI@VZN@C VMVCI KB KPXCCK NVCINC $3>88,3>01.

@[CFZM 3";

A[KBVKP? Cbkom 3 ~) xczc Nvcinc) Gncbbkvvn $3>4;." Ic pkg{bfc mi{lbc fk cfc cvkgmzc zkp{lkki zk`nlnkbvm kb vcpcp c`{l{icvnqcp cb{cikp xczc cfc xkzmfm"


20/165


vmp kpxcmikp `mzzkpxmbfkzc c {bc vnxmimgc fk cxzmqk`dclnkbvm nbvkzlkfnm3>" Ki vzclm fk

imp zmp kikgnfm xczc p{ im`cinc`nb kzc xzkakzkbvklkbvk ki nbn`nci) kb im`cinc`nmbkp `mb cj{b,

fcbvk fkpbnqki:8" Dcpvc 3>00) cm kb s{k pk xmbk kb lcz`dc Pcivmp fki F{kzm) o{bvm c ic

azmbvkzc xmzv{g{kpc) bnbg{bc fk icp xznb`nxcikp `mzznkbvkp dcjc pnfm zkg{icfc lkfncbvk kl,

jcipk kb p{ `{zpm lkfnm) kpvm kp) cii fmbfk pk zk`mgkb imp lc~mzkp `c{fcikp" Vcb pmim imp

pcivmp kb pkznk fk ic qkzvnkbvk bmzvk fki Kjzm ~ imp xzm~k`vmp fk zkg{ic`nb fki G{cfcis{nqnz

`mbpvnv{nzcb {b cbvk`kfkbvk fki cxzmqk`dclnkbvm nbvkgzci fk icp `{kb`cp dnfzmgzan`cp:3" Kb

ic Kpxcc fk 3>0;) ki gz{kpm fk imp pcivmp lcbvkbc {bc im`cinc`nb xkznaz n`c) `mb {b xczs{k

dnfzmki`vzn`m `mlx{kpvm xmz `kbvzcikp fk kp`cic lkfnc ~ `mb xzkfmlnbnm fk ic vzcbplnpnb

x{bvm fk xzmf{``nb c x{bvm fk `mbp{lm::"

Cdmzc jnkb) pn pk mjpkzqc ki gzan`m 3"6) pk cxzk`ncz {bc bmqkfcf s{k `mbvzcfn`k kb

xczvk im dcpvc cdmzc fn`dm" Cii pk dc xzm~k`vcfm ic kpvz{`v{zc) pkgb vclcm) fk ic nb`mzxm,

zc`nb fk ks{nxmp dnfzmki`vzn`mp c ic makzvc kpxcmic dcpvc 3>01:0" Xkpk c icp xmpnjikp fkp,

vz{``nmbkp ~ cjcbfmbmp) ki gzan`m zkaikoc `mb `icznfcf ic vkbfkb`nc c ic `mb`kbvzc`nb kbvzk

ks{nxmp fk l{~ xks{km vclcm ~ ks{nxmp zkicvnqclkbvk gzcbfkp? lnkbvzcp s{k) dcpvc 3>38)

ic lc~mzc fk ic lcs{nbcznc nbpvcicfc kzc fk xks{kc m lkfncbc fnlkbpnb) c xczvnz fk kbvmb,

`kp ki gz{kpm im mlxmbfzcb ks{nxmp lc~mzkp fk ;"888 eW) k nb`i{pm lc~mzkp fk 3;"888 eW

kb cig{bmp xkzmfmp" Cp) ~ xkpk c s{k icp `cjk`kzcp fk imp zmp a{kzcb icp mbcp lp ktxim,vcfcp) ki xczs{k fk gkbkzc`nb dnfzmki`vzn`c kb ic Kpxcc fk 3>0; bm xzkpkbvcjc {bc vkb,

fkb`nc ci cxzmqk`dclnkbvm fk vnxm lkfnm) pnbm lp jnkb {bc kpvz{`v{zc f{ci" Ci icfm fk

gzcbfkp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp) fk vk`bmimgc cqcbcfc) `mbqnqcb kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp fnlnb{vmp)

fk {pm fnp`mbvnb{m ~ fk vk`bmimgc xznlnvnqc" Kb `cljnm) kb Nvcinc) icp kpvnlc`nmbkp xczc ki

3>" Fkp`znvm kb Plnvd $3>:8." Ic Kbkzgc Ki`vzn`c a{k cpnlnplm x{jin`cbfm czv`{imp lmbmgzan`mp pmjzk imp pcivmpfk icp xznb`nxcikp `mlxccp" :8" @mbpnfkzcbfm imp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp nbpvcicfmp kb Kpxcc s{k kb 3>03 fnpxmbcb fklp fk ;"888 eW) ic lkfnc fk `cxc`nfcf nbpvcicfc xmz kpvcjik`nlnkbvm bm ci`cbcjc imp 30"888 eW) xkzm kb imp xzm,

lkfnmp fk civ{zc pk p{xkzcjcb imp 346 l" Lnbnpvkznm fk Mjzcp X{jin`cp" @mbpkom fk ic Kbkzgc $3>0:." :3" Kjzm) kbLci{s{kz $3>41. ~ A{bgcnznm $3>:>.5 Cbfci{`c) kb Ci`cnfk $3>>6." ::" Pk iiclcb cp imp vzcbpxmzvkp ~ ai{nfm ki`vzn`ms{k bm kpvcjik`kb lciicp fk fnpvznj{`nb kb icp mbcp nbvkzlkfncp kbvzk ki x{bvm fk gkbkzc`nb ~ ki x{bvm fk `mbp{lm"

Ki mjokvnqm kp cjcpvk`kz {b lkz`cfm `mbp{lnfmz fk nlxmzvcb`nc ~ bm fnqkzpnan`cz ic fklcbfc" D{gdkp $3>47." :0" Pk,gb ki zk`{kbvm fk 3>;4" Cs{ pk dc xzm~k`vcfm ic nb`mzxmzc`nb fk `cfc gkbkzcfmz pkgb p{ ak`dc fk nbc{g{zc`nb)

`mbpnfkzcbfm {bc fnpvznj{`nb pkgb vclcmp" Kicjmzc`nb xzmxnc c xczvnz fk Pnbfn`cvm $3>18."

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GZAN@M 3"6

A[KBVK? Pnbfn`cvm Bc`nmbci fk Cg{c) Gcp ~ Kik`vzn`nfcf $3>18."


21/165


s{nbs{kbnm 3>03,3>0; pkcicb s{k kb ki pnpvklc kik`vzm,`mlkz`nci xnclmbvp) xmz koklxim)

imp pcivmp kzcb lc~mzkp ~ ci`cbcjcb ic lkfnc fk :;6 l) ~ ic xmvkb`nc lkfnc klxikcfc xmz

kpvcjik`nlnkbvm kzc fk 44"4:0 eW" Kb ki `cpm fki pnpvklc lkznfnmbci) ki fk lkbmz kan`nkb`nc

fk cs{kiic xkbbp{ic) ki pcivm lkfnm kzc fk lkbmz lcgbnv{f) ;4)7 l) xkzm ic xmvkb`nc lkfnc

xmz `kbvzci kzc fk 37"736 eW:6"

Icp fnqkzgkb`ncp kbvzk Nvcinc ~ Kpxcc xmfzcb vkbkz) cpnlnplm) p{ mzngkb kb ki lc~mz

gzcfm fk nbvkgzc`nb fki cxczcvm xzmf{`vnqm kb Nvcinc" Kb kpvc ign`c) icp zkfkp fk nbvkz`m,

bktnb dcjzcb `mbvznj{nfm c zkf{`nz icp bk`kpnfcfkp vzln`cp `mb {b lkomz cxzmqk`dclnkbvm

fki xczs{k dnfz{in`m" Bm mjpvcbvk) ic invkzcv{zc fkplnkbvk kpvc xmpnjninfcf" Bn kb Kpxcc bn kb

Nvcinc ic `mmzfnbc`nb kbvzk `kbvzcikp cxczk`c l{~ kqmi{`nmbcfc kb qpxkzcp fk ic NN G{kzzc

L{bfnci:;) c{bs{k ic `mmzfnbc`nb kbvzk pnpvklcp fk gkbkzc`nb cxkbbn`mp ~ cixnbmp) s{k

xzkpkbvcjcb kpvncokp fnqkzpmp) zkp{ivczc cii l{~ kan`c:1"

Kb Kpxcc) ic `zmbmimgc fk ic x{kpvc kb pkzqn`nm fk cig{bcp fk icp xznb`nxcikp i,

bkcp fk vzcbpxmzvk c kikqcfc xmvkb`nc s{k s{kfcb zkaikocfcp kb ki `{cfzm 3"1 `mbpvnv{~k

{bc zkic`nb fk ciczfkp v`bn`mp) `{cbvm fc zcb fk icp kbmzlkp fnpvcb`ncp s{k icp

vzcbplnpnmbkp ki`vzn`cp fkjnkzmb pciqcz c xczvnz fk 3>8; xczc ci`cbcz imp lkz`cfmp fk

`mbp{lm" Kt`kxv{cfmp imp `cpmp fk Jnijcm) Qcikb`nc ~ _czcgmc:7) s{k pk pnzqnkzmb dcpvc

jnkb cqcbcfm ki pngim TT lkfncbvk ibkcp s{k `{jzcb fnpvcb`ncp lkbmzkp fk 388 el) ic

lc~mzc fk icp gzcbfkp {zjkp kpxcmicp pk p{lnbnpvzcjcb lkfncbvk vkbfnfmp c iczgc fnpvcb,

`nc" Kb Jcz`kimbc pciqcjcb kbvzk 3;8 el kb imp xznlkzmp vzcbpxmzvkp nlxmzvcbvkp fk ic @c,bcfnkbpk) dcpvc imp :;8 el fk imp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp xnzkbcn`mp lp cikocfmp" Lcfznf pk

pkzqc fkpfk fnpvcb`ncp kbvzk 388 el [bnb Ki`vzn`c Lcfznikc fkpfk @{kb`c ~ G{cfcic,

oczc ~ imp :;8 el fk imp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp fki O`cz fk Dnfzmki`vzn`c Kpxcmic" Dnfzm,

ki`vzn`c Njzn`c) xczc ki `mbp{lm fk Jnijcm) {bc qk ktximvcfmp imp pcivmp fki kbvmzbm

qcp`m,bcqczzm) d{jm fk nbn`ncz ki vkbfnfm fk {bc ibkc fk `cpn 088 el fkpfk ki Xnznbkm czcgmbp)

kb Icamzv{bcfc) ~ c`cjcz pnzqnbfmpk fkpfk Pcivmp fki F{kzm kb imp xznlkzmp vzknbvc) kb

_clmzc) `{jznkbfm `cpn ki fmjik"

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XZNLKZMP VZCBPXMZVKP FK KIK@VZN@NFCF C KIKQCFC XMVKB@NC KB @MZZNKBVK CIVKZBCIc imbgnv{f) kb el) ~ ic xmvkb`nc) kb qmivnmp

@[CFZM 3"1

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:6" Xmz `nvcz imp ktvzklmp pkcicfmp xmz Gncbbkvvn $3>>3.) x" 0;;,013" :;" Gncbbkvvn $3>>;." Xczc ic fnp`{pnb fki `cpmkpxcmi) qcpk Jczvmiml $:88;." :1" Gncbbkvvn $3>4;. ~ $3>>:." :7" Kb pkbvnfm kpvzn`vm) ki xznlkz vzcbpxmzvk a{k ki

zkcincfm kb 3446 xmz ic Pm`nkfcf Kpxcmic fk Kik`vzn`nfcf kbvzk {bc ajzn`c kb Pcbp) Jcz`kimbc) ~ {bc anb`c kb Pczzn)cljcp xzmxnkfcf fki Pz" Gkii" Kb cs{ki `cpm) pk vzcbplnvnkzmb 4 @Q c {bc fnpvcb`nc fk :":88 l) c anb fk kikqcz cg{c fk

{b xmm" P{kivm $3446.) Ic Kik`vzn`nfcf) xx" ;8,;:5 _czcgmc) kb Gkzlb $3>>8."


22/165

JCB@M FK KPXCC :; KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

Xkpk c s{k kpvcp fmp ivnlcp ibkcp) ic fki Pcivmp fki F{kzm ~ ic fk Icamzv{bcfc)x{kfcb `mbpnfkzczpk vcljnb fk nbvkz`cljnm kbvzk pnpvklcp `cvcib ~ qcp`m ic xznlkzc) ~

qcp`m,lcfznikm,ikqcbvnbm) ic pkg{bfc) ic lc~mzc fk icp ibkcp fkp`znvcp kzcb vcb pmim i,

bkcp fk vzcbplnpnb x{bvm fk xzmf{``nb,x{bvm fk `mbp{lm" P{ a{b`nb xznb`nxci bm kzc bn

ic `mlxkbpc`nb fk `czgcp bn ki gczcbvncz ic zkg{icznfcf ~ ic `mjkzv{zc fki pkzqn`nm) pnbm lp

jnkb ciikgcz ai{nfm fkpfk ic `kbvzci ci `kbvzm fk fnpvznj{`nb"

Kb `mbpk`{kb`nc) ic fkbpnfcf xmz el: fk icp ibkcp fk vzcbpxmzvk kb icp fnpvnbvcp

zkgnmbkp kpxcmicp s{k zkaikoc ki `{cfzm 3"7 `mbpvnv{~k {bc acipc xnpvc fk icp k`mbmlcp fk

kp`cic fk ic ktximvc`nb ki`vzn`c kb kpcp zkgnmbkp" Vcb pmim fc zcb fk `{ikp kzcb icp

zkgnmbkp lp cvzcqkpcfcp xmz kpvmp cjikp" Fmp cpmp mbvzcx{kpvmp pmb) kb kpvk cpm) imp

fk Cbfci{`c ~ Ikqcbvk" Cljmp p{lcb kikqcfcp `nazcp fk ibkcp fk vzcbpxmzvk) xkzm) lnkb,

vzcp s{k kb Cbfci{`c mjkfk`k c icp kikqcfcp fnpvcb`ncp c icp s{k pk pnzqkb ic lc~mzc fk icp

`cxnvcikp) s{k) cfklp) kpvb fkp`mbk`vcfcp fki zkpvm fki lkz`cfm kpxcmi) kb ki `cpm

qcikb`ncbm kpv ktxzkpcbfm vcbvm {b kikqcfm gzcfm fk nbvkgzc`nb zkgnmbci `mlm fk nbvkz,

`mbktnb `mb ki zkpvm fk imp lkz`cfmp xkbnbp{iczkp `mbvng{mp) kt`kxv{cfm ki lkz`cfm `c,

vcib:4" @mb icp kikqcfcp xmvkb`ncp c icp s{k kak`v{cjcb kpvmp vzcbpxmzvkp pk xkzpkg{c

fnplnb{nz icp xzfnfcp s{k ic vzcbplnpnb m`cpnmbcjc) xkzm) cb cp) pk `ci`{icjc s{k ki

vkbfnfm fk kpvcp ibkcp nb`zklkbvcjc ci lkbmp kb {b 68+ ki mpvk {bnvcznm xmz eW nbpvcicfm

fk icp b{kqcp `kbvzcikp:>"

Pn pk `mlxczc ic `zmbmimgc fki vkbfnfm fk icp ibkcp fk civc vkbpnb kpxcmicp `mb

ic nvcincbc ~ ic azcb`kpc) bm pk cxzk`ncz fnakzkb`nci cig{bm fk `mbvklxmzcbknfcf kbvzk kiicp 08"

Cbvkp ci `mbvzcznm) ic civc vkbpnb pk fna{bfn kb Kpxcc `mb gzcb `kikznfcf03

" Cdmzc jnkb) icfkbpnfcf fk kpvcp zkfkp kb Azcb`nc bm g{czfc zkic`nb `mb ki `cpm kpxcmi? kb 3>:7 pk dc,

jcb vkbfnfm kb cs{ki xcp lp fk 338"888 el fk `cjik kbvzk civc ~ l{~ civc vkbpnb) ~ kb

3>00 lp fk ::;"888 el) `{cbfm kb Kpxcc) kb 3>0;) ic p{lc fk zkfkp fkfn`cfcp ci vzcbp,

xmzvk ~ ic fnpvznj{`nb cxkbcp p{xkzcjc imp 00"888 el0:" Kpvm kp) lnkbvzcp s{k kb Kpxcc xzkfm,

lnbcjcb icp ibkcp fk vzcbplnpnb x{bvm fk xzmf{``nb,x{bvm fk `mbp{lm) kb Azcb`nc pk

ZKGNB IBKCP FK VZCBPXMZVK KB EL IBKCP) KB LKVZMP) XMZ EL:

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fk vzcbpxmzvk pmb {b kiklkbvm lp fki cxczcvm xzmf{`vnqm dcpvc s{k pk nbvkgzcb kb {b pnpvklc `mb `mlxkbpc`nb fk

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fcvc fk 34>7) c {bc vkbpnb fk 38 eQ" Kb 34>4 pk nbc{g{z ic xznlkzc fk 3; eQ) ~ kb 3>80 ic xznlkzc fk :1 eQ" Kb 3>8>pk vkbfn ic xznlkzc ibkc fk 18 eQ) ~ dcpvc 3>:: bm pk nbc{g{z ic xznlkzc ibkc fk lp fk 388 eQ) ktc`vclkbvk 3:8 eQ)

kbvzk Jkc{lmbv,Lmbvk{t ~ Pcnbv,Kvnkbbk kv Pcnbv,@dclmbf" Lmzpki $3>>3.) x" 13:" 0:" Icbvdnkz $3>>6.) x" 13"


23/165


dcjc `mlkbcfm c nbvkgzcz `czgcp) `mb zkfkp fk nbvkz`mbktnb kbvzk fnpvnbvmp lkz`cfmp

ki`vzn`mp) s{k fnqkzpnan`cjcb vcbvm icp a{kbvkp fk xzmf{``nb `mlm imp gz{xmp fk kqkbv{cikp

`mbp{lnfmzkp" Ki vkbfnfm fk zkfkp `mb ic vznxik anbcinfcf fk c`kz`cz xzmf{``nb ~ `mbp{lm)

fk zkg{iczncz icp `mzznkbvkp klxikcfcp ~ fk `mmzfnbcz `czgcp pmim `{lxic kb Kpxcc ic xzn,lkzc fk kpvcp a{b`nmbkp"

Cdmzc jnkb) kpvcp fnakzkb`ncp jpn`cp kb ki zn vlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm fk mvzmp pk`vmzkp

ki`vzn`mp canbkp ci kpxcmi pk ktxin`cb lkomz) fkpfk {b x{bvm fk qnpvc v`bn`m) pn pk `mbpn,

fkzc ki fnqkzpm cxzmqk`dclnkbvm kb `cfc xcp fk icp p{`kpnqcp vk`bmimgcp fk gkbkzc`nb

dnfzmki`vzn`c" Kb kak`vm) fki `zk`nlnkbvm vklxzcbm fki xczs{k dnfzmki`vzn`m nvcincbm) xmz

koklxim) fc zcb ki {pm gkbkzcincfm fk imp `c{fcikp ai{~kbvkp fk p{p zmp xczc {vninc`nm,

bkp nbf{pvzncikp" Pkgb ic dnpvmznmgzcac nvcincbc) kb imp fk`kbnmp nbvkzpk`{iczkp pk ktximvczmb

c ambfm imp pcivmp fk {pm `mbvnb{m fk zgnlkb bnqci fk imp pnpvklcp xnclmbvp ~ imljczfm

xczc p{ {pm nbvkbpnqm ~ kb c{vmgkbkzc`nb) lnkbvzcp s{k kb Kpxcc xzkfmlnbcjcb vmfcqc

kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp fk ktximvc`nb kpvc`nmbci ~ fk vclcm fnlnb{vm" C xczvnz fk 3>:8) ki qngm,

zmpm c{lkbvm fki xczs{k ki`vzn`m nvcincbm p{kik cvznj{nzpk ci kpa{kzm s{k icp klxzkpcp

zkpxcifcfcp xmz ki c{tninm xjin`m klxzkbfnkzmb xczc ic `mbpvz{``nb fk kljcipkp" Kpvm pk

fnm kb iiclcz ic `mbs{npvc fkiic amzc00" C {bc lc~mz zkg{ic`nb fk `c{fcikp) pkzc xmz

vcbvm c`dc`cjik {b {pm lkbmz fk icp `kbvzcikp vzln`cp kb cs{ki xcp) ~ c ic xmpvzk p{ cjcb,

fmbm" Ci vnklxm) pk dcjzc lkomzcfm ki zkbfnlnkbvm fk icp nbpvcic`nmbkp ci nb`mzxmzcz) cbvkp

fk ic NN G{kzzc L{bfnci) imp kpvcjik`nlnkbvmp fmvcfmp fk c{vm,gkbkzc`nb) ~ fk {pm nbvkbpnqm)

c icp zkfkp `mlkz`ncikp"

Ki c{lkbvm fk ic xzmf{``nb ki`vzn`c kb Kpxcc a{k pmpvkbnfm f{zcbvk imp vzkp xznlk,

zmp fk`kbnmp fki pngim TT) `mb nb`zklkbvmp c`{l{icvnqmp p{xkznmzkp ci 38+ cb{ci $qcpk `{c,

fzm 3"4." Kb xczvn`{icz) kbvzk 3>30 ~ 3>:: c{lkbv c {b znvlm cb{ci lc~mz s{k ki 31+) lnkbvzcp

s{k kbvzk 3>:: ~ 3>03 pk pmpv{qm `mb `zk`nlnkbvmp c`{l{icvnqmp `kz`cbmp ci 38+) xczc fnp,lnb{nz mpvkbpnjiklkbvk kb imp cmp vzknbvc dcpvc lcgbnv{fkp `kz`cbcp ci :);+ cb{ci" Kb Nvcinc)

ki znvlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm fk ic xzmf{``nb a{k fk`zk`nkbvk c im iczgm fki xkzmfm) mjpkzqbfmpk

imp c{lkbvmp lp c`{pcfmp kb ki xznlkz fk`kbnm fki pngim) `mb {bc vcpc c`{l{icvnqc cb{ci

p{xkznmz ci 37+) s{k fnplnb{~k kb ki fk`kbnm fk 3>38 dcpvc {b 38+ ~ kb ki png{nkbvk pk lcb,

vnkbk" Pnb kljczgm) ki znvlm bm lkbg{c vcbvm mlm cjzc kpxkzcz f{zcbvk imp cmp fk ic znpnp

fk imp vzknbvc) p{xkzcbfm ki ;+" Kpvk fnakzkb`nci kb ki znvlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm fk ic ktximvc`nb

kbvzk cljmp xcpkp zkxkz`{vk kb {b `cljnm fk kp`cic) l{~ mpvkbpnjik fkpfk 3>38) `{cbfm ic

xzmf{``nb nvcincbc ~c vznxin`c `lmfclkbvk c ic kpxcmic) lcbvkbnbfmpk Nvcinc fkpvc`cfc c

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XZMF[@@NB KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC K NVCINC $3>88,3>01. @[CFZM 3"4

A[KBVKP? Xczc Kpxcc) cbkom 3) ~ xczc Nvcinc) Gncbbkvvn $3>4;." Ic xzmf{``nb kbvzk 3>88 ~ 3>30dc pnfm ci`{icfc c xczvnz fk imp fcvmp fk xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc s{k Gncbbkvvn xzmxmbk ~ {b ac`vmzfk {vninc`nb fk :"888 dmzcp cb{cikp $ki lnplm s{k {pc xczc imp cmp nblkfncvmp." Ic pkg{bfc`mi{lbc fk cfc cvkgmzc zkp{lk ki zk`nlnkbvm kb vcpcp c`{l{icvnqcp cb{cikp"

00" [bc `mlxikvc cxzmtnlc`nb c ic ang{zc fk Bnvvn) kb Jczmbk $3>>0."


24/165


Ki fnakzkb`nci kb ki znvlm fk c{lkbvm fk ic xzmf{``nb kb cljmp xcpkp mjkfk`k

bcv{zcilkbvk ci xzmxnm `zk`nlnkbvm fki xczs{k ki`vzn`m) s{k kp lc~mz kb p{ `mbo{bvm xczc

Nvcinc s{k xczc Kpxcc" Lnkbvzcp s{k kb Nvcinc ki xzmgzkpm fki xmvkb`nci ki`vzn`m a{k lp nbvkbpm

f{zcbvk ki xznlkz fk`kbnm fki pngim) kb Kpxcc kpvk c{lkbvm pk c`{l{i kb vmzbm cijmml

k`mbln`m fk ic Gzcb G{kzzc" Cdmzc jnkb) imp zkbfnlnkbvmp fk icp nbpvcic`nmbkp a{kzmb fnp,

vnbvmp" Kb vcbvm s{k kb Kpxcc ic xzmf{``nb `zk`n c {b znvlm cizkfkfmz fki x{bvm ~ lkfnm

xmz kb`nlc fk ic `cxc`nfcf nbpvcicfc f{zcbvk ki xznlkz vkz`nm fki pngim TT) kb Nvcinc `zk`n

lp fk fmp x{bvmp" Kpvcp fnakzkb`ncp pk cg{fncb kb xkzmfmp lp jzkqkp" Kb kak`vm) kb

Nvcinc ki `zk`nlnkbvm fk ic xzmf{``nb cqkbvco ci fk ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc kb lp fk pnkvk

x{bvmp kb ki xznlkz fk`kbnm fki pngim5 kb ki `cpm kpxcmi) pmim kb ki fk`kbnm fk 3>:8 ic xzm,

f{``nb `mlkbczc c ktxcbfnzpk c {b znvlm lc~mz s{k ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc kb `cpn vzkp

x{bvmp" Pnb kljczgm) ki zkbfnlnkbvm fki xczs{k ki`vzn`m fnplnb{~ kb ki fk`kbnm png{nkbvk

kb Kpxcc) `mlm im fkl{kpvzc ki dk`dm fk s{k ic xzmf{``nb c{lkbv `cpn x{bvm ~ lkfnm

lkbmp s{k ic cxc`nfcf" Kb Nvcinc) kb cljnm) c{bs{k f{zcbvk imp cmp mlxzkbfnfmp kbvzk

3>:: ~ 3>03 ic xmvkb`nc `zk`nkpk xmz kb`nlc fk ic xzmf{``nb) c xczvnz fk kbvmb`kp ic xzm,

f{``nb cqcb c lc~mz znvlm s{k ic xmvkb`nc" Kb fkanbnvnqc) ic fnqkzpnfcf kbvzk imp pk`vmzkp

ki`vzn`mp fk cljmp xcpkp pk azcg{ cbvkp fk 3>38) c{bs{k i{kgm icp fnakzkb`ncp pk `mb,

pminfcpkb"

Pn pk ktclnbc xmz pkxczcfm ic kqmi{`nb fk icp xzmf{``nmbkp dnfzmki`vzn`c) fk {b

icfm) ~ vkzlmki`vzn`c) fk mvzm $qcpk gzan`m 3";.) pk cxzk`ncz s{k ic vzc~k`vmznc fk ic xznlk,

zc `mbpnpvn kb `zk`nlnkbvmp nbn`ncikp l{~ xzmb{b`ncfmp) p{xkznmzkp ci 31+) pkg{nfmp fk {bcfnplnb{`nb mpvkbpnjik kb ki znvlm fk `zk`nlnkbvm) l{~ pngbnan`cvnqc kb imp xznlkzmp vzknbvc"

C p{ qk) ic xzmf{``nb vzln c pk lcbv{qm c im iczgm fki xznlkz vkz`nm fki pngim TT) fk lcbkzc

s{k kbvzk 3>:: ~ 3>03 ki fnakzkb`nci fk `zk`nlnkbvm kbvzk kpvc ~ ic dnfz{in`c kzc vcb pmim fk

{b x{bvm kb jkbkan`nm fk ic xznlkzc) c{bs{k xzkpkbvcpk {bc gzcb qmicvninfcf kb imp ivnlmp

cmp" Ic `mlxczc`nb fk icp zkpxk`vnqcp xzmf{``nmbkp `mb ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc f{zcbvk imp

fmp ivnlmp fk`kbnmp fki pngim lcbnankpvc s{k) lnkbvzcp s{k ki zkbfnlnkbvm fk vmfcp icp nbpvc,

ic`nmbkp `zk`n kb lc~mz lkfnfc kb ki fk`kbnm fk 3>:8) f{zcbvk ki s{nbs{kbnm png{nkbvk ki

zkbfnlnkbvm a{k lkbmz) ~ lc~mz ki c{lkbvm zkicvnqm fk ic xzmf{``nb vzln`c s{k ki fk ic dn,

fz{in`c06"

8

:8

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18

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3>88 3>80 3>81 3>8> 3>3: 3>3; 3>34 3>:3 3>:6 3>:7 3>08 3>00 3>01

XZMF[@@NB VZLN@C

XZMF[@@NB DNFZ[IN@C

XZMF[@@NB KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC PKGB KI VNXM FK @KBVZCIGKBKZCFMZC) KB XMZ@KBVCOK $3>88,3>01.

GZAN@M 3";

A[KBVK? Cbkom 3"

+

06" Kpvmp cmp pk dcb `ci`{icfm `mb kpvnlc`nmbkp cb{cikp fk icp dmzcp fk {vninc`nb lkfnc xzm`kfkbvkp fk ic @lczcfk Xzmf{`vmzkp" @MXFK $3>0;."


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Kpvc b{kqc kqnfkb`nc `mzzmjmzc im s{k cbvkp pk cfkicbvcjc pmjzk ic `mlxmpn`nb fk

imp ks{nxmp fk gkbkzc`nb? ki fnakzkb`nci xzmf{`vnqm kbvzk Nvcinc ~ Kpxcc) s{k pk azcg{ f{zcb,

vk ki xznlkz fk`kbnm fk pngim) pk zkaikocjc kb ki zkbfnlnkbvm fk ic lcs{nbcznc" Ic zkic`nb kbvzk

xmvkb`nc fk {pm `mbvnb{m ~ fk {pm fnp`mbvnb{m kb cljmp xcpkp kzc l{~ fnqkzpc" Lnkbvzcp

s{k f{zcbvk imp xznlkzmp cmp fki pngim ic {vninc`nb fk `mzznkbvkp fk `c{fci ai{~kbvk `mbpvn,

v{~ {b c`n`cvk xczc ic fna{pnb fk ic kbkzgc ki`vzn`c kb ic xkbbp{ic nvcincbc) kb Kpxcc) xmz

ki `mbvzcznm) kpvk vnxm fk pcivmp zkp{iv nbpinvm) xzkfmlnbcbfm) kb `mbvzcxczvnfc) imp klxikmp

lkzclkbvk kpvc`nmbcikp" Kb imp ivnlmp qknbvk ~ imp vzknbvc kpvcp fnakzkb`ncp pk `mbpminfczcb

gzc`ncp c s{k kb Nvcinc pk nb`mzxmzczmb imp ks{nxmp fk c{vmgkbkzc`nb c icp zkfkp `mlkz`ncikp

~) cfklp) pk gkbkzcin ki cilc`kbclnkbvm fk cg{c0;"

Kb `mbpk`{kb`nc) ki zkbfnlnkbvm fk imp ks{nxmp xzmf{`vnqmp kpxcmikp) lkfnfm

kb dmzcp fk {vninc`nb fk ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc) lmpvzcjc {bc fkpqkbvcoc bmvcjik" Lnkbvzcp s{k) kb

vmzbm c 3>08) ic xmvkb`nc dnfzmki`vzn`c kb Kpxcc ci`cbcjc `mb fnan`{ivcf icp :";88 dmzcp fk

{vninc`nb) kb Nvcinc pk pmjzkxcpcjcb icp 0"888 dmzcp fk lkfnc) c{bs{k cig{bmp icp kikqczcb

dcpvc ;"888) ci nbì{nz cs{kiimp cxzmqk`dclnkbvmp nbvkbpnqmp cxkbcp nbvkgzcfmp kb icp zkfkp

`mlkz`ncikp01" Cfklp) ki {pm fk ic `cxc`nfcf vzln`c kb Kpxcc lcbnakpvcjc a{kzvkp mp`nic,

`nmbkp) c{bs{k fk xzmlkfnm bm p{xkzcpk icp 3"888 dmzcp" Ic zkic`nb kbvzk ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc

~ ic xzmf{``nb kb {b cm lkfnm) `mlm 3>0;) czzmocjc ki png{nkbvk jcicb`k? ic xmvkb`nc vzln`c

cp`kbfc c {b :;+ fki vmvci) xkzm ic xzmf{``nb ci`cbcjc fna`nilkbvk ki 4+ 07"

Ci `cjm) pn pk cbcinc ki gzan`m 3"1) pk mjpkzqcz `mb ìcznfcf ki `zk`nlnkbvm kp`cim,bcfm fk ic `cxc`nfcf fk xzmf{``nb dnfz{in`c kb Kpxcc) ~ ki nbvkbpm znvlm `mbpvz{`vmz kbvzk

3>3; ~ 3>:;) s{k `kfk c xczvnz fk 3>:;) c{bs{k lcbvkbgc nb`zklkbvmp bmvcjikp fk ic xzm,

f{``nb dnfzmki`vzn`c) dcpvc s{k) kb imp xznlkzmp vzknbvc) kb xikbc `znpnp) ic xmvkb`nc pkc kt,

`kfkbvcznc" @mlm ki ks{nxclnkbvm dnfzmki`vzn`m pk xicbnan`cjc ~ kok`{vcjc `mb {bc fklmzc

lbnlc fk `nb`m cmp) p{ x{kpvc kb {pm zkp{ivcjc pnbg{iczlkbvk gzcqmpc pn `mnb`nfc `mb {bc

`znpnp fk fklcbfc `mlm ic fk imp xznlkzmp vzknbvc"

8

:88

688

188

488

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3"688

3>88 3>8: 3>86 3>81 3>84 3>38 3>3: 3>36 3>31 3>34 3>:8 3>:: 3>:6 3>:1 3>:4 3>08 3>0: 3>06 3>01

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XMVKB@NC DNFZ[IN@C

XZMF[@@NB DNFZ[IN@C $kp`cic f`dc".

KQMI[@NB FK IC XMVKB@NC DNFZMKI@VZN@C NBPVCICFC^ FK IC XZMF[@@NB DNFZMKI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $3>88,3>01.Ic xmvkb`nc) kb LW) ~ ic xzmf{``nb) kb GWd

GZAN@M 3"1

A[KBVK? Cbkom 3"

0;" Iclkbvcjiklkbvk) bm ktnpvk kb Kpxcc bnbg{bc zkic`nb s{k fnpvnbgc `mb ìcznfcf kbvzk imp pcivmp fk {pm ai{~kbvk ~cs{kiimp zkg{icfmp" P pk `{kbvc) pnb kljczgm) `mb cj{bfcbvkp zkakzkb`ncp nbfnzk`vcp zk`mgnfcp xmz ic invkzcv{zc" Xczc

Nvcinc) Gncbbkvvn $3>4; ~ 3>>0." Xczc Kpxcc) qcbpk `cxv{imp : ~ 0" 01" Xczc Kpxcc) qcpk `{cfzm C"3"; fki cbkom 3"

Ki fcvm nvcincbm) kb Gncbbkvvn $3>4;.) x" 30:" 07" Kpvk lc~mz zk`{zpm c ic xzmf{``nb vzln`c mjkfk`c c ic lc~mz qmic,vninfcf fk `c{fcikp kb ic xkbbp{ic Njzn`c? `{cbfm `zk`c ic xmvkb`nc dnfzmki`vzn`c kb Kpxcc) icp qcznc`nmbkp fk imp

zkglkbkp fk p{p zmp nlxkfcb {bc {vninc`nb xkzlcbkbvk fk ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc"


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JCB@M FK KPXCC :> KPV[FNMP FK DNPVMZNC K@MBLN@C) B" ;8 IC NBF[PVZNC KI@VZN@C KB KPXCC $34>8,3>01.

Ic kqmi{`nb fk imp {pmp ki`vzn`mp `{kbvc kb Kpxcc `mb {bc pkznk man`nci xczc kixkzmfm 3>88,3>01" Kb kiic pk nb`i{~kb bm pmim imp xmz`kbvcokp fkpvnbcfmp c imp klxikmp

xznb`nxcikp) pnbm vcljnb ki `mzzkpxmbfnkbvk c icp xzfnfcp kak`vnqcp" Kpvcp kpvnlc`nmbkp pk

zkcinczmb) iclkbvcjiklkbvk) c xczvnz fk fcvmp `mbvzcpvcfmp xczc ki fk`kbnm fk 3>08) bm xczc

imp cbvkznmzkp) ~ xzm`kfkbvkp fk ic kbvnfcf s{k cgz{xcjc c ic lc~mzc fk icp klxzkpcp ki`,

vzn`cp `mlkz`ncikp04"

Pkgb icp pkznkp zkpkcfcp kb ki gzan`m 3"7) kb Kpxcc ki ci{ljzcfm) xjin`m ~ xzn,

qcfm) `mbpvnv{~ ic xznb`nxci cxin`c`nb fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf dcpvc ki nbn`nm fk ic g{kzzc k{zmxkc"

C xczvnz fk kbvmb`kp) imp {pmp nbf{pvzncikp cqkbvcoczmb c imp i{lbn`mp) fk lcbkzc s{k ic xzm,

f{``nb fkpvnbcfc c a{kzc lmvzn ci`cbczc {b xznlkz xn`m kb 3>37" C{bs{k kb ki vzcbp`{zpm

fk imp fmp cmp png{nkbvkp pk ktxkznlkbvczc {b `nkzvm zkai{om) c xczvnz fk 3>:8 imp xmz`kbvcokp

{vnincfmp kb amzlc fk a{kzc lmvzn bm `kpczmb fk `zk`kz) dcpvc 3>:>) lmlkbvm c xczvnz fki

`{ci ic xzmf{``nb fkpvnbcfc c {pmp nbf{pvzncikp pk kpvcjnin kb vmzbm ci ;8+) ~ kb ki 3;+ ic

fkpvnbcfc c ci{ljzcfm" Pngbnan`cvnqclkbvk) ic xmz`nb klxikcfc kb amzlc fk vzc``nb cxkbcp

qczn) cizkfkfmz fk {b 4+,38+) lnkbvzcp s{k icp xzfnfcp pk c`zk`kbvczmb c xczvnz fk 3>38)

lcbvkbnbfmpk kb vmzbm ci :8+ dcpvc ki fk`kbnm fk 3>08) `{cbfm qmiqnkzmb c lmpvzcz {b

nb`zklkbvm fk {bmp `{cbvmp x{bvmp0>"

Kpvc vzc~k`vmznc fki zkxczvm fk imp {pmp fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf `mlkz`nci `mbanzlc ic dnx,

vkpnp cx{bvcfc xmz Lci{s{kz c`kz`c fk s{k ki nb`zklkbvm fk ic xmvkb`nc nbpvcicfc kpv{qm

p{jmzfnbcfm f{zcbvk imp cmp fk ic N G{kzzc L{bfnci ci nb`zklkbvm fki `mbp{lm lcb{ac`v{,

zkzm68" Ng{cilkbvk) `mzzmjmzc icp fnan`{ivcfkp fk ic nbf{pvznc xzmf{`vmzc f{zcbvk imp xznlkzmp

vzknbvc) fkjnfm c ic `znpnp nbf{pvznci) s{k `mnb`nfn kb Kpxcc `mb {b xkzmfm ``in`m fk p{xk,zqnv xzmf{`vnqm63" ^) xmz ivnlm) cvkpvng{c s{k ki xcvzb fk `mbp{lm kpxcmi pk cikocjc c

xznlkzc qnpvc jnkb xm`m kb ki fk`kbnm fk 3>08 fki xzkfmlnbcbvk kb mvzmp xcpkp k{zmxkmp"

Imp klxikmp fmlpvn`mp dcjzcb `kfnfm xcpm c imp nbf{pvzncikp ~) pciqcbfm imp zfkbkp fk

lcgbnv{f) kb 3>:> icp xmz`nmbkp fkpvnbcfcp c `mbp{lmp nbf{pvzncikp pk cpklkoczcb c icp

nvcincbcp) c{bs{k kpvcp ivnlcp a{kzcb cigm lc~mzkp) pnv{bfmpk c lnvcf fk `clnbm kbvzk ic

8)88

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3>83 3>80 3>8; 3>87 3>8> 3>33 3>30 3>3; 3>37 3>3> 3>:3 3>:0 3>:; 3>:7 3>:> 3>03 3>00 3>0;

XZFNFCP

VZC@@NB

NBF[PVZNC

CI[LJZCFM

ZKXCZVM FK @MBP[LMP ^ XZFNFCP KB XMZ@KBVCOK $3>88,3>01. GZAN@M 3"7

A[KBVK? @{cfzm C"3";) cbkom 3"

04"Qcpk gzan`m 3"7 ~ `{cfzm C"3"6" fki cbkom 3" Xkpk c icp fnp`zkxcb`ncp kbvzk kpvc kpvnlc`nb fk `mbp{lm vmvci ~ ics{k cs{ pk mazk`k fk xzmf{``nb) pk dc xzkakznfm zkxzmf{`nzic c anb fk `mlxzmjcz s{k icp fnqkzgkb`ncp pk `kbvzcb kb

imp fk`kbnmp fk 3>88 ~ 3>08) kb ki xznlkz cpm xmz kt`kpm ~ kb ki pkg{bfm xmz fkak`vm" 0>" Kb zkcinfcf) ki pkg{nlnkb,vm fk icp xzfnfcp l{kpvzc {b xkzani mp`nicbvk) s{k) dk`dcp icp pciqkfcfkp xzmxncp fk ic bcv{zcikc fk ic a{kbvk) xmfzc

fcz zcb fki gzcfm fk kan`nkb`nc fki pnpvklc kb fnqkzpmp lmlkbvmp" [b koklxim fk xzfnfcp fkpjm`cfcp) kb Gkz,lb $3>>8.) x" 1;" 68" Lci{s{kz a{k xnmbkzm kb fkakbfkz kpvc dnxvkpnp) xmpvkznmzlkbvk cflnvnfc xmz ic lc~mzc"Lci{s{kz $3>47." 63"Cx{bvcfm xmz Dkzbbfk Cbfz{ $3>43.) xznlkzm) ~ i{kgm xmz Cbvmib $3>>>c."


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cqcbcfc kik`vznan`c`nb bmz{kgc) `mb lp fk {b 48+ fkfn`cfm c kpvc {vninc`nb) ~ ic xmzv{,

g{kpc) fmbfk ki xmz`kbvcok fk kpvk klxikm bm ci`cbcjc ki 6;+" Nbì{pm ic `znpnp fk imp xzn,

lkzmp vzknbvc ~ ki zkicvnqm nb`zklkbvm kb imp {pmp fmlpvn`mp pk `mbpnfkzczcb akblkbmp

`ml{bkp c j{kbc xczvk fk imp xcpkp k{zmxkmp) fmbfk ic `znpnp nbf{pvznci pk vzcv fk xcincz

kpvnl{icbfm ki c{lkbvm fk icp cxin`c`nmbkp fmlpvn`cp s{k a{kzmb fcfcp c `mbm`kz ktvkbpc,

lkbvk6:" Ic vzcbpn`nb fk imp {pmp fmlpvn`mp c imp nbf{pvzncikp dcjzc acqmzk`nfm ki xc{icvnbm

c{lkbvm fki zkbfnlnkbvm fk imp ks{nxmp mjpkzqcfm c xczvnz fk ic Gzcb G{kzzc kb Kpxcc60

) ~cp) kb vzlnbmp fk `mbp{lm) icp fnqkzgkb`ncp fk ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxcmic zkpxk`vm c icp

cbimgcp k{zmxkcp pk dcjzcb xcincfm c xczvnz fk kbvmb`kp" Pk fnzc s{k ic xc{vc kpxcmic pk

dcjzc lmpvzcfm l{~ pnlnicz) c{bs{k c lkbmz kp`cic"

Bm mjpvcbvk) ~ kb fkvciik) ki xcvzb fk `mbp{lm fki ai{nfm kb Kpxcc zkp{ivcjc pkz

jnkb fnpvnbvm fk cs{ki lc~mznvcznm kbvzk imp xcpkp dnfzm,fkxkbfnkbvkp" Ki xznb`nxci klxikm

nbf{pvznci fk ic kik`vzn`nfcf kzc ic a{kzc lmvzn xczc lcb{ac`v{zc ingkzc) im s{k pngbnan`c s{k ic

kik`vzn`nfcf pk {vnincjc `mlm p{pvnv{vc fki qcxmz ~ fk ic kbkzgc dnfzmlk`bn`c) ~ bm `mlm

xcicb`c fk icp iiclcfcp b{kqcp nbf{pvzncp fk kik`vzm,xzm`kpclnkbvm" C{b `{cbfm bm a{kzc

fkpgimpcfc kb kpvcp kpvcfpvn`cp) pk `ci`{icjc s{k ic xzmf{``nb fkpvnbcfc c {pmp nbvkbpn,

qmp) icp iiclcfcp kik`vzm,nbf{pvzncp) cjpmzjc kb Kpxcc kb qpxkzcp fk ic g{kzzc `nqni kb vmzbm

ci 4)0+ fki `mbp{lm vmvci) nbì{nfmp c{vm,xzmf{`vmzkp" Kb Azcb`nc) kb 3>:>) pkgb imp fcvmpfki `{cfzm 3"0) icp nbf{pvzncp fk kik`vzm,xzm`kpclnkbvm cjpmzjcb {b ::+ fk ic xzmf{``nb5

kb Nvcinc) {b 3;)6+) ~ kb P{nc ~ P{k`nc) {b 34+ ~ :;+) zkpxk`vnqclkbvk" Kb ki `cpm bmz{kgm)

fmbfk nbì{~kb imp c{vmxzmf{`vmzkp) kpvk xmz`kbvcok pk kikqcjc `cpn ci 76+66" F{zcbvk ic

xm`c fk kbvzkg{kzzcp) ic ktng{c xzmf{``nb ki`vzn`c fkpvnbcfc c klxikmp nbvkbpnqmp pnvc)

x{kp) c ic kik`vznan`c`nb kpxcmic a{kzc fki xcvzb dcjnv{ci fk fkpczzmiim fk imp pnpvklcp dn,

fzm,fkxkbfnkbvkp) xkzm zkqkic {bc fk icp `c{pcp fki kp`cpm zkbfnlnkbvm fk imp ks{nxmp kp,

xcmikp fk gkbkzc`nb" Xmz im fklp) ic qmicvninfcf fncznc fk ic `czgc kzc kikqcfc) fk lcbkzc

s{k ic `czgc lkfnc ~ ki fnakzkb`nci kbvzk `czgc ltnlc ~ lbnlc) fncznc ~ kpvc`nmbci) c{lkb,

vcjcb) `mbvznj{~kbfm c c`zk`kbvcz ic nb`kzvnf{ljzk `mb zkpxk`vm c icp bk`kpnfcfkp fk cl,

xinc`nb fk ic xmvkb`nc ltnlc" Xmz ivnlm) ki kikqcfm xmz`kbvcok fk xzfnfcp fczc `{kbvc fki

kpvcfm fk icp ibkcp) fk ic `{cbvc fki azc{fk ~ fk icp iczgcp fnpvcb`ncp s{k pciqcjc ki vzcbp,

xmzvk"

Ci `cjm) ic kqmi{`nb fki `mbp{lm kpxcmi fk kik`vzn`nfcf dcpvc 3>0; vclxm`m `mb,

anzlc ic dnxvkpnp fk {b lkzm cvzcpm kb ki xzm`kpm kik`vznan`cfmz" Pk fnzc s{k cs{ pk png{n

{bc xc{vc mzngnbci) `czc`vkzncfc xmz ki {pm lc~mznvcznm fki cg{c xczc ic mjvkb`nb fk ai{nfm)

xkzm `mb nlxmzvcbvk cxm~m vzln`m" @mb zkpxk`vm c mvzmp xcpkp fkxkbfnkbvkp fki cg{c) pk

klxk lp vczfk) pk fkpczzmiiczmb cxin`c`n

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