747 Oceanographic Literature Review (1980)27(11) The citations are those received in the editorial office during the period 1--31 August 1980. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract and, when ob- tainable, by the first author's address. The citations are classified under six main headings (see the table of contents) and 112 sub-headings. Subject and author indexes are published for the first three quarters of the year with an annual cumulation. See the preface for additional explanatory material. A. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 1. Apparatus and methods 80:5089 Abe, Katsuhiro, 1979. Measurement of sea sur- face temperature from the geostationary meteorological satellite 'Himawari'. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Umi to Sora, 55(1): 23-39. Meteorological Satellite Center, Japan. 80:5090 Apel, J. R., 1980. Satellite sensing of ocean sur- face dynamics. A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 8: 303-342. This representative review of data published through mid-1979 centers on selected results (rather than type, performance or accuracies) ob- tained from visible, infrared and microwave devices. Remote sensing's unique, if limited, con- tributions are considered in the hope of stimulating conceptual and interpretive approaches to its use as a tool in the study of ocean dynamics. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Environmen- tal Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A. (smf) 80:5091 Bortnik, V. N., 1980. The accuracy of calcula- tions of the monthly water balance of the Aral Sea. (In Russian; English abstract.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(2): 74-80.
Transcript
747
Oceanographic Literature Review
(1980)27(11)
The citations are those received in the editorial office during the period 1--31 August 1980. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract and, when ob- tainable, by the first author's address. The citations are classified under six main headings (see the table of contents) and 112 sub-headings. Subject and author indexes are published for the first three quarters of the year with an annual cumulation. See the preface for additional explanatory material.
A. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
1. Apparatus and methods
80:5089 Abe, Katsuhiro, 1979. Measurement of sea sur-
face temperature from the geostat ionary meteorologica l satel l i te 'Himawari ' . (In Japanese; English abstract.) Umi to Sora, 55(1): 23-39. Meteorological Satellite Center, Japan.
80:5090 Apel, J. R., 1980. Satel l i te sens ing of ocean sur-
face dynamics . A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 8: 303-342.
This representative review of data published through mid-1979 centers on selected results
(rather than type, performance or accuracies) ob- tained from visible, infrared and microwave devices. Remote sensing's unique, if limited, con- tributions are considered in the hope of stimulating conceptual and interpretive approaches to its use as a tool in the study of ocean dynamics. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Environmen- tal Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A. (smf)
80:5091 Bortnik, V. N., 1980. The accuracy of calcula-
tions of the monthly water balance of the Aral Sea. (In Russian; English abstract.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(2): 74-80.
748 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
80:5092 Cheney, R. E., P. L. Richardson and B. P. Blu-
menthal, 1980. Air deployment of satellite- traced drifters. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2773-2778.
Six free-drifting buoys tracked by the Nimbus 6 satellite were successfully launched by C-130 air- craft in a series of deployments during 1977-1979. The buoys were launched in Gulf Stream rings which had been identified with airborne XBT sur- veys and satellite infrared images. NASA/God- dard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 20771, U.S.A.
Direct measurement of the multispectral absorp- tion coefficient in the 400 nm-800 nm range is described; coupled use of the instrument with others for measuring the beam attenuation coef- ficient and volume scattering function can 'provide the complete set of required optical parameters without additional calculations or measurement of the underwater light field.' The MITRE Corpora- tion, Metrek Division, McLean, Va. 22102, U.S.A. (smf)
80:5094 Gregg, M. C. and T. B. Meagher, 1980. The dy-
namic response of glass rod thermistors. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2779-2786.
The dynamic response characteristics of 0.4-mm- diameter glass rod thermistors have been deter- mined over the speed range of 0.08-3.8 m/s. The spectral transfer functions are described accurately by a two-pole filter for frequencies less than 25 Hz, although a single-pole form is an equally good representation for less than 10 Hz. The frequency of the 1/2-power (3-dB) attenuation point scales as U ~/3. Although the spectral forms and velocity scaling of the responses of the different probes tested are the same, the levels show significant differences due to irregularities in the glass coatings around the thermistor material. Depart- ment of Oceanography and Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A.
80:5095 Hamon, B. V., 1980. Estimating the depth of
Equations are given for calculating the depth of a neutrally buoyant float from measurements made on the chart record obtained during a position fix
on the float. The method is independent of errors in ship navigation; accuracy is probably 10 to 15%. CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla NSW 2230, Australia.
80:5096 Hasselmann, Dieter and Jens Bosenberg, 1980.
Messung der seegangskoharenten Druck- schwankungen. [Measurement of coherent sea-state pressure fluctuations.] Annln Met., 15: 122-125. Meteorologisches Institut der Universitat Hamburg, F.R.G.
80:5097 Heathershaw, A. D., M. W. L. Blackley and P. J.
Hardcastle, 1980. Wave direction estimates in eoastal waters using radar. Coast. Engng, Amst., 3(4): 249-267.
Conventional X-band radar is shown capable of es- timating coastal mean wave direction to within +2 °, observing wave refraction and diffraction, providing wave period information, and deter- mining 'annual' wave direction characteristics. Best results are obtained under conditions of relatively strong winds (>5 m/s) and appreciable surface wave activity (significant wave height > 1 m)--periods most likely to interest coastal engineers. Includes sea surface radar images. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Taunton, TA 1 2 DW, Great Britain. (izs)
80:5098 Kirichek, A. D. and A. F. Lyashenko, 1980. Com-
parison of satellite and ship sea-surface temperature measurement data derived in the equatorial Atlantic. (In Russian.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(2): 70-73.
80:5099 Lueck, R. G. and T. R. Osborn, 1980. The
characteristics of internally heated ther- mistors. Deep-Sea Res., 27A(3/4): 273-292.
A thermal model is proposed to describe the heat flux from spherical and plate-shaped thermistors. Effects of the thermistor's coating and of forced convection in the boundary layer are included. The effect of the former is twice the predicted value. Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5, Canada. (mcs)
80:5100 Ochiai, Hiroaki and Kaname Takeda, 1979. Use of
LANDSAT-3 data for observations of the marine environment in [Japanese] coastal areas. (In Japanese; English summary.) Umi to Sore, 55(1): 13-22.
OLR(1980)27(11) A. Physical Oceanography 749
Return Beam Vidicon data are determined more useful than Multi-Spectral Scanner data for monitoring Osaka Bay red tide; Yoshino, Kuzuryu, and Kumano river discharges; and Kii Peninsula coastal physical processes. Includes several satellite images. Toba Merchant Marine College. (izs)
80:5101 Smith, T. J., B. A. O'Connor, S. D. Longden, I. G.
S. Summers and D. M. McDowell, 1980. A multi-channel, electro-optical turbidity meter, J. Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 13(5): 488-493.
The EPSILON system, its calibration, use and construction, are described. Produced for laboratory experiments involving fine to medium- size sand particles, the multi-channel probe (up to six points in a flow can be monitored) is highly sen- sitive (better than + I0 ppm), covers a wide range of particle concentrations, and is unaffected by ambient light and mean flow velocity. When com- pared with existing sampling methods, results show a 'significant improvement in spatial and t e m p o r a l reso lu t ion ' . The I n s t i t u t e of Oceanographic Sciences, Taunton, Somerset, U.K. (smf)
80:5102 Thomson, D. B. and E. G. Okenwa, 1980. Analyt-
ical models for automated water level re- duction of soundings. Lighthouse, 21: 16-27.
A least squares polynomial approximation methodology is described which, while limited to modelling semi-diurnal tidal regions, may also be applied to amplitude/phase lag predictions for tidal constituents other than water level predic- tions. The analytical scheme is aimed at reducing the tedium of hand-calculated tidal reductions and also at minimal computer use; however, the 'rather large magnitudes of the standard deviations' (0.6 m) probably are related to incomplete or in- adequate data. McElhanney Surveying and Engineering Ltd., Vancouver, B.C., Canada. (smf)
80:5103 Vinogradov, V. V., 1980. The use of satellite
radiation information for mapping ocean surface temperature [in the Atlantic Ocean ATEP-74 polygon during the International Tropical Experiment Program]. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 335- 344.
80:5104 Zhmur, V. V. and V. B. Lapshin, 1980. The
o c e a n o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n of e lec-
tromagnetic fields induced by synoptic currents. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 61(2}: 253- 259.
A study of the possibility of determining hydrodynamic flow by measuring the induced magnetic fields shows that the conductivity of sediments affects the magnetic fields induced by barotropic flow but has little effect on baroclinic modes. The method permits the determination of both the baroclinic and barotropic components of the currents from a single measurement. Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, U.S.S.R., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. (mcs)
2. Surveys (data reports, area studies)
80:5105 Greze, V. N., A. V. Kovalev and V. S. Latun, 1979.
Investigation of the pelagial system in the southern Atlantic and Mediterranean Basin seas during the 30th cruise of the Mikhail Lomonosov research ship. (In Russian; English abstract.) Biol. mor., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 49: 3-9.
Water mass structure and dynamics were cor- related with bioluminescence, primary production and bacterial and zooplankton populations. Copepod nutrition, growth and fecundity were in- vestigated. (slr)
80:5106 Jones, S. R., 1979. Current meter data inventory,
Oceanographic structure on the shelf edge region of the eastern Bering Sea. I. The movement and physical characteristics of water in summer 1978. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. far Seas Fish. Res. Lab., 17: 1- 12.
A strong tidal current and weak residual current were observed; at the surface the semi-diurnal tidal current surpassed the diurnal one, but at the bottom the inverse was true. The residual current follows the outer continental shelf northward to
58°N where the shelf widens westward; at this point the current splits, a portion following the shelf to the west and the remainder turning sharply
750 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
east and returning southward along the inner shelf. Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory, Shimizu 424, Japan. (slr)
80:5108 Lim, Ki Bong, 1979. Oceanographic conditions in
New Zealand waters. (In Korean; English summary.) Bull. Fish. Res. Dev. Ag., Busan, 22: 21-32.
Bottom composition and topography, surface water t e m p e r a t u r e s ( including seasonal variations), surface salinities, vertical water temperatures to depths of 1200 m, and major water masses (Subtropical Convergence, Antarctic, Sub- tropical, Subantarctic, Antarctic Middle and An- tarctic Deep waters) were surveyed during the period April-October 1977. (smf)
80:5109 Ozmidov, R. V., V. S. Belyaev, Yu. V. Nozdrin, A.
M. Sagalevich, A. M. Podrazhansky and V. I. Fedonov, 1980. Measurements of finestruc- ture of [Timor Sea] hydrophysical fields and turbulence from the Pisces submarine. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 235-241.
80:5110 von Zweck, O. H. and D. B. Richardson, 1980.
Hydrographic features of Fort Pierce Inlet, [eastern] Florida. Fla. Scient., 43(2): 74-83. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Bay St. Louis, Miss. 39522, U.S.A.
80:5111 Watanabe, Shinobu, 1980. Average features of
Osaka Bay [Japan] by serial oceanographic observations at five stations. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. Kobe mar. Obs., 198: 1-13.
Average features of seasonal change in Osaka Bay are reported for the period May 1974-February 1979, with particular reference to the innermost part of the bay. Stratification in the inner bay becomes apparent in February and sharpens in Ju- ly; chemical concentrations become lower in May; conditions begin to break down, from the inner- most part, in September. Kii Channel water is clearly apparent when stratification sharpens. (smf)
4. Distribution of common oceanic (hydrographic) properties (see Chem- ical Oceanography for basic chemical studies of salinity, chlorinity, etc.)
80:5112 Caldwell, D. R., T. M. Dillon, J. M. Brubaker, P.
A. Newberger and C. A. Paulson, 1980. The scaling of vertical temperature gradient spectra. J. geophys. Res., 85(C4): 1917-1924.
To derive a formula for the cutoff wave number of vertical temperature gradient spectra, using data taken in the upper layers of the North Pacific, the cutoff wave number is assumed to be the Batchelor wave number, with kinetic energy dissipation calculated by combining a form used in the at- mosphere for calculating the vertical eddy dif- fusivity in terms of the dissipation with the Osborn-Cox formula for calculating eddy diffusivi- ty from the variance of the temperature gradient spectrum. Kinetic energy dissipation in the water column can be determined; a vertical profile of dis- sipation shows values of the order of 10 ~ cm 2 s :3 at the base of a storm-tossed mixing layer. In the thermocline below, dissipation occurs in patches. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, U.S.A.
80:5113 Dillon, T. M. and D. R. Caldwell, 1980. The
Batchelor spectrum and dissipation in the upper ocean. J. geophys. Res., 85(C4): 1910- 1916.
The universality of the Batchelor spectrum in natural stratified waters is tested with data collected in the seasonal thermocline during a moderate storm using a vertical microstructure profiler. In both the mixed layer and the transition zone there is a rapid response to wind forcing. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5114 Herterich, K., 1980. Inverse Modellierung yon
Meeresoberflachentemperatur anomalien des Nordpazifiks. [Inverse model of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies.] Annln Met., 15: 91-93. Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie, Hamburg, F.R.G.
80:5115 Oakey, N. S. and J, A. Elliott, 1980. The variabili-
ty of temperature gradient mierostructure observed in the Denmark Strait. J. geophys. Res., 85(C4): 1933-1944.
OLR(1980)27(11) A. Physical Oceanography 751
Measurements of temperature microstrncture, carried out as part of the Overflow '73 experiment in the Denmark Strait, suggest that diffusion processes may be important in the formation of Norwegian Sea Bottom Water. No increase in microstructure is seen at locations where double diffusion is possible. Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2. (mcs)
80:5116 Servain, J., 1980. Analyse correlative des
temperatures de surface sur le Proche Atlan- tique. [Correlative analysis of surface temperatures in the north-east Atlantic.] Oceanol. Acta, 3(1): 3-6.
Monthly anomalies of air and sea surface temperatures are analyzed in a temporal coherence study. Overall autocorrelation exhibits significant memory extending to about 12 months, and in- dicates a biennial cycle during the last 35 years. In- dividual autocorrelations, stratified according to the initial month, provide information concerning the annual variability of this memory. Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Physique, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, 29283 Brest Cedex, France.
Hydrographic conditions and temperature and salinity observations spanning the years 1970-1977 are variously reported in 157 papers on the North Atlantic; English Channel; Skagerrak and Kattegat; Rockall Channel; German Bight; Gulf Stream; Georges Bank; the North, Baltic, Barents, Norwegian and Greenland seas; and the waters off Iceland, Great Britain, Wales, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, the northeastern U.S., and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. (izs)
5. Physical processes (diffusion, tur- bulence, energy exchange, dynamic heights, etc.)
80:5118 Aitsam, A. M. and R. E. Tamsalu, 1973/76.
Simulation of the physical processes of the Baltic Sea [review of U.S.S.R. research ac- tivities in recent years]. Ambio spec. Rept, 4: 205-212. Department of the Baltic Sea, In- stitute of Thermo- and Electrophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S.S.R., Tallinn, U.S.S.R.
80:5119 Belyaev, V. S. and M. M. Lyubimtsev, 1980.
Influence of energy dissipation fluctuations upon turbulence characteristics in the ocean. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 230-234.
80:5120 Grubert, J. P., 1980. Experiments on an arrested
Parameters governing the arrested saline wedge, and the incorporation of this information into a mathematical model of a stratified estuary, were investigated in this experimental study. Mixing was found to occur equally on both sides of the in- terface, suggesting that the flow in both the upper and lower layers was turbulent. 'The rate of inter- facial mixing was inversely proportional to the relative density.' Department of Civil Engineering, North East London Polytechnic, London, England. (mjj)
80:5121 Millero, F. J. and P. V. Chetirkin, 1980. The den-
sity of Caspian Sea waters. Deep-Sea Res., 27A(3/4): 265-271.
Surface water densities at different temperatures were determined, related to chlorinity and conduc- tivity, and used to determine an equation of state for Caspian seawater, which, because of higher magnesium, calcium and sulfate ionic concen- trations, is denser than standard seawater at the same salinity by about 560 x 10 6 g cm 3. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Fla. 33149, U.S.A. (fcs)
80:5122 Siedler, G., 1980. Warme- und Impulstransport im
oberflachennahen Ozean. [Heat and momen- tum transport in the oceanic surface layer.] Annln Met., 15: 114-120. Inst i tut fur Meereskunde, Kiel, F.R.G.
According to recent hydrological and meteorological studies, the meridional flux of fresh water and heat is remarkably different from ocean to ocean. These fluxes have been found to be con- sistent with the temperature and salinity distribu- tion in the northern hemisphere; however, an attempt to map these fluxes on the temperature- salinity plane of a southern latitude leads to such
752 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
large amplitudes of water-mass volume flux that it seems there may be something wrong about them. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A.
balance widely used in models of large-scale cir- culation in the midocean. Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A.
7. Circulation and circulation models
80:5124 Behringer, D. W. and Henry Stommel, 1980. The
beta spiral in the North Atlantic Sub- tropical Gyre. Deep-Sea Res., 27A(3/4): 225- 238.
Results from a cruise southwest of the Azores, specifically designed to test calculations of the beta spiral, are discussed and compared with both spirals computed from historical data and separate calculations of absolute velocity using inverse theory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- ministration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, 15 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, U.S.A. (fcs)
80:5125 Bethoux, J.-P., 1980. Mean water fluxes across
s e c t i o n s in the M e d i t e r r a n e a n Sea, evaluated on the basis of water and salt budgets and of observed salinities. Oceanol. Acta, 3(1): 79-88.
Based on work on the surface water budget of various Mediterranean Sea areas, a method of evaluation of the mean horizontal fluxes between these areas and of the mean vertical fluxes within them is proposed. For each area, the water budget across the surface is considered together with the water and salt budgets in the surface and deep layers across the limits of the areas. Observed salinity values are introduced into the budget equations; results are in gross agreement with some published circulation patterns, but the lack of current measurements and calculations precludes a quantitative evaluation of the method's preci- sion. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines, ERA CNRS, Station Marine, B .P .N. 8, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France.
80:5126 Bryden, H. L., 1980. Geostrophic vorticity
balance in midocean. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2825-2828.
Advection of planetary vorticity and vortex stretching estimated from moored current meter measurements (8-month duration) in the western North Atlantic balance within small errors. This is the first confirmation with direct current measurements of the geostrophic vorticity
80:5127 Farmer, D. M. and J. D. Smith, 1980. Tidal in-
teraction of stratified flow with a sill in Knight Inlet [British Columbia~ Deep-Sea Res., 27A(3/4): 239-254.
A variety of interaction was observed in the tidally- driven flow over the Knight Inlet sill. Dynamics of the flow are strongly influenced by the strength and distribution of the stratification and the degree of tidal forcing. During strong tides, non- linear mode 1 internal wave trains formed up- stream of the sill. Includes wave mode acoustic im- ages. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., Canada. (mcs)
80:5128 Gritsenko, A. M., 1980. Calculation of vertical
motions in the ocean. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 223-229.
Derivation of the Pacific Ocean vertical velocity field is accomplished via the continuity equation and geostrophic velocities determined with A. S. Sarkisyan's model. Differentiation of the equation with respect to depth removes solution am- biguities. (izs)
80:5129 Jankowski, Andrzej, 1979. Effect of bottom fric-
tion on the structure of wind-driven circula- tion. Oceanologia, Warsz., 1979(11): 23-40.
Practical applications of a hydrodynamical- numerical method are derived from an earlier study. The coefficient of friction is related to the vertical eddy viscosity in the wind-driven circula- tion of an ideal reservoir. The differential scheme is stable for all wave lengths. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland. (mcs)
80:5130 Leblond, P. H., 1980. On the surface circulation
in some channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Arctic, 33(1): 189-197.
Surface currents flowing in opposite directions on facing sides of some of the wide archipelago channels, such as Hudson Strait and Lancaster Sound, are qualitatively explained in terms of geostrophic dynamics coupled with geometric con- straints. Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T lW5, Canada. (izs)
0LR(1980)27(11) A. Physical Oceanography 753
80:5131 Marchuk, G. I. and M. A. Bubnov, 1980. Asymp-
totic behaviour of solutions of the equations of baroclinic ocean dynamics at large time [intervals]. (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 16(3): 211-218.
Considering boundary conditions and dissipative factors, the damping velocity of the initial pertur- bations is estimated in a study of the 'asymptotic state of steady stratified fluid equilibrium.' (izs)
80:5132 Maslennikov, V. V., 1979. Peculiarities of hori-
zontal water circulation in the area of South Georgia. (In Russian.) Antarctica Commn Repts, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 18: 140-143.
80:5133 Mazeika, P. A., D. A. Burns and T. H. Kinder,
1980. Mesoscale circulation east of the southern Lesser Antilles. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2743-2758.
The major flow feature was an elongated cyclonic loop which apparently directed much of the flow toward Grenada Passage. Within the salinity maximum layer were high salinities (>37%0) in Grenada Passage; such water was previously thought to enter the Caribbean only through more northern passages. An anomalous water mass, present where the salinity maximum layer was relatively thicker, may have been an eddy. Net westward transport between Tobago and Barbados was 15 x 106 m:'/s (relative to 700 dbar), about one- half the total flow into the Caribbean Sea. Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL Station, Miss. 39529, U.S.A.
80:5134 Murty, T. S., F. G. Barber and J. D. Taylor, 1980.
Role of advective terms in tidally generated residual circulation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(3): 529-533.
Through the use of a numerical model, the role of the nonlinear advective terms in tidally generated residual circulation is explicitly demonstrated. This type of motion has been neglected in com- putations of dispersion and spreading of surface contaminants. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada.
80:5135 Roether, W. and W. Weiss, 1980. Die gross-skalige
thermohaline Zirkulation des Mittelmeers. [The large-scale thermohaline circulation of the Mediterranean Sea.] Annln Met., 15: 135- 137. Institut fur Umweltphysik der Universitat Heidelberg, F.R.G.
80:5136 Simons, T. J., 1980. Circulation models of lakes
and inland seas. Can. Bull. Fish aquat. Sci., 203:146 pp.
This summary of the current knowledge of water circulation in lakes and inland seas provides background information necessary for the analysis and simulation of the transport of materials. Topics include steady-state, stratified and time- dependent homogeneous circulations; numerical and analytical solutions; and equations and ap- proximations. The response of natural basins to wind forcing has been adequately modeled but long-term simulations are less conclusive. Includes ca. 200 references. (mcs)
80:5137 Tang, C. L., 1980. Mixing and circulation in the
northwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence: a study of a buoyancy-driven current system. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2787-2796.
Hydrographic and current meter data from the en- trance to the St. Lawrence Estuary are used to study mixing and circulation. The cold, low salini- ty surface current is mainly buoyancy-driven. The Gaspe Current is the continuation of the density current augmented by the cyclonic circulation in the center of the basin. Includes 1 IR image of sur- face radiation. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2 Canada. (mcs)
80:5138 Welander, Pierre, 1973/76. Physical modeling of
the Baltic Sea. Ambio spec. Rept, 4: 213-219.
A simple time-dependent two-layer model of a fjord-type estuary is developed to demonstrate the importance of non-linear effects in physical processes. The study points to the need for ad- ditional observations in the Baltic Sea for better understanding of the dynamics of this region. Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5139 Wiseman, W. J. Jr. and L. J. Rouse Jr., 1980. A
coastal jet in the Chukchi Sea. Arctic, 33(1): 21-29.
A baroclinic coastal jet is identified as the domi- nant mode of summer coastal circulation for the Alaskan North Slope. Field data agree well with theoretical predictions. Implications of the jet for oil development are considered. Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. 70803, U.S.A. (izs)
754 A. Physical Oceanography 0LR(1980)27(11)
8. Currents
80:5140 Catewicz, Zygmunt and Zygmunt Kowalik, 1979.
Spectral analyses of vector magnitudes by the rotary components method (RCM): the example of currents in the Baltic Sea. (In Polish; English summary.) Oceanologia, Warsz., 1979(11): 5-22.
A time series of current velocities from the Baltic Sea is studied using the rotary components method. The rotary coefficient is found to be + 1.0 at every level. The large variation in the rotary spectra throughout the Baltic may be related to local flow conditions. Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland. (mcs)
80:5141 Hayes, S. P. and H. B. Milburn, 1980. On the ver-
tical structure of velocity in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(4): 633-635.
Observations are reported of the vertical structure of eastern Pacific horizontal currents on the Equator at 110°W. Profiles indicate high, vertical- mode, deep currents with zonal velocities of up to 20 cm s 1 at 1500 m depth. The general similarity between these measurements and those reported in other equatorial regions suggests that such vertical structure is a ubiquitous equatorial phenomenon. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A.
80:5142 Kochergin, V. P. and A. V. Shcherbakov, 1979.
The influence of wind on large-scale ocean currents. (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. Atmos[. Okeana, 15(12): 1300-1306.
Wind stress effects on the formation of (1) the large-scale density field in the North Atlantic and (2) the subtropical density minimum in the 300- 1000 m layer are investigated with the 'successively embedded meshes' method. In case (2), wind stress effects decrease with increasing diffusion coef- ficients. (izs)
80:5143 Lass, H. U. and E. Hagen, 1980. Seasonal varia-
tion of the Atlantic Equatorial Under- current at 30°W. Gerl. Beitr. Geophys., 89(1): 1-14.
Current measurements and meteorological obser- vations during a series of oceanographic cruises in 1966, 1970, 1971 and 1973 along 30°W between 3°N and 3°S show that the zonal pressure gradient is balanced by the vertical eddy viscosity. In the Equatorial Undercurrent the seasonal variation of
maximum velocity and shear changes by a factor of two while the volume transport varies by a factor of three. Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Institut fur Meereskunde, DDR-253 Rostock- Warnemunde, Seestrasse 15, D.R.G. (mcs)
80:5144 Latun, V. S., Yu. V. Artamonov and O. M.
Belyakova, 1979. Geostrophic currents in the Southern Subpolar Front zone. (In Russian; English abstract.) Biol. mor., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 49: 9-14.
The dynamic method is used to calculate the currents relative to the 1500 m horizon. Intensity, depth penetration, spatial structure and dynamics are considered. (izs)
80:5145 Miura, Hideo and Nobuo Suginohara, 1980.
Effects of bottom topography and density stratification on the formation of western boundary currents. I. Wind-driven general circulation model. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 35(6): 215-223.
A two-layer, wind-driven model containing a con- tinental shelf-slope along the western margin is used to study the formation of a western boundary current. A poleward undercurrent results from bot- tom trapped waves while the westward propaga- tion of surface-mode waves forms the western current in the upper layer. Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. (mcs)
80:5146 Philander, S. G. H., 1980.The Equatorial Under-
current revisited. A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 8: 191-204.
Stringent comparisons of models (which now successfully explain and simulate the current's main features) and observations of the Equatorial Undercurrent await a deeper understanding of the current's variability (especially in the Indian Ocean), which can be explained in part by theoretical studies of oceanic response to sudden changes in wind intensity. Specific questions con- cerning variability will be addressed by experiments proposed for the 1980s. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. 08540, U.S.A. (smf)
80:5147 Pingree, R. D. and D. K. Griffiths, 1980. Currents
driven by a steady uniform wind stress on the shelf seas around the British Isles. Oceanol. Acts, 3(2): 227-236.
OLR(1980)27(11) A. Physical Oceanography 755
A numerical model is used to derive the currents; water budgets for the North Sea and Celtic Sea are derived for varying wind directions and the dynamical significance of the derived circulations is discussed. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Surrey, U.K.
80:5148 Stanev, Ye, V., Ye. Kh. Donev and T. Z. Dzhioev,
1980. Influence of turbulence and bottom relief on the dynamics of Black Sea currents. (In Russian; English abstract.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(1):69-76.
Using A. S. Sarkisyan's (1977) theoretical model supplemented by numerical experiments, diagnostic and prognostic calculations demon- strate the 'essential influence' of turbulence and bottom relief on the distribution of physical properties in a deep baroclinic sea. Prognostic cal- culations are especially influenced by variations in the lateral exchange coefficient. (izs)
Includes 3 IR images and an appendix on cyclonic ring variability. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex. 77843, U.S.A.
of the tidal residual current due to the coastal boundary layer. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 35(6): 241-252.
Tidal currents in a model with a simple shoreline are shown to produce a tidal residual current due to the coastal boundary layer. Bottom friction weakens the residual current outside the bound- ary layer but has little effect inside it. Government Industrial Research Institute, Chugoku 15000, Hiro-machi, Kure 73%01, Japan. (mcs)
80:5149 Suginohara, Nobuo, 1980. Effects of bottom
topography and density stratification on the formation of western boundary currents. II. Inflow-outflow model. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 35(6): 224-232.
In a study of the formation processes of western boundary currents, a two-layered ocean is forced by eastern boundary inflow-outflow instead of wind stress. Bottom topography does not seem to affect the flow patterns in the upper layer. Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. (mcs)
80:5150 Vastano, A. C., J. E. Schmitz and D. E. Hagan,
1980. The physical oceanography of two rings observed by the Cyclonic Ring Experi- ment. I. Physical structures. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(4): 493-513.
Two rings observed over a 10-month period were studied for life histories, structure and structural changes with emphasis on the effects of Gulf Stream interaction and spindown processes. Ring AL was generated in September 1976 with a central water mass composed of slope and anticyclonic ring waters. Ring BOB separated in March 1977 with a shelf and slope water core. Both rings had a 7-month lifetime, interacted with the stream and were regenerated. Stream interaction altered core structures, and in the case of BOB, significant changes were observed in ring size and shape: BOB's spatial extent decreased with interaction and increased during spindown while eccentricity of the ring behaved in an opposite manner.
9. W a t e r m a s s e s and fronts
80:5152 Akamatsu, Hideo and Shunji Konaga, 1979.
Trackings of surface drogues near the oceanic front in the Japan Sea. (In Japanese; English summary.) Umi to Sora, 55(1): 41-52.
Following a series of detailed hydrographic surveys within the frontal zone in the Japan Sea, three sur- face drogues were deployed. Surface divergence and vertical velocities were estimated from two eight-hour periods of measurements. Non- linearities appeared to be larger near the front. Nagasaki Marine Observatory, Japan. (mcs)
80:5153 Allen, C. M., J. H. Simpson and R. M. Carson,
1980. The structure and variability of sheff sea fronts as observed by an undulating CTD system. Oceanol. Acta, 3(1): 59-68.
The high resolution data reveal a complex pattern of spatio-temporal variability; seasonal develop- ment and effects of wind stirring on the frontal structure are illustrated. An estimate of the varia- tion in the efficiency of tidal mixing on the basis of the observed potential energy distribution is suggestive of a positive feedback process in the es- tablishment of stratification. Such a process would be consistvnt with recent observations showing that the fronts do not adjust significantly during the spring-neap cycle as predicted by the vertical mixing model of James (1977). University of Liver- pool, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Great Britain.
756 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
80:5154 Armi, Laurence (comments), A. F. Amos and R. D.
Gerard (reply), 1980. [Discussion of] 'Anoma- lous water in the deep ocean suggests lateral advection-stirring.' Science, 208(4447): 1061-1062.
80:5155 Grubert, J. P., 1980. Estuarine front formation
and propagation. J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 106(HY6): 961-975.
Moving salt wedges are investigated experimental- ly and theoretically to incorporate realistic front criteria into stratified estuarine mathematical models. St. Venant (ebbing) and wave (flooding) fronts are identified and proven to be governed by frontal zone stability conditions. All front shapes observed in salt wedges are concluded to be different facies of the same front which 'effectively ends at the critical flow section.' Department of Civil Engineering, North East London Polytechnic, London, England. (izs)
80:5156 Latun, V. S. and O. M. Belyakova, 1979. Hy-
drological structure of the Southern Sub- polar Front. (In Russian; English abstract.) Biol. mot., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 49: 14-19.
80:5157 Maslennikov, V. V., 1979. Regional peculiarities
of the Antarctic surface waters in the southwestern part of the Atlantic sector. (In Russian.) Antarctica Comrnn Repts, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 18: 134-139.
80:5158 Maslennikov, V. V. and E. V. Soljankin, 1979. On
the annual shift of the water interaction zone in the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. (In Russian.) Antarc- tica Commn Repts, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 18: 118-122.
80:5159 Roden, G. I., 1980. On the variability of surface
temperature fronts in the western Pacific, as detected by satellite. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2704-2710.
Variability of sea surface temperature fronts in the western North Pacific is studied using satellite and shipboard data. A 100 km sampling grid and a one week time step show that the various fronts can be defined by the satellite data. The position of a per- sistent atmospheric front was found to coincide with that of the subtropical oceanic front. Depart- ment of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5160 Sawara, Tsutomu and Yoichi Hanzawa, 1979.
Distribution of water types in the East China Sea. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Umi to Sora, 54(4/5): 13-26.
Autumnal multi-ship surveys in the East China Sea reveal: (1) a portion of the Kuroshio flowing onto the continental shelf northeast of Formosa; (2) coastal waters from mainland China extending to 28°N, 125°E; (3) mixing confined primarily to the edge of the continental shelf; and (4) a mixed- water origin for the Tsushima Current. Japan Meteorological Agency, Nagasaki Marine Obser- vatory. (izs)
80:5161 Vangriesheim, A., 1980. Antarctic Bottom Water
flow through the Vema Fracture Zone. Oceanol. Acta, 3(2): 199-207.
Hydrographic and moored current meter obser- vations show that Antarctic Bottom Water flows through the Vema Fracture Zone and overflows the eastern sill. Currents are intensified over the sill where velocities reach almost one knot towards the east or northeast. Currents west of the sill are dominated by north-south semidiurnal oscillations and exhibit neither an eastward nor a return flow. Includes a bathymetric map. Centre Ocean- ologique de Bretagne, BP 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France. (mcs)
80:5162 Yanagi, Tetsuo, 1980. A coastal front in the Sea
of Iyo [Seto Inland Sea]. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 35(6): 253-260.
As the atmosphere exerts a cooling effect on ¢varmer offshore waters in November, the density difference between offshore and colder onshore waters disappears and a coastal front is formed. The front remains stationary and increases in sharpness through January. Sea-surface warming begins in late February, diminishing the front until it disappears by mid-March. Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790, Japan. (slr)
80:5163 Zurjanov, V. N., 1979. Topographic meandering
and unsteady domains of the interaction zone between waters of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. (In Russian.) Antarctica Commn Repts, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 18: 123-133.
80:5164 Agafonov, E. A., Yu. A. Prokhorenko, E. A.
Mikhailov and V. N. Voskresensky, 1979. Hydro-optic observations during the 30th cruise of Mikhail Lomonosov research ship [in the southwestern Atlantic]. (In Russian; English abstract.) Biol. mor., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 49: 19-24.
80:5165 Ivanov, A. P., V. I. Man'kovsky, I. I. Kalinin, M.
N. Kaigorodov and I. S. Hutko, 1980. The op- tical properties of waters of the Sargasso Sea. (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. At- mosf. Okeana, 16(3): 313-320.
Light-field parameters of the western Sargasso Sea are estimated from hydro-optical studies which in- cluded measurements of the extinction and ab- sorption coefficients and the scattering phase func- tion to 500 m depth. (izs)
80:5166 Kishino, Motoaki, 1980. Studies of the optical
properties of seawater: application of Mie theory to suspended particles in seawater. Scient. Pap. Inst. phys. chem. Res., Tokyo, 74(1): 31-45.
To provide a better understanding of light scat- tering properties in seawater, the efficiency factor and volume scattering function are computed using Mie theory. Variations of the efficiency factor and the angular distribution of the volume scattering function as a function of size and refrac- tive index of particles are presented. Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Institute Physical and Chemical Research, Tokyo, Japan. (mcs)
80:5167 Luchinin, A. G., 1980. Measurement accuracy of
sea surface parameters by optical scatter- meters and altimeters. (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. A tmosf. Okeana, 16(3): 305-312.
The application of an M2 nonlinear numerical tidal model has provided a preliminary assessment of tidal and residual currents, bottom stress, energy dissipation, and the stratification index. The existence of a permanent, tidally driven mesoscale eddy (~75 km diameter) is predicted north of D'Urville Island. Large spatial gradients in bottom stress qualitatively agree with many features of the surficial sediment distribution. A comparison of all available bulk stratification data with the h/u 3 stratification index clearly demonstrates the dominance of tidal versus wind mixing over the control of summer stratification. Includes circula- tion maps. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, U.S.A.
80:5169 Godin, Gabriel and F. G. Barber, 1980. Variability
of the tide at some sites in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 33(1): 30-37.
A possible link between tidal distortions in the Amundsen Gulf and Hudson Bay and the breakup of the Arctic ice cover is evidenced. Marine En- vironmental Data Services Branch, Fisheries & Marine Service, Marine Science and Information Directorate, Ottawa K1A 0E6, Canada. (izs)
80:5170 Gotlib, V. Iu. and B. A. Kagan, 1980. Modeling of
tides in the World Ocean taking into ac- count shelf effects. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 251(3): 710-713.
80:5171 Parke, M. E., 1980. Detection of tides on the
Patagonian shelf by the SEASAT satellite radar altimeter: an initial comparison. Deep-Sea Res., 27A(3/4): 297-300.
SEASAT altimetry data from two passes over the Patagonian shelf confirm the validity of tidal measurements by satellite in this area. Mapping of the tides and the geoid in this region awaits the release of the complete SEASAT and GEOS-3 data sets in early 1980. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91103, U.S.A. (mcs)
12. Tides and sea level
80:5168 Bowman, M. J., A. C. Kibblewhite and D. E. Ash,
1980. M~ tidal effects in greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2728- 2742.
80:5172 Pingree, R. D. and D. K. Griffiths, 1980. A
numerical model of the M2 tide in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Oceanol. Acta, 3(2): 221-225.
A two-dimensional numerical model of the M~ tide, developed in spherical polar coordinates, is used to predict frontal regions separating areas of tidally mixed waters from areas showing pronounced summer stratification. Marked increases in
758 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
biological productivity may be associated with up- welling and mixing in these regions. Includes an IR image of tidally mixed regions in Jacques Cartier Passage. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Surrey, U.K.
13. Ice
80:5173 Crabtree, R. D. and C. S. M. Doake, 1980. Flow
l ines on Antarct ic ice shelves. Polar Rec., 20(124): 31-37.
Using Landsat imagery and published ice thick- ness data from radio echo and seismic sound- ings, flow lines indicate that the major input sources for the Filchner Ice Shelf are the Slessor and Recovery glaciers; for the Ronne Ice Shelf, the Foundation and Evans ice streams and three others to the west. Ice discharge amounts must be determined from further ice thickness and velocity data. Includes a Landsat image of Filchner Ice Shelf. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environ- ment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cam- bridge CB3 0ET, England. (smf)
80:5174 Dobromyslov, V. N. and V. V. Maslennikov, 1979.
On annual and long-term variet ies of ice distribution in the At lant ic area of the An- tarctic. (In Russian.) Antarctica Commn Repts, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 18: 113-117.
80:5175 Ketchum, R. D. Jr. and A. W. Lohanick, 1980.
Pass ive microwave imagery of sea ice at 33 GHz. Remote Sens. Environ., 9(3): 211-223.
High-resolution imagery and aerial photography are used in an attempt to relate changes in radiometric temperature to sea ice formation, deformation and weathering. High internal stresses are inferred to lower radiometric temperatures. Includes photographic, MICRAD and IR images. Polar Oceanography Branch, Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL Station, Miss. 39529, U.S.A. (izs)
80-5176 Solomon, Harold and Kristina Ahlnas, 1980. Ice
spirals off Barrow [Alaska] as seen by satell ite. Arctic, 33(1): 184-188.
Broken ice off Point Barrow, entrained by the local circulation, revealed several spirals at the bound- ary of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The largest one had a diameter of about 30 km. The eddies appeared to rotate clockwise (anticyclonically). It is speculated that sidewall friction at Point Barrow
may produce the spirals. Includes 2 NOAA-5 im- ages. Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shimizu, Japan. (fcs)
14. Waves and oscillations
80:5177 Aranuvachapun, Sasithorn and J. A. Johnson,
1980. Wave prediction in the southern North Sea. Ocean Engng, 7(2): 347-356.
Predictions of maximum wave height H~a, are made for the East Anglian coast using the formula Hmax = CKRKs U2/g where C is a constant, Kn, K.~ are refraction and shoaling coefficients, U is wind speed and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Comparisons are made with the models of Dar- byshire and Draper (1963) and Bretschneider (1958). An estimate of the wave climate in the southern North Sea is deduced for a January 1976 storm. Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, 6260 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T lW5.
80:5178 Bitner, E. M., 1980. Non- l inear effects of the
stat ist ical model of shal low-water wind waves . Appl. Ocean Res., 2(2): 63-73.
Statistical characteristics of wind waves in shallow water are studied to introduce corrections to the forecast of the main wave parameters. It is found that the shallow-water wind waves may be treated as quasi-normal random processes. Harald Sohlbergs vei 20, Oslo 10, Norway. (mcs)
80:5179 Hsiao, S. V. and O. H. Shemdin, 1980. Interaction
of ocean waves with a soft bottom. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(4): 605-610.
Soft muddy bottoms have significant effects on properties of water waves which propagate over them. The wave dispersion equation is modified and wave energy is dissipated by the coupling between the waves in water and those induced in the mud layer. These effects are theoretically determined by assuming a viscoelastic mud layer. A boundary-value problem is solved for the water- mud system with sinusoidal waves. Theoretical dissipation rates compare favorably with field measurements. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Califor- nia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91103, U.S.A.
80:5180 Huthnance, J. M., 1980. On natural osci l lat ions
of connected ocean basins . Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 61(2): 337-354.
OLR(1980)27(11) A. Physical Oceanography 759
Semi-analytic models are used to find the natural barotropic modes for systems of two or three cir- cular basins of constant depth connected by narrow straits. Possible effects of open boundaries on the natural oscillations and diurnal t ides of the Nor th At lan t ic are discussed. Ins t i t u t e of Oceanographic Sciences, Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead L43 7RA, England. (mcs)
80:5181 Iroshnikov, R. S., 1980. On slow l inear Rossby
w a v e s in a th ick barotropie fluid layer. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 204-210.
By applying a non-tradit ional approximation, wherein motion depends on the z-coordinate and not depth, the 'approximately zonal character of the equatorial currents is likely accounted for', and conditions are derived for the existence of Rossby waves in a shallow ocean remote from the Equator. (izs)
80:5182 Kats, A. V. and J. S. Spevak, 1980. Res to ra t ion of
s e a - w a v e s p e c t r a in m o v i n g s e n s o r s m e a s u r e m e n t s . (In R u s s i a n ; E n g l i s h abstract.) Fiz. Atmos[. Okeana, 16(3): 294-304.
Real spectrum restoration is discussed and the ' l imits of narrow angular wave spectra and low sen- sor speed' are considered. Results of investigations in uniformly moving and stationary frames of reference can be generalized for the case of an ar- bitrary wave field. (izs)
80:5183 Kielmann, J. and Z. Kowalik, 1980. A bot tom
s t r e s s f o r m u l a t i o n for s t o r m s u r g e problems. Oceanol. Acta, 3(1): 51-58.
Using finite differencing in horizontal space and time together with vertical integration, it is shown that bottom stress becomes dependent upon wind stress, sea level slope and the t ime history of the current. This technique produces less damping and a higher maximum and steady state set-up for sea level. Inst i tut fur Meereskunde an der Universitat Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1, F.R.G. (mcs)
80:5184 Leont'ev, I. O., 1980. On a possible prediction of
wave pi le-up in the surf zone wi th an ar- bitrary bot tom profi le . (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 290-294.
This new model of surf zone wave pile-up includes Longuet-Higgins and Stewart 's model as a specific case and shows satisfactory agreement between computations and measurements. (izs)
80:5185 Lleonart, G. T. and D. R. Blackman, 1980. The
spec t ra l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of wind-generated capil lary waves . J. Fluid Mech., 97(3): 455- 479.
A laboratory wind-wave tunnel was used to generate a stat ionary homogeneous wave field and to vary the wind over a range of speeds; a Preston tube technique was used to measure shear stress at the air-water boundary. Measurements of surface elevation and wave slope spectra in the capillary range of frequencies were obtained. Equations describing the wave spectra equilibrium range un- der the action of wind shear, surface tension and viscosity were derived and are in satisfactory agreement with measured spectra for frequencies beyond 15 her tz . F o o t s c r a y I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Ballarat Road, Footscray, Victoria, Australia.
and Hiroshi Ishizuri, 1979. Spec t r a l analys is of ocean w a v e s by the record of pulsat ions in se i smographs [typhoon applications]. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Umi to Sora, 54(4/5): 1-11. Facul ty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
80:5187 Maresca, J. W. Jr. and T. M. Georges, 1980.
Measuring rms w a v e height and the scalar ocean wave spectrum with HF s k y w a v e r ada r . J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2759-277I.
The abil i ty of HF skywave radar to monitor ocean wind waves is assessed. Passage of an atmospheric cold front past a wave-measuring ocean buoy was followed by radar and the da ta compared. The rms wave heights agree within 7% and both wave height and spectra are within the combined e x p e r i m e n t a l e r ro r of t he two se t s of measurements. SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5188 Memos, C. D., 1980. Energy transmiss ion by sur-
face waves through an opening. J. Fluid Mech., 97(3): 557-568.
In an ocean of uniform depth the propagation of smal l -ampli tude plane waves is impeded by two vertical semi-infinite perfectly reflecting barriers extending from the bottom of the sea to above the free surface. The two screens do not lie in general in the same plane, and they are separated by a gap through which wave energy is t ransmit ted from the open sea into the sheltered region. A transmission coefficient is established for small gap widths
760 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
relative to the wavelength and agreement with existing theoretical results for special cases is found to be very good. National Technical Univer- sity of Athens, Greece.
80:5189 Pramanik, A. K., 1980. Capil lary-gravity w a v e s
produced by a moving pressure distribution. Z. angew. Math. Phys., 31(1): 174-180.
The effect of surface tension on surface waves generated by a moving oscillatory pressure dis- tribution in an inviscid incompressible fluid of in- finite depth is studied. Surface tension is found to produce two extra waves on the upstream side of the pressure distribution. Department of Applied Mathematics, University College of Science, Calcutta, India. (mcs)
80:5190 Shrira, V. I., 1980. Evolution of a weak-nonl inear
inertial wave packet . (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 197-203.
Applying a multiple-scale expansion method to the ' p ropaga t ion of weak-nonl inear inert ial (gyroscopic) waves in a rotating homogeneous fluid', a nonlinear parabolic equation is derived for wave packet evolution. Stationary solutions (plane and two-dimensional solitary waves) and formulae for wave packet-induced flows are obtained. (izs)
80:5191 Shulyak, B. A., 1980. Evaluat ion of parameters
of a fully broken wave f low. (In Russian; English abstract.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(1): 60-68.
Of interest for constructing physico-mathematical models of sand accumulation at the shoreline, an approximate solution of the plane problem of offset flow at a sloping bank relates penetration on the slope, instantaneous and mean fluid particle velocities, and the timing of back-and-forth movements of offset flows. (izs)
80:5192 Trubkin, I. P., 1980. Spectral character is t ics of
wavy sea surface slopes and their relat ion to the directional wind-driven w a v e spectrum. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 20(2): 218-222.
The linear theory of potential waves of in- finitesimal amplitude provides the framework for a method whereby 'parameters of an approximating expression for the angular distribution of wave energy' can be estimated from wave slope measurements. (izs)
80:5193 Voronovich, A. G., E. V. Lobanov and S. A. Rybak,
1980. Stabi l i ty of capi l lary-gravi ty w a v e s in the presence of vert ical shear f low. (In Russian.) Fiz. Atmos[. Okeana, 16(3): 329-331.
80:5194 Walden, A. T. and P. Prescott, 1980. The asymp-
totic distribution of the m a x i m u m of N wave crest heights for any value of the spectral width parameter. J. geophys. Res., 85(C4): 1905-1909.
The probability distribution of the largest value at- tained by a stationary random variable over a period of time, containing many oscillations, is shown to converge to a type 1 extreme value dis- tribution for any value of the spectral width parameter by using recently presented methods (Galambos, 1978) from the general form of the probability that any wave crest exceeds a specified crest height (Rice, 1944, 1945; Cartwright and Longuet-Higgins, 1956). One consequence is that several asymptotic properties of kth extremes from such distributions may be verified directly. These results illustrate the way in which the spectral width parameter affects the long-term behavior of the system. Department of Civil Engineering, Southampton University, England S09 5NH.
17. Underwater acoustics
80:5195 Brown, M. G., W. H. Munk, J. L. Spiesberger and
P. F. Worcester, 1980. Long-range acoust ic transmiss ion in the northwest Atlantic . J. geophys. Res., 85(C5): 2699-2703.
Individual acoustic arrivals at 900-km range were stable and identifiable over a 48-day period. The observed arrival pattern is interpreted by geometric ray theory and by comparison with a 'synthetic sofargram' (equivalent to a synthetic seismogram) constructed from WKBJ theory. Generation and annihilation of ray paths as a result of the seasonal erosion of the autumnal ther- mocline were examined; many rays are converted from purely refracted to surface reflected/refracted rays. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univer- sity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A.
80:5196 Brzozowska, Malgorza ta and Barbara
Januszewska, 1979. Acoust ic energy losses on reflection from selected floors of the south Balt ic . Oceanologia, Warsz., 1979(11): 49-62.
Measurements are made at several frequencies to determine the relationship between bottom acoustic reflectivity and the frequency and angle of incidence of acoustic waves. From 2 tol0 kHz, no relationship was found between the absolute value of reflectivity and the frequency of acoustic waves. Polish Academy of Sciences, Inst i tute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland. (mcs)
OLR(1980)27(11) A. Physical Oceanography 761
80:5197 Esswein, Robert and S. M. Flatte, 1980. Calcula-
t ion of the s t r e n g t h and d i f fract ion parameters in oceanic sound transmission. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1523-1531.
A method for calculating the strength and diffrac- tion parameters, • and A, of importance in un- derstanding fluctuations in oceanic acoustic transmission, is described; sensitivity of A and ¢ to changes in the sound-speed profile and the buoyancy-frequency profile is investigated. Rays with large intensity tend to have small • and small A except very near caustics. University of Califor- nia, Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, U.S.A.
80:5198 Flanagan, R. P. and N. L. Weinberg, 1980. Effects
of source motion on an acoustic signal in the frequency, time, and space domains. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1532-1544.
The effects of both radial and nonradial motion of the source of an acoustic signal are studied using ray theory and time series analysis. Both signal level and fluctuation rate are dependent on source placement. Selective fading in the frequency do- main is predicted. Institute for Acoustical Research, Miami Division, Palisades Geophysical Institute, Miami, Fla. 33130, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5199 Flanagan, R. P. and N. L. Weinberg, 1980. Effects
of source micromotion on an acoustic signal in the frequency, time, and space domains. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1545-1552.
Using ray theory and time series analysis the effects of small periodic motions in an acoustic source are studied. Coherence times are ap- preciably reduced though coherence bandwidth is unaffected. Institute for Acoustical Research, Miami Division, Palisades Geophysical Institute, Miami, Fla. 33130, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5200 Harper, E. Y., 1980. On the acoustical probing of
the ocean surface for measuring the directional-frequency spectrum. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1578-1581.
Acoustic measurements of the ocean surface by Doppler-shifted ray are shown to lie within a circle with a radius equal to the horizontal range between the source and the receiver. Only one up and one down Doppler-shifted ray reaches the receiver from each surface wave. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Pentagon Building, Washington, D.C. 20350, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5201 Henriquez, T. A. and A. M. Young, 1980. The
Use of the Helmholtz resonator in low-frequency underwater acoustic applications, specific design parameters and their effect on acoustic perfor- mance are addressed. A design example is used in the analyses. Naval Research Laboratory, Underwater Sound Reference Detachment, Post Office Box 8337, Orlando, Fla. 32856, U.S.A.
80:5202 Hovem, J. M., 1980. Viscous attenuation of
sound in suspensions and high-porosity marine sediments. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1559-1563.
The Blot theory for sound propagation in porous media was specialized for suspensions of particles and compared with a scattering theory model for sound velocity and viscous attenuation in suspen- sions. The former gives fairly correct predictions of attenuation as a function of concentration; the latter fails when concentration exceeds a few per- cent. The reason for this is discussed; a modifica- tion to the suspension theory is proposed and applied to study viscous attenuation as a function of frequency. Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P. O. Box 8029, Austin, Tex. 78712, U.S.A.
80:5203 Huckabay, J. M., 1980. An experimental study of
parametr i c acous t i c arrays w i th in- termediate directivity in water. J. acoust. Soc. Am.. 67(5): 1480-1485.
An experimental study of parametric arrays is designed to document their behavior with in- termediate difference frequency directivities. The dominance of diffraction effects agrees with theoretical predictions. A useful parametric acoustic source with reasonably well-behaved characteristics in the farfield is feasible. Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. 78712, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5204 Jensen, F. B. and W. A. Kuperman, 1980. Sound
propagation in a wedge-shaped ocean with a penetrable bottom. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1564-1566.
Modal cutoff during up-slope propagation in a wedge-shaped ocean is studied using the parabolic equation model; theoretical results are compared with some model tank experiments. Saclant ASW Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy.
80:5205 Kligman, R. L., 1980. Surface waves and anom-
alous sound absorption. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1486-1494.
762 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(11)
The coupling of acoustic and surface waves through interfacial surface tension yields a modified expression for the reflection coefficient. When the acoustic impedances of adjoining layers are about equal the modification is dominant. Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. 20910, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5206 Klusek, Zygmunt, 1979. Correspondence between
the sea noise spectrum and the spectrum of natura l sur face sources . Oceanologia, Warsz., 1979(11): 41-48.
Selective reflection from the sea bottom introduces large corrections in present models of ambient sea noise. Measured noise may exceed calculated values by 6 dB at frequencies below 1 kHz. Selec- tive absorption in the water and at the bottom also affects measured values. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland. (mcs)
80:5207 Labianca, F. M., 1980. Est imat ion of ocean-
surface direct ional-frequency spectra: the inverse scatter ing problem. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1567-1577.
Measurements of an acoustic field scattered from the ocean surface are inverted to yield estimates of the directional-frequency spectrum. The method is based on a model which samples all frequencies and directions in the gravity-wave field in a small area of the ocean surface. Bell Laboratories, Whip- pany, N.J. 07981, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5208 Mitchell, S. K., N. R. Bedford and G. E. Ellis,
1980. Multipath analys is of explosive source s ignals in the ocean. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1590-1597.
A computer-based system for measuring acoustic propagation loss in multipath arrivals of signals from explosive sources involves both signal measurement operations and careful theoretical representations of the measured quantities. Initial applications were for measurement of bottom- reflection losses using signals which reflect many times from the bottom. Levels of arrival pulses can be strongly affected by predictable surface- reflection effects. Measurements demonstrate con- sistent bottom-reflection loss values across homogeneous basin areas. Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Tex. 78712, U.S.A.
80:5209 Northrop, John, 1980. Low-frequency sound
propagation off Miss ion Beach, California. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1598-1602.
Sound transmission paths and propagation loss at frequencies below 50 Hz were studied using both explosives and cw sources. Signals received by buried hydrophones were quieter than those received by bottom-mounted hydrophones. Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, Calif. 92152, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5210 Petukhov, Yu. V. and V. E. Fridman, 1979.
Propagat ion of blast waves in a stratif ied ocean. (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. At- mosf. Oheana, 15(12): 1307-1315.
For an ocean with arbitrary hydrology, analytical expressions are derived for the amplitude, time constant and energy of a blast wave. Interactions of signal non-linearity and oceanic inhomogeneity are investigated. (izs)
80:5211 Rubano, L. A., 1980. Acoust ic propagation in
shal low water over a low-veloc i ty bottom. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1608-1613.
Shallow-water acoustic experiments (Corpus Christi, Texas) are compared with theoretical com- putations; measured results include vertical amplitude distributions in the water column, transmission loss in one-third octave bands, and dispersion analyses. Good agreement was obtained between the measured and theoretical results (based on a four-layer, fluid, normal-mode model). Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, P.O. Box 30, State College, Pa. 16801, U.S.A.
80:5212 Tindle, C. T. and D. E. Weston, 1980. Connection
of acoust ic beam displacement , cycle dis- tances, and attenuat ions for rays and nor- mal modes. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(5): 1614- 1622.
A model, which permits interference between rays reflected from different depths, shows that if the ray cycle distance includes the beam displacement on reflection the mode and ray cycle distances are equal. Applied Research Laboratories, The Univer- sity of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. 78712, U.S.A. (mcs)
18. Fluid mechanics
80:5213 Frederiksen, J. S. and B. L. Sawford, 1980.
Stat is t ical dynamics of two-dimens ional in- viscid f low on a sphere. J. atmos. Sci., 37(4): 717 -732.
Statistical mechanical equilibrium properties of two-dimensional flow on a sphere, as described by
OLR(1980)27(11) 763
the truncated inviscid nondivergent barotropic model, are derived. A parallelogrammic truncation scheme is proposed for numerical spectral models. CSIRO, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Aspen- dale, Victoria, Australia. (mcs)
20. Miscellaneous
80:5214 Hisard, Ph., 1980. Observation de reponses de type
'El Nino' dans l'Atlantique tropical oriental Golfe de Guinee. [The 'El Nino' response of the eastern tropical Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea.] Oceanol. Acta, 3(1): 69-78.
In 1968 the Gulf of Guinea experienced a sharp decrease in upwelling intensity, and a correspond- ing catch decline. A positive SST anomaly south of and a negative anomaly north of the ITCZ, the in- tensification of equatorial countercurrents, the southward shift of the ITCZ, dramatic increases in rainfall, and changes in atmospheric circulation all suggest an E1 Nino-like phenomenon in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Ivory Coast rainfall records suggest ten such events since 1921. COB/ ORSTOM, B.P. 337, 29273 Brest, France. (fcs)
80:5215 Merle, J., 1980, Variabilite thermique annuelle et
interannuelle de l'oeean Atlantique equatorial Est: l'hypothese d'un 'El Nino' Atlantique. [Annual and interannual variability of temperature in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean: hypothesis of an Atlantic 'El Nino'.] Oceanol. Acta, 3(2): 209-220.
Probable causes are evaluated for a phenomenon, similar to the Pacific El Nino, that is observed in the eastern equatorial Atlantic during years in which sea surface temperature anomalies reach high values (>2C°). CIMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, U.S.A. (izs)
80:5216 Tan, F. C. and P. M. Strain, 1980. The distribu-
tion of sea ice meltwater in the eastern Canadian Arctic. J. geophys. Res., 85(C4): 1925-1932.
Oxygen isotope techniques are utilized to study sea ice meltwater distributions, and the 'first quan- titative estimates' of melt concentrations and their variations with depth and location are reported. Significance of meltwater for the physics, chemistry and biology of the marine environment is considered. Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. (izs)
B. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
I. Apparatus and methods
80:5217 Balzer, W., 1980. Calcium carbonate satur-
ometry by alkalinity difference measure- ment. Oceanol. Acta, 3(2): 237-243.
'A new technique to obtain the degree of saturation with respect to calcite and other calcium carbonate modifications is described and quantitatively evaluated.' The method was used to determine the saturation state of shallow waters of varying salinities from the Kiel Bight and was also applied to an in-situ bell jar experiment covering a whole redox turnover at the sediment-water interface. 'Results obtained from alkalinity difference measurements are compared with saturation
calculations from pH-alkalinity data.' Institut fur Meereskunde an der Universitat Kiel, Dustern- brooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel, F.R.G. (mjj)
80:5218 Bengtsson, Monika, L.-G. Danielsson and Bertil
Magnusson, 1979. Determination of cadmium and lead in seawater after extraction using electrothermal atomisation- minimisation of interferences from co-extracted sea salts. Analyt. Letts, 12(A13): 1367-1384.
Interference from small amounts of sea salt (0 to 400 mg/L) was caused by background absorption from salt molecules. Addition of nitric acid (final concentration 2% v/v) minimized the interference. Sensitivity varied with salt content, and
