NutritionANSC 2

Know Understand Do!Know

• Basic nutritional elements

• Basic digestive anatomy

• Feedstuffs in a ration

Understando Role of

nutritional elements in health

o Function and physiology of digestive tract

o Steps to building a ration

Do Analyze the

purpose of these elements

Compare and contrast varying animal digestive systems

Build a feed ration

Key Learning: Nutrition and Digestion

• Unit EQ: How is animal nutrition developed to increase health in animals?

Concept : Nutritional Development

Lesson EQ:

How is a feed ration developed?

Vocab

Feedstuff, Pearson Square, Feed Ration, Feed Analysis

Concept : Digestion

Lesson EQ: How does digestive anatomy differ based on diet?Vocab

Monogastric, Modified Monogastric, Ruminant, Hind Gut Fermenter

Concept : Nutrition Elements

Lesson EQ: What is the most important element and why?

Vocab

Vitamin, Mineral, Essential Nutrient

Lit Frayer ModelLit Frayer ModelI think it is…. Because of… (clues)

The sheep was suffering from paralysis caused by grass tetany since her diet was missing an important essential

nutrient.It is actually defined as… Ways to help me remember

this/Examples are

Essential Nutrient Defined

• An essential nutrient is defined as any element (typically a vitamin or a mineral) that an organism cannot survive without, and must be provided in the diet

• Requirement levels will vary by animal• Example:

– Vitamin C for Gpigs- without animals will get scurvy

– Taurine in Cats- required protein for digestion without cats cannot digest their food

Warm Up• Food Labels: Grab a bag of Animal Food from the lab. Please

remember where you got this from!• Answer the following:

– Who is your food made for? How do you know?– What are the top 5 ingredients?– What is the nutritional values in %s? – Write/Copy the description of your food.– What are the feeding directions? Amount per day?– Are there any warnings? If so what are they?– What audience is your product being advertised to and how do you know?– Give a visual/smell/touch description of your food.

Share your info

• Share your answers you found from your feed bag in the lab (Qs on board)

Pair/ Share Your Findings• Add to your warm up feed bag activity• 3- things they have in common• 2- difference• 1 Summary about information found on a feed

bag for animals • THEN: • Answer the following: Using your prior knowledge about

small animal care… What food had the most protein? Why might this animal require more protein? What ingredients were commonly used? What nutritional elements (measured in %s ) are typically guaranteed?

Discuss Findings

• Pair Share with your shoulder partner– What was the most commonly

guaranteed item? (found in %)– What was the most commonly used

ingredient?– Infer a relationship between the highest

% element (protein % etc) vs the most commonly used ingredient

Nutritional ElementsANSC 2

Objectives

• Students will be able to:– Identify the purpose behind nutrition– Label Nutrition’s main aspects– Summarize the main nutrient

requirements for small large animals – Analyze Feed labels for animals– Balance a feed ration

Unit Essential Question

How is nutrition developed to increase health in animals?

Essential Question

• What is the most important element and why?

Review

• Nutrition is: • The science or study that deals with

food and nourishment • Food • Required for an organism to live and

is used for growth

Nutrition Activity

• Each type of candy/ cereal represents an important part of nutrition. Each table will have a problem and will need to provide the appropriate type of ration for your group’s scenario .

Build your Own Feed Ration

• Table 1: Build a ration with 2x more fat than carbs

• Table 2: Build a ration with equal parts vitamins and minerals

• Table 3: Build a ration with 4x more carbs than protein

• Protein= Cheez Balls, Carbs= Pop corn, Vitamins and Minerals= Fruitloops , M & M= Fat , Water= Pretzels

What are Nutrients?

• Provides nourishment for growth or metabolism

• Examples Include:– Carbohydrates– Fat– Protein– Water– Vitamins– Minerals

Carbohydrates• Mainly sugar and starches • Simple

– Monosaccharide

• Complex– Normally derived from plants

• Energy comes from carbohydrates, fats, and some proteins in feed. – Most concentrates have higher energy than do roughages. – Energy is stated as total digestible nutrients (TDN).

Energy Expanded

• Energy is measured in calories. • A calorie is the amount of heat

needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree C.

• Calories in feed or as requirements are stated as kilocalorie (kcal) or megacalorie (Mcal). – A kcal is 1000 calories. – An Mcal is 1000000 calories.

Fat• Forms that fat comes in:• Soluble• Insoluble • Solid• Liquid• Added to feeds to increase

palatability• Also added to reduce dust

– Molasses

Protein• Protein is stated as crude protein on a

feed label and is given as percentage or grams on the feed label.– Protein needs are higher for young,

lactating, and pregnant animals. – The needs of an animal must be matched

with its diet,– Required for structure, function, and

regulation of body cells, tissues, and organs.– Essential components of muscle, skin, and

bones

Water

Important in many life functions– Do you know any examples?MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!!!

What might prevent an animal from getting its daily water intake?

What can we do to help fix this problem?

Vitamins

A- Plays roles in; vision, gene transcription, immune function, embryonic development and reproduction, bone metabolism, skin and hair health: Found in dark green vegetablesE- Protects blood cells from free-radicals which break down cell structure, Protects destruction of A and C: Found in soybean, corn and cottonseed D-Promotes absorption of calcium: can be synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlightK- Needed for proper blood clotting and protein synthesis occurring in plasma, bone and kidneys.

Organic components in food that are needed in small amounts for growth

Minerals

Classified as Macro or Microreflect the amount in the diet not

physical sizeSometimes difficult to digest

How do we fix this problem? CHELATEChelate: formation of bonds between

atomsInorganic nutrients: include sodium, magnesium, and calcium

MACRO-Minerals

Calcium and Phosphorus:– work hand in hand, present in ratios

Calcium works in muscle functionPhosphorus works in metabolic functions Phosphorus can be deficient in legumes in

certain areas, or too high in others ( Delaware has an abundance, Australia has a deficiency)

Sodium and Chloride: help maintain water balance in body

Potassium: organ function, cellular water balance

What’s Different? Pair Share  Growing- Gestating  Lactating    

  Finishing Dry Cows  Cows    

  BW BW BW Max. Performance

650 lbs 1,250 lbs 1,200 lbs Tolerable Impacted

Ca, %

 0.31 0.18 0.27 1.8  Growth

P, %

0.27 0.18 0.27 0.3 Growth

Na, %

0.07 0.07 0.10 4.0 Milk Prod.

Cl, %

 �  �  �  4.0  Milk Prod.

Summary Write,/Pair/Share1. The most important thing to

remember about Nutritional Elements is _______ because ___________

2. 1 Supporting Fact3. 1 Supporting Fact4. 1 Supporting Fact5. But the MOST important thing to

remember about Nutritional Elements is_____________

Take home Activity

• To share next day

Vocabulary!

• Nutrition• Nutrient• Water• Carbohydrate• Mineral• Vitamin• Protein• Fat

ANSC 2 Take Home

• Research an Animal Feed Requirement– Any animal– Give the required element (Vita C?

Taurine? Etc) – How does your animal receive this

essential nutrient in their diet? What food etc …

• Pair Share findings next day

ANSC 2 Take Home Activity

• Consider small and large animal nutrition. Research a required nutrient for a small or large animal. Explain how the nutrient requirement is met through diet. What would be the implications if this nutrient was not present in the diet?

• Example: Cats require taurine in their diet. Taurine is supplied in Cat food. Without taurine cats suffer from Central Retinal Degeneration

ANSC 2 Activities Continued..

• Summarize a Nutrition Article– Who wrote it? How was the research

conducted? What were the results? Why was this researched? What are the implications of the research?

• Bag of Feed Summary– List the first 15 ingredients on a bag of

animal feed. Put each ingredient in a category of nutrients discussed in class.

Review from Feed Bag Activity

• Complete the following chart: (Remember ingredients are listed from MOST present to least present)

• EXAMPLE

Category of Nutrient

Animal Feed that contains the highest amount of Nutrient

Ingredient providing the nutrient

What the animal eats in the wild

Carbs

Fats/Oils

Protein

Minerals

Vitamins

Category Animal Feed Ingredient In the Wild

Carbs Bird food Millet Oats Seeds

BIG IDEA SUMMARY: Take Home• After gathering all your information and

after viewing the small animal management, nutrition, and care answer the following in a one page double spaced summary essay

• How do we build a perfect diet for small animals utilizing information about their natural diet, physiology and dentition (teeth)? What influence can this have on overall animal health ? (proper diet)

DigestionGet out your packet

for guided notes

ANSC 2

Warm Up Rally Robin

• List with your face partner– Any parts of the digestive process you

can remember• Think about the Poultry, Dairy/Beef, Small

Mammal Unit

Objectives

• Define Ruminant. Monogastric, Modified Monogastric

• Explore Monogastric and Ruminant digestive systems

• Explain the four chambers of the Ruminant stomach and their purpose.

Essential Question

• How does digestive anatomy differ based on diet?

Digestion

• The process by which large, complex nutrient molecules are broken down into simpler molecules capable of being used by an organism for food

• Types of Digestive Systems– Mono Gastric– Modified Mono Gastric– Ruminant – Poultry

Monogastric

• Carnivores and omnivores have a “simple stomach”

• System only has one compartment

• Examples of mono gastric systems: swine, rabbits, humans

Monogastric break down with Diagram (fill in )

• Small Intestine• Its Job: enzymatic digestion and

absorption– Digests proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

• Small intestine has 3 parts– Duodenum- most digestion occurs here– Jejunum- digestion and absorption– Ileum- mostly absorption Bile is secreted from the liver and helps

breakdown fats

Monogastric Breakdown

• Cecum- nonfunctioning in many monogastrics. Rabbits and horses have an enlarged cecum – Why do you think this is true? ( think

about what rabbits and horses eat)

• Large intestine– Bacterial activity – Water absorption– Waste storage

Rabbits- Modified Monogastric

• Coprophagy - eating of cecotropes resulting in food having a double pass through the digestion system. Without the double pass many of the nutrients in feed would be lost to the animal.

Horses: Hind Gut

Fermenters

Summary Pair Share

• What is the major differences between a monogastric and modified monogastric/ hind gut fermenter?

• Why might these animals have NEEDED this adaptation?

Digestion: Ruminants Get out your packet

for guided notes

ANSC 2

Ruminant

• Name some Ruminants Rally Robin with your Face Partner

• Pair Share: What are differences between the ruminants and non-ruminants that you can remember?

Ruminant

• 4 Chambered Stomach

• Reticulum• Rumen• Omasum• Abomasum

The Process of Digestion

• Step 1. Get the food!! • This process is called retrieving, or

grazing. • How do ruminants get their food?

Step 2. Chew and Swallow

• The process of chewing is called mastication.

• What directions do you chew?• What direction does a cow chew?

– Why do you think this

Step 3. Rumen

• Largest of 4 compartments• Its Job :FERMENTATION

– Continuous mixing and moving– Anaerobic environment/Diverse bacterial

pop.– Breaks down fibrous feed in volatile fatty

acids

• Papillae lining• Nonfunctional at birth , shunted off

Calf Stomach Engineering

Step 4. Reticulum

• Feed boluses come from here• Honeycomb appearance• Its Job : REGURGITATION

– Regurgitation from rumen to mouth– Expulsion to omasum– Fermentation gases

Step 5. Rumination

• Regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum, followed by remastication and reswallowing. – What’s the purpose rechewing and

reswallowing?– INCREASE SURFACE AREA!!!!

• Helping out the microbes

Step 6. Omasum

• Many folds• Its Job: REDUCE

– Reduces particle size– Absorb some water, minerals

Why would you reduce particle size?

Step 7. Abomasum• “True Stomach”• Glandular , meaning it secretes

– Does your stomach excrete anything? Why ?

• Its Job: DIGESTION– Begin digestion here– Feed leaves abomasum and enters the small

intestine where further digestion takes place– Feed leaving abomasum is high in water

content• Why do you think this happens?

Ruminant Summary

• Comic Strip • Outline the steps of the digestion of

a ruminant in a comic strip. – Include a representation of how the

different segments of the stomach appear ( folds of a book, honey comb etc)

Bring it all together: Pair Share

• 3 things Ruminants and NON ruminants have in common with their digestive anatomy

• 2 Things that are different• 1 reason why (they are different in

the ways you mentioned above)

Digestion: AvianGet out your packet

for guided notes

ANSC 2

Avian Digestion

• Crop- Food storage • Proventriculous – glandular part of

the stomach that stores and starts to digest food before it enters the gizzard

• Gizzard- grinds and processes food. VERY MUSCULAR

Bird Digestion Overview

• Crop: Food Storage• Proventriculus: secretes digestive

enzymes• Gizzard: Muscular grinding organ• Small and Large Intestine: Remove

nutrients

Compare/Contrast Chart Part of Digestive Process

Mono Gastric (dogs)

Modified (Rabbit)

Hind Gut Fer-menter (Horse)

Ruminant(cow)

Bird(Chicken)

Chewing/Retrieving food

Chew /Grab/Tear with specialized teeth

Digesting food (stomach)

Stomach secretes acid to break down food

Retrieving nutrients (intestines)

Small and Large Intestine pull out nutrients

Waste Removal

Water is removed in ceacum and hard feces is passed

Extension…

• What do the animals in our chart eat?

• How could WHAT an animal EATS and their living habits affect their digestive anatomy

Activity: Digestion Role Play! Go Find the parts!

• Each Student will receive a section of the digestion system

• Students will read the description of their section of the digestion tract.

• PUT IT IN ORDER!!! • Monogastric, Ruminant, and Avian

digestion pieces are included!

Vocabulary

• Ruminant, Monogastric, Modified Monogastric, Corprophagy, mastication, rumination, gizzard, crop, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum

Digestion Review Quiz!!!

STUDY FOR 15 MINUTES!!

Extension research • On you own:

– Based on what we learned today about nutrition and food movement through the digestive system Pick an animal ( other then a cow) and complete the following on your own sheet of paper:

• Name the Animal• Why type of stomach does it have?• Give a step by step breakdown from beginning to end,

following food movement within the animal’s digestive system . Be sure to include what is happening to the food at each section of digestion

Share your Researched Animal

• Share your researched animal

• How does this compare to the animals we discussed in class?

Reading and Analyzing a Feed Label

ANSC 2

Objectives

• Review food label basics• Summarize the basic importance of

nutrition• Explore minor small and large animal

nutrition requirements and their effects

• Define ration • Outline the steps in balancing a ration

Lit Frayer ModelLit Frayer ModelI think it is…. Because of… (clues)

The animal was in poor health due to an improperly balanced feed ration.

It is actually defined as… Ways to help me remember this/Examples are

Feed Ration

• A balanced diet provided to animals • Based on needs for 24 hour period• Can be altered to increase desired

performance or product • Includes multiple feed stuffs

(ingredients)– Vary by geographical location

• Can change as an animal ages

Essential Question

• How is a feed ration developed??

Why is Nutrition important?

• Diets should be based on the needs of the animal being fed and the nutrient content of the feed available.

• What are you feeding for?– Maintenance ? (What does this mean?)– Performance?

• Lactating• Showing/ exhibition • Reproductive• Growth

Reading a Food Label

• Feed is analyzed for production animals and some companion animals

• The two nutrients found in the greatest amounts in most rations are protein and energy.

• Ingredients are listed in order from most to least according to amount present.

Food Label

Examples

Small Animal Nutrition: Recap

• Birds– Cuttlebone, Calcium, and Grit

• Dogs– Protein and Carbs

• Cats – Taurine: Helps digest fat-soluble vitamins

• Guinea Pigs– Vitamin C: general health aide

Large Animal Nutrition: Recap Ruminant

– Roughage and fiber, Vitamins A and E required – Sheep- must have a 2:1 ratio of Calcium to

Phosphorus• Also required for lactation and growth in cattle

Non Ruminant- Humans: What type of nutrition do we require?

Animals who feed mostly on grass:– Need magnesium Any examples you may know?

Pair Share Review

• How are they different?– Ruminant vs Non Ruminant– Bird vs Dog– Ruminant vs bird

Ration• A ration is the total amount of feed an

animal consumes in a 24-hour period. • A ration needs to provide the right

amount and proportion of nutrients needed by the animal during its particular life cycle stage

• A good ration should be balanced, have variety, be succulent, be palatable, bulky, economical, and suitable.

Rations Contin…

• Nutritional information about feeds is used to formulate rations.

• The amount of each nutrient is figured into the ration.

• This is based on the nutrient requirements of the animal.

• The information tells how much roughage, concentrate, and supplement are needed.

Pair Share

• Referring back to the chart…– What nutritional requirement tends to

change the most over an animals life time?

Goals of Rations• A balanced ration will increase gain,

decrease expense, and increase profits.• Gain weight• More lustrous coat• Specifications to accommodate for:

– Illness– Muscle mass– Lactation– Old age

Balancing a Ration

• There are four basic steps that should be followed when developing a balanced ration.– 1. Identify the needs of the animal– 2. Identify available feed stuffs.– 3. Calculate how much of each feed stuff

is required– 4. Check ration against the nutrient

needs of the animal.

1. Identify the needs of the animal

• Find out: Age, Kind, Weight, and Function of the animal

• Nutrient need requirements are called Feed Standards – Feeding standards are based on average

requirements and may not meet the needs under specific feeding conditions i.e. illness, breeding or pregnancy

2. Identify available feedstuffs

• A feedstuff is an ingredient used in making feed for animals.

• The producer must then choose which feedstuffs to include in the ration based on nutrient value of the feedstuff and availability

• Nutrient content of an item may be found by consulting a feed composition table.

Availability

• Availability of the feedstuff is determined by the location of the producer developing the ration. – For example, a producer in the Midwest is

more likely to use soybean meal as a source of protein while a producer in the southern United States would be more likely to use cottonseed meal as a protein source in livestock feed.

• What would producers in Delaware most likely use? Corn or Soybean?

3. Calculate the amount of each feedstuff to use in the

ration.• Several methods• Commercial feed company would

most likely use a computer program to develop the ration.

• Producers developing their own rations can use a simpler method known as the Pearson Square to manufacture a balanced ration on their own farm or ranch.

4. Check ration against nutrient needs of the

animal.• Ration developed needs meets all of

the requirements of the animal for minerals and vitamins.

• Deficiencies require recalculations.

Balancing Rations

• Balanced rations are normally shown in the form of a ratio.

• Ratio Practice Activity together: Pair/Share/Discuss answers

Words you should know!Let’s Rally Robin Review with

your Partner• Ruminant• Non Ruminant• Ration

• (Animal at) Maintenance • Balanced (ration)

• Essential (if something is essential what does that mean for the animal?)

Review Together: Round Robin. #= what seat is answering the Q1. What is required for the animal at

maintenance?2. What would cause the animal’s

nutritional needs to change?3. What special instructions should you

as an owner of this animal consider when providing a balanced diet?

4. How do we provide a balanced diet?

Pearson Square MethodANSC 2

Objectives

• Successfully balance a ration for various content using the Pearson Square Method

Round Robin: 4 Steps to developing a feed ration

Essential Question

• How is a feed ration developed??

Balancing a Ration: How’d ya do?

• There are four basic steps that should be followed when developing a balanced ration.– 1. Identify the needs of the animal– 2. Identify available feed stuffs.– 3. Calculate how much of each feed stuff

is required– 4. Check ration against the nutrient

needs of the animal.

Pearson Square

• The Pearson square method is a simple way to calculate a ration for a specific animal.

• It can also be used to calculate ingredients for batches of feed.

• Follow along as we practice !!

Pearson Square Step By Step

• Step 1. Draw a 1- to 2-inch square. • Place diagonal lines across the

square.• Step 2. Write the percentage of crude

protein needed by the animal in the center of the square where the diagonal lines cross.

Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 3. Write the feeds to be used at each left corner.

• Place the percent of crude protein in the feeds after the name of feed.

Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 4. Subtract the smaller of the numbers from the larger numbers.

• (This involves crude protein needed by the animal and that provided by the feed.)

• Write the difference at opposite corners.

Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 5. The numbers at the two right corners are parts of the two feed ingredients that are needed.

• (Parts can be measured as weight or volume just so the proportion remains as was calculated.)

Pearson Square Step by Step Almost there!!

• Step 6. The percentage of each feed needed in the ration can be found by dividing the number of parts by the total parts.

Pearson Square Finished Product!

• Step 7. The amount of each feed ingredient for a large batch of feed is determined by multiplying the percentage of each by the total amount of feed desired.

Class Practice

Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8% calcium. Use corn (0.2% Ca) and limestone (35% Ca). How many pounds of each feed is in 100 pounds of the ration?

Independent Practice!

Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8% calcium. Use corn (0.2% Ca) and limestone (35% Ca). How many pounds of each feed is in 175 pounds ration?

Class Review: Pearson Square Answers

• Remember the Steps… Round Robin review of steps

Vocabulary: ReviewPair Share

• What is the Pearson Square method and how/why do we use it in animal science?

Feed Analysis: Bring it all together

ANSC 2

Round Robin with your group

1. What are the basic nutritional elements?

2. What are the major types of digestive systems

3. What are ways we develop a feed ration?

4. Why might be change an animal’s feed ration?

Objectives

• Identify the purpose of Feed analysis

Essential Question

• How is animal nutrition developed to increase health in animals?

Feed Analysis

• Feed analysis is the process of determining the nutrients in a feedstuff or prepared mixed feed and is most often done in a laboratory.

• The information gained through this process is important in selecting the diets of animals to assure a balanced ration.

• An analysis provides information in several areas.

Areas of Feed Analysis

• Dry matter - Dry matter is the weight of feed materials after moisture has been driven out.– Feed quality is based on the proportion of

water in the feed.

• Crude protein - Crude protein is the nitrogen content of feed multiplied by 6.25 (a constant factor). – Feedstuffs with higher crude protein are

typically more nutritious.

Areas of Feed Analysis• Fat - Fat content is determined by using an

ether extract process. – The ether dissolves the fat. – The remaining feed material is weighed and a

percentage of fat is calculated.

• Crude fiber - Crude fiber is determined by boiling the feed material in an acid and using laboratory procedures to dry the feed. – The weight before and after drying is measured

and used to calculate percent.

Nutrition and Poor Health

• Example: Vitamin D Deficiency • What happens to humans

–Rickets in Children, soft bones

• What happens to small animals– Dogs can experience higher cancer

rates

• What happens to large animals– Cattle experience decreased fertility

Extension Activity

• Nutritional Deficiencies in Animals– Utilizing your books– Identify 3 different Species– Give a nutritional related disease for

those animals• Give Symptoms and Treatment/Prevention

– Pair Share

Vocabulary Sheet Terms You Should Know: Round Robin Review

• Ruminant• Non Ruminant• Ration• Maintenance • Balanced• Essential• Nutrition• Nutrient• Water

• Mineral• Vitamin• Grass Tetany• Protein• Fat• Ration• Pearson Square• Balanced Ration• Crude Protein

• Rickets• Feed Analysis• Feedstuff• Calorie• Duodenum• Jejunum • Ileum

Take Home Test Review• Define the words on the vocab sheet in your

packet• Answer the following questions:1. What are the major nutrients?

1. What forms do they come in? What do each provide to the diet? 

2. What are the steps to formulating a balanced ration?3. Why are balanced rations important to animal health?4. Name the 4 important vitamins and the functions they serve for animal health5. What are stages of animal life or types of performance that owners must consider

when choosing an animal diet?6. How can improper diet effect an animal’s health? Give an example discussed in class. 7. How do we perform a Pearson square?8. What are the steps in balancing a ration?9. How is animal nutrition developed to increase health in animals?

References

• Animal-world.com/encyclo/birds/information/birdcage.htm#foods

• Felinefuture.com/nutrition/taurine.php– The Merck Veterinary Manual 8th Edition

• Ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/articles/basics.html