MATTER:

is defined as anything that takes up spaceand has mass.

Examples of matter include all the elements,

compounds, mixtures, cow’s milk and store milk.

Matter comes in one of 3 PHASES.

Matter changes from one phase to anotherby these processes...

MELTING

FREEZING

BOILING

CONDENSATION

SUBLIMATION

DEPOSITION

Boiling water

vaporizes into steam

Sublimation is when a solid goes directly to the gas phase, and deposition is the opposite.

In our class you will see solid iodine sublimate to a fantastic purple gas, and some of it will undergo deposition and

form back into solid iodine again.

Solid to liquid

Liquid to solid

Liquid to gas

Gas to liquid

Depending upon who is counting, there are approximately 114 unique substances known to man

at this time. They are the building blocks of all substances we know of. They are listed in the PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS. Atoms are the

smallest part of an element.

Examples include CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, and OXYGEN.

Your teacher’s favorite element is MERCURY and he also really likes TUNGSTEN.

When two or more elements combine chemically to form

a new substance, with its own UNIQUE physical and

chemical properties, the new substance is called a compound.

Examples of common compounds include: TABLE SALT (sodium chloride)

BUNSEN BURNER GAS (methane) andWATER (dihydrogen monoxide)

ALLMATTER

MIXED SUBSTANCES

PURE SUBSTANCES

physically separable into

(HOMOGENEOUS) (VARIED COMPOSITIONS)

COMPOUNDS

ex: water, salt, iron

oxide

ELEMENTS: iron, neon, mercury, lead,

carbon.

HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURES

ex: SOUP, SALAD, CONCRETE,

COW’S MILK

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES

ex: coffee, air, STORE MILK.

chemically separable into

IRON becomes RUST…

This is a chemical reaction.

The iron and oxygen are the

reactants, which chemically combine into a new substance

with new properties.

RUST forms, which is a kind of

IRON OXIDE.The iron oxide is

the PRODUCTof this chemical

reaction

REACTANTS COMBINE TO FORM PRODUCTS

• Another chemical reaction you probably know of is called photosynthesis.

• In this reaction carbon dioxide and water combine to form oxygen and glucose.

• The reactants are the carbon dioxide & water.

• The products are oxygen and glucose.

Matter Cannot Be Created Nor

Destroyed in any PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL CHANGE.

In every case, the mass of the

reactants equals the mass of the

products.

Match the element name with its symbol• sodium• potassium• magnesium• chlorine• oxygen• carbon• iron• helium• calcium• sulfur• aluminum

• Cl• O• He• Ca• S• K• Fe• Mg• Al• Na

Match the element name with its symbol• sodium - Na• potassium - K• magnesium - Mg• chlorine - Cl• oxygen - O• carbon - C• iron - Fe• helium - He• calcium - Ca• sulfur - S• aluminum - Al

Not all of the symbols match up to the first letters of the element names because many elements are named from other languages. Practice the symbols, or look them up – NEVER GUESS !

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In the chemical reaction of the combustion of methane with oxygen (what happens on your stove or Bunsen burner), carbon dioxide and water are produced and heat is given off. Label the reactants and products in the word, and the balanced chemical equations below.

methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + heat

Since it is the REACTANTS that combine to form PRODUCTS it should be clear already that the…

the REACTANTS ARE: methane and oxygen

the PRODUCTS ARE: carbon dioxide & water

HEAT is also given off during this reaction. Heat is a product, but it has no mass.

methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + heat

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

reactants chemically combine into products

Two types of Mixtures

Mixtures are when two or more pure substances (elements or compounds) are physically mixed together. They retain their properties, they do not chemically combine.

They can mix perfectly together (like chocolate sauce and milk) or not so well (like salt and nickels).

Mixed perfectly the mixture is said to be HOMOGENEOUS, the same throughout.

If the mixture is not mixed the same throughout is called HETEROGENEOUS.

Fresh chocolate milk is homogeneous, but

if you let it sit too long, the chocolate

settles to the bottom, making the mixture

heterogeneous.

Which of these mixtures are homogeneous, which are

heterogeneous?• split pea soup• apple sauce• Mint chocolate chip

ice cream• tap water• coffee with cream• saltwater• IV glucose solution• Elmer’s glue• motor oil• Oatmeal raisin

cookie dough Early Chemists describe the first DIRT MOLECULE.

(from the Far Side)

•split pea soup………… homogeneous

•apple sauce……………. homogeneous

•Mint chocolate chip ice cream….. heterogeneous

•tap water……………….. homogeneous

•coffee with cream…. homogeneous

•saltwater……………… homogeneous

•IV glucose solution… homogeneous

•Elmer’s glue………….. homogeneous

•motor oil……………… homogeneous

•Oatmeal raisin cookie dough……….. heterogeneous

homogeneous or heterogeneous?

Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form water. How much water is formed if exactly 4.8 grams of hydrogen combines completely with 38.4 grams of oxygen? ____

If 28.0 grams of nitrogen will combine chemically with hydrogen, to form 34.0 grams of ammonia (ammonia = NH3 ) exactly how many grams of hydrogen are required for this reaction? ___

If 24.0 grams of carbon chemically combine with 2.0 grams of hydrogen to form acetylene, how many grams of acetylene is made? ___ all three answers at the END of slide show

Mixtures are physical blends of matter.

Mixtures are not chemical compounds.

Mixtures retain the properties of the substances that are in them.

They can be separated by physical means.

The different physical properties of the matter are used to separate them (such as Boiling and Freezing Points, and Density).

Go slowly through the next few slides and

THINK.

Distillation apparatus: what’s it for & how does it work?

In the round bottomed flask at left is a MIXTURE, for instance it is SALT WATER. The salt is mixed into the water, but it is not a new chemical compound.

Because the salt and the water have different physical properties specific to their kind of matter, we can use this difference to separate them physically using their different boiling points.

Distillation apparatus: what’s it for & how does it work?

Heating the salt water to 102ºC, the water boils into steam.

The salt would require MUCH MORE heat to vaporize, so as the steam escapes out the top of the tube and goes into the condenser tube, the salt is left behind in the round bottomed flask.

The MIXTURE IS NOW SEPARATED. Using differences in physical properties to separate a mixture.

Distillation apparatus: RESULTS

The law of conservation of matter says:

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in any physical or chemical process.

If you started with 120 grams of salt water (made from 100 grams of water and 20 grams of salt), You end up with 100 grams of water in the flask at right, and the 20 grams of salt get left behind in the round bottomed flask.

Distillation apparatus: RESULTS

You use the difference between physical properties, such as boiling point in this case, to separate mixtures with physical means.

This could work for ANY two or more substances you put into the round bottomed flask, that had different boiling points.

For example, this is how you separate gasoline from crude oil using the different boiling points for each kind of oil product.

You can separate iron filings from sand just by using a magnet. The mixture is just a blend of different kinds of

matter.

You can separate a mixture with a physical method this simple.

FILTERS can separate mixtures too, but they can only remove solids from liquids.

Here it looks liked chopped KIWI fruit is being filtered and only Kiwi Juice will end up in the beaker.

Mixtures like salt water, or coffee (which are both SOLUTIONS) cannot be filtered apart, you need the distillation apparatus.

Paper Chromatographyis another way to separate mixtures from each other.

Putting drops of colored ink from markers onto filter paper and then allowing the water to flow through the paper will result in the inks being separated in to the different colors that blend together to make the colors.

Most single color markers are really mixtures of several colors.

water

Soon the water flows upwards and separates out the different colors of ink that make up the mixture of colors that appears blue to our eyes.

The colors breaking into rainbows above left is what will happen to the color dot at right as the water flows through it. The water will separate the colors of the mixture and the least dense colors will move the furthest.

Chromatography is another way to separate mixtures from each other using different densities of colors to move fast or slow through filter paper.

water flows

up

Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form water. How much water is formed if exactly 4.8 grams of hydrogen reacts completely with 38.4 grams of oxygen? 43.2 grams

If 28.0 grams of nitrogen will combine chemically with hydrogen, to form 34.0 grams of ammonia (ammonia = NH3 ) exactly how many grams of hydrogen are required for this reaction? 6.0 grams

If 24.0 grams of carbon chemically combine with 2.0 grams of hydrogen to form acetylene, how much acetylene is made? 26.0 grams