MATTER

o The term matter traditionally refers to the substance The term matter traditionally refers to the substance that all objects are made of.that all objects are made of.

o A common definition of matter is anything that has A common definition of matter is anything that has mass and occupies a volume. mass and occupies a volume.

DIFFERENT STATES OF MATTER Matter is commonly said to exist in four states ( or

phases ) depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. These states are : solid, liquid, gas and plasma.

A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties ( such as density , specific heat ,refractive index , etc.

SOLID Intermolecular attraction force is very strong the case of

solid, So the molecules are very closely situated to each other.

Solid has a particular shape, size and volume and they have a tendency to retain their structural integrity.

It has elasticity.

Example : ice, glass, plastic, etc.

LIQUIDLIQUID• INTERMOLECULAR attraction is weaker than that of solids. In INTERMOLECULAR attraction is weaker than that of solids. In

a liquid, the constituents frequently are touching, but able to a liquid, the constituents frequently are touching, but able to move around each other.move around each other.

• Liquid has no particular shape or size like solid but adapts a Liquid has no particular shape or size like solid but adapts a shape decided by it container.shape decided by it container.

• It has cohesion and viscosity.It has cohesion and viscosity.

• Liquid can not be compressed.Liquid can not be compressed.

• Example: water, oil, mercury etc.Example: water, oil, mercury etc.

GAS

• Intermolecular attraction force is very week, so molecules of gas are far away from each other.

• The distance between constituent particles is flexible, determined by the size of a container and the number of particles.

• Gas has no resistance to changing shape. So it can be easily compressed into a small volume by increasing the pressure.

• A common example is the vapor from of water, stem.

PLASMA Plasma is a fourth state of matter consisting of an overall

charge-neutral mix of electrons, ions and neutral atoms.

The plasma exhibits behavior peculiar to long range coulomb forces in which the particles move in electromagnetic fields generated by and self consistent with their own motions.

Example: The sun and stars, Earth ionosphere, plasmas occur in neon signs. Plasmas of deuterium and tritium ions are used in fusion reactions.