Unit 1: MatterUnit 1: Matter

Objective 1.01Objective 1.01

Classify matter as Classify matter as elements, elements, compounds, or compounds, or mixturesmixtures

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What is matter?What is matter?

Two properties:Two properties:Has massHas massTakes up spaceTakes up space

Each substance is uniqueEach substance is unique

Chemistry – study of the Chemistry – study of the properties of matterproperties of matter

ElementsElements

Cannot be broken down into any Cannot be broken down into any other substanceother substance

All matter is composed of elementsAll matter is composed of elements

Symbol

CompoundsCompounds

Substance made of two or more Substance made of two or more elements chemically combinedelements chemically combined

Ex: NaClEx: NaCl

We use We use formulasformulas --combination --combination

of symbols to show whatof symbols to show what

elements make up aelements make up a

compoundcompound

MixturesMixtures

Made from:Made from:two or more substances (elements, two or more substances (elements,

compounds, mixtures)compounds, mixtures)They are together, but not They are together, but not

chemically combinedchemically combined

Diagrams of Elements, Diagrams of Elements, Compounds, and MixturesCompounds, and Mixtures

Objective 1.02Objective 1.02

Identify phases of Identify phases of matter by their matter by their propertiesproperties

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Definite Volume

Definite Shape

Definite Volume

Changes Shape

Changes Volume

Changes Shape

Changes in MatterChanges in Matter

Solid Solid Liquid Liquid

Liquid Liquid SolidSolid

Liquid Liquid Gas Gas

Gas Gas Liquid Liquid

Solid Solid Gas Gas

Changes in MatterChanges in Matter

Solid Solid Liquid……… Liquid………

Liquid Liquid Solid……….Solid……….

Liquid Liquid Gas………. Gas……….

Gas Gas Liquid………. Liquid……….

Solid Solid Gas………... Gas………...

Objective 1.03Objective 1.03

Use a phase diagram Use a phase diagram to determine phases to determine phases and phase changesand phase changes

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Phase DiagramPhase Diagram

Practice Problem #1Practice Problem #1

Draw a phase diagram where:Draw a phase diagram where: Solid from -15Solid from -15C to 10C to 10CC Liquid from 10Liquid from 10C to 130C to 130CC Gas from 130Gas from 130C and aboveC and above

Practice Problem #1Practice Problem #1

Objective 1.04Objective 1.04

Distinguish between Distinguish between physical and chemical physical and chemical properties and properties and changeschanges

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Physical vs. Chemical Physical vs. Chemical ChangesChanges

PhysicalPhysical Changes Changes

appearanceappearance Doesn’t convert Doesn’t convert

material into material into new substancesnew substances

Ex: chop woodEx: chop wood

bend wirebend wire

ChemicalChemical Produces new Produces new

substancesubstance ““Chemical Chemical

Reaction”Reaction” Ex: rustingEx: rusting

gas burninggas burning

Objective 1.05Objective 1.05

Identify the location, Identify the location, charge, and relative charge, and relative mass of the atomic mass of the atomic particlesparticles

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AtomsAtoms

Smallest part of an elementSmallest part of an element

Characteristics:Characteristics:1.1. Can’t be broken into smaller Can’t be broken into smaller

piecespieces2.2. In an element, all atoms are In an element, all atoms are

alikealike3.3. Atoms of different elements are Atoms of different elements are

differentdifferent4.4. Atoms of two or more elements Atoms of two or more elements

can form compoundscan form compounds5.5. Atoms of each element have a Atoms of each element have a

unique massunique mass

Parts of an AtomParts of an Atom

Objective 1.06Objective 1.06

Identify elements on Identify elements on the periodic tablethe periodic table

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The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Objective 1.07Objective 1.07

Identify and describe Identify and describe metals, nonmetals, metals, nonmetals, and metalloids on and metalloids on the periodic tablethe periodic table

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The Periodic Table of the The Periodic Table of the ElementsElements

Arranges elements in terms of Arranges elements in terms of similar propertiessimilar propertiesElements in columns have same Elements in columns have same

characteristicscharacteristics

Parts:Parts:Groups / Families – Vertical Groups / Families – Vertical

columns(#1-18)columns(#1-18)Periods – Horizontal rows (#1-7)Periods – Horizontal rows (#1-7)

MetalsMetals

Location: Left of “Staircase”Location: Left of “Staircase”

Physical Properties:Physical Properties: HardnessHardness ShininessShininess Malleable – pounded into shapeMalleable – pounded into shape Ductile – pulled into long wireDuctile – pulled into long wire

Other Info:Other Info: Most metals are good conductorsMost metals are good conductors

Transmit heat and energy wellTransmit heat and energy well

NonmetalsNonmetals

Location: Right of “Staircase”Location: Right of “Staircase” Lack properties of metalsLack properties of metals

Most properties are opposites of metalsMost properties are opposites of metals NOT malleable, ductile, hard, or shinyNOT malleable, ductile, hard, or shiny

Families:Families: Carbon (Group 14)Carbon (Group 14) Nitrogen (Group 15)Nitrogen (Group 15) Oxygen (Group 16)Oxygen (Group 16) Halogen (Group 17)Halogen (Group 17) Noble Gases (Group 18)Noble Gases (Group 18) HydrogenHydrogen

MetalloidsMetalloids

Location: Along “Staircase”Location: Along “Staircase” Properties: Some Metal / Some Properties: Some Metal / Some

NonmetalNonmetal Seven elements:Seven elements:

Boron – BBoron – B Silicon – SiSilicon – Si Germanium – GeGermanium – Ge Arsenic – AsArsenic – As

Most are semiconductorsMost are semiconductors This means they carry electricity This means they carry electricity under some conditions onlyunder some conditions only

Antimony –SbAntimony –Sb Tellurium – TeTellurium – Te Astatine – AtAstatine – At

Objective 1.08Objective 1.08

Determine the Determine the number of atomic number of atomic particles of elements particles of elements on the periodic tableon the periodic table

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Structure of an AtomStructure of an Atom

Number of…Number of… Protons = atomic numberProtons = atomic number Electrons = number of protonsElectrons = number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass – atomic numberNeutrons = atomic mass – atomic number

But what about those But what about those numbers…numbers…

HHydrogen

1

1.0079

Number of pNumber of p++, n, e, n, e--

Element Protons Neutrons Electrons

Hydrogen

Potassium

Iodine

Gold

Fluorine

Objective 1.09Objective 1.09

Determine the Determine the valence electrons for valence electrons for any element on the any element on the periodic tableperiodic table

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Valence ElectronsValence Electrons Electrons farthest from the nucleusElectrons farthest from the nucleus

Objective 1.10Objective 1.10

Determine whether a Determine whether a pair of elements will pair of elements will bond ionically or bond ionically or covalentlycovalently

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Two types of bondsTwo types of bonds

IonicIonicBetween metal and nonmetalBetween metal and nonmetal

Ex: Sodium (Na) and Bromine (Br)Ex: Sodium (Na) and Bromine (Br)

CovalentCovalentBetween nonmetal and nonmetalBetween nonmetal and nonmetal

Ex: Nitrogen (N) and Sulfur (S)Ex: Nitrogen (N) and Sulfur (S)Between a metalloid and a nonmetalBetween a metalloid and a nonmetal

Ex: Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)Ex: Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

Objective 1.11Objective 1.11

Identify the parts of Identify the parts of a chemical equation, a chemical equation, including reactants including reactants and productsand products

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Parts of an EquationParts of an Equation

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

The elements or compounds

we start with

“yields”

The elements or compounds

we end up with

Objective 1.12Objective 1.12

Identify the four Identify the four types of chemical types of chemical reactionsreactions

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Four types of reactionsFour types of reactions

1.1. SynthesisSynthesis Putting two elements togetherPutting two elements together

Ex: 2HEx: 2H22 + O + O22 2H 2H22OO

2.2. DecompositionDecomposition Breaking compound apart to get Breaking compound apart to get

two elementstwo elements Ex: 2HEx: 2H22O O 2H2H22 + O + O22

Four types of Four types of reactions, cont…reactions, cont…

3.3. Single ReplacementSingle Replacement Compound + Element Compound + Element different Compound + different Compound +

different Elementdifferent Element

Ex: 2NaCl + HEx: 2NaCl + H22 2HCl + 2Na 2HCl + 2Na

4. Double Replacement4. Double Replacement Two compounds Two compounds Two different compounds Two different compounds

Ex: CaFEx: CaF22 + Li + Li22SOSO44 CaSOCaSO44 + 2LiF + 2LiF

Objective 1.13Objective 1.13

Distinguish between Distinguish between solutions, solutions, suspensions, and suspensions, and colloidscolloids

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SolutionsSolutions

A well-mixed mixtureA well-mixed mixture

Same properties throughoutSame properties throughout

Ex: Salt water, KoolaidEx: Salt water, Koolaid

SuspensionSuspension

Mixture in which the particles can be seen Mixture in which the particles can be seen and easily separatedand easily separated Usually by filtering or settlingUsually by filtering or settling Ex: Italian Salad DressingEx: Italian Salad Dressing

You can easily see the particles floatingin the salad dressing

ColloidColloid

A mixture with small undissolved particles A mixture with small undissolved particles that don’t settlethat don’t settle Larger particles than solutionsLarger particles than solutions Ex: mayonnaise, shaving cream, whipped Ex: mayonnaise, shaving cream, whipped

creamcream

Objective 1.14Objective 1.14

Identify the five Identify the five different types of different types of solutionssolutions

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Types of solutions…Types of solutions…

1.1. Dilute SolutionDilute SolutionLittle solute, lots of solventLittle solute, lots of solvent

2.2. Concentrated SolutionConcentrated SolutionMore solute, lots of solventMore solute, lots of solvent

3.3. Unsaturated SolutionUnsaturated SolutionNot as much solute as solvent can holdNot as much solute as solvent can hold

Types of solutions, Types of solutions, cont…cont…

4.4. Saturated SolutionSaturated SolutionAs much solute as solvent can holdAs much solute as solvent can hold

5. 5. Supersaturated SolutionSupersaturated Solution More solute than solvent should be able More solute than solvent should be able

to holdto hold

Objective 1.15Objective 1.15

Describe the solution Describe the solution process and factors process and factors that affect its ratethat affect its rate

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Factors affecting Factors affecting solubilitysolubility

TemperatureTemperature For solids: as temperature increases, For solids: as temperature increases,

solubility increasessolubility increases

PressurePressure For gases: as pressure increases, solubility For gases: as pressure increases, solubility

increasesincreases

Type of SolventType of Solvent Solvent affects how much solute can Solvent affects how much solute can

dissolvedissolve

Objective 1.16Objective 1.16

Identify acids and Identify acids and bases by their bases by their propertiesproperties

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Properties of AcidsProperties of Acids

1.1. Tastes sourTastes sour

2.2. Reacts with metalsReacts with metals

3.3. Turns blue litmus paper redTurns blue litmus paper red

“Reacts with metals”

Examples of acids…Examples of acids…

Fertilizer (Nitric Acid)Fertilizer (Nitric Acid)

Batteries (Sulfuric Acid)Batteries (Sulfuric Acid)

FoodFood Oranges (Ascorbic Acid)Oranges (Ascorbic Acid) Green, leafy vegetables (Folic Acid)Green, leafy vegetables (Folic Acid)

Body (Lactic Acid)Body (Lactic Acid)

Acid RainAcid Rain

Properties of BasesProperties of Bases

1.1. Tastes bitterTastes bitter

2.2. Feels slipperyFeels slippery

3.3. Turns red litmus paper blueTurns red litmus paper blue

Examples of bases…Examples of bases…

CleanersCleaners AmmoniaAmmonia WindexWindex LyeLye

Health productsHealth products Milk of MagnesiaMilk of Magnesia TumsTums

FoodFood Baking sodaBaking soda

Measuring Acids/BasesMeasuring Acids/Bases

We want to know the strength of acids and We want to know the strength of acids and basesbases

pH ScalepH Scale 0 –140 –14 Acids: 0-7…….0 is most acidicAcids: 0-7…….0 is most acidic Neutral: 7Neutral: 7 Bases 7-14……14 is most basicBases 7-14……14 is most basic

A closer look…A closer look…

Objective 1.18Objective 1.18

Determine the Determine the products of acid / products of acid / base reactionsbase reactions

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Acid / Base ReactionsAcid / Base Reactions

When you combine an acid with a base, you When you combine an acid with a base, you alwaysalways get: get:

Water + A SaltWater + A Salt

Ex: Ex: HH22O + KClO + KCl

HH22O + NaClO + NaCl