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Microbial Genetics
Your Cousin The Banana
Genome of a Mycoplasma
7.1Bacterial
Recombination
Vertical and Horizontal Transfer of Genes
Genetic information in bacteria can be transferred
vertically and laterally• Bacterial mutation
• Definition of recombination
Genetic information in bacteria can be transferred
vertically and laterally• Bacterial mutation
• Definition of recombination
Genetic Transformation
Bacterial Transformation and Mechanism
The F pilus connecting donor and recipient E. coli cells
Bacteria Conjugating
Some R Factor Plasmids
Transposons migrating into genes involved in synthesis of pigments
The Transformation Experiments of Griffith
Gene Transfer Mechanisms
Conjugation involves cell-to-cell contact for DNA transfer
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering was bornin the 1970s
• Discovery of endonucleases• First recombinant DNA• Plasmids and sticky ends
Genetic engineering has many commercial and practical
applications• Pharmaceutical applications• Agricultural applications• Antibiotic production• Detection and diagnosis• Environmental biology• Vaccine production
Construction of a Recombinant DNA Molecule
A plasmid used for cloning
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering (cont’d)
Developing New Products using Genetic Engineering
Plate culture of Luminescent bacteria who live under eye of a flashlight
fish
Transduction involves viruses in the lateral transfer of DNA
• Description• Role of the bacteriophage
Lytic cycleLysogeny
• Generalized transduction• Specialized transduction
Generalized Transduction
Specialized Transduction
DNA Probes
Role of Restriction Enzymesin making recombinant DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR
Steps of a single cycle of PCR
Final PCR product
Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR Amplifies selected DNA sequences
DNA fingerprinting to identify criminals
DNA Fingerprinting (cont’d)
Fingerprints
Gene Libraries
Genetic information in bacteria can be transferred
vertically and laterally• Bacterial mutation• Definition of recombination
Many microbial genomeshave been sequenced
• Analogy for comparing the human and E. coli genome lengths
• First complete bacterial genome• First fungal genome
Microbial genomics will advance our understanding
of the microbial world
• Food production• The environment• Biosensing• Human health
Microbial genomics has produced some interesting
findings• Comparison to the human genome• Large number of gene functions have not been
identified• Genetic (pathogenicity islands)