Pakistan Wikipedia

8/9/2019 Pakistan Wikipedia

1/13

Pakistan

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Islm Jamhriya-i-Pkistn

Motto: Iman, Ittehad, Nazm(English: Faith, Unity, Discipline)Anthem: Pak sarzamin shad bad(Blessed Be The Sacred Land)

CapitalIslamabad

3340 N 7310 ELargest city

KarachiOfficial language(s)

Urdu and EnglishGovernmentPresident

Prime MinisterFederal republic

Pervez MusharrafShaukat Aziz

Independence

- Declared- Republic

From the United Kingdom1947-08-141956-03-23

Area- Total

- Water (%)

880,254 km (34th){{{areami}}} mi

3.1Population- 2006 est.

- [[As of |]] census

- Density

163,985,373[1] (6th)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_mottoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_sarzamin_shad_badhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=33_40_N_73_10_E_type:country(880,254)http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=33_40_N_73_10_E_type:country(880,254)http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=33_40_N_73_10_E_type:country(880,254)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharrafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Azizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C2%B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-estimate%23_note-estimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_mottoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_sarzamin_shad_badhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=33_40_N_73_10_E_type:country(880,254)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharrafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Azizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C2%B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-estimate%23_note-estimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population


2/13

186/km (42nd){{{population_densitymi}}}/mi

GDP (PPP)- Total

- Per capita2005 estimate$385.2 billion (26th)

$2,388 (135th)HDI (2003)

0.527 (135th) mediumCurrency

Rupee (Rs.) (PKR)

Time zone- Summer (DST)PST (UTC+5:00)

not observed (UTC+5:00)Internet TLD.pk

Calling code+92

The Islamic Republic of Pkistn (Urdu: ) is a country located inSouth Asia that overlaps with the Greater Middle East. It has a thousand-kilometrecoastline along the Arabian Sea in the south and borders Afghanistan and Iran to thewest, India to the east and the People's Republic of China in the far northeast.[2]

The name Pakistan (IPA:/pksn/) meansLand of the Pure in Urdu and Persian andwas coined in 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in the pamphlet Now orNever[3] as an acronym of the names of the "Muslim homelands" of western India PforPunjab, A forAfghania (the Afghan areas), KforKashmir, S forSindh and tan forBaluchistan. An i was later added to the English rendition of the name to easepronunciation.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and the second most populousMuslim country. Pakistan was established as a modern state in 1947, but the region has along history of settlement and civilisation including some of the most ancient cultures.

The region was invaded by Greeks, Persians and Arabs, and incorporated into BritishIndia in the nineteenth century. Since independence, Pakistan has seen both instability,with the loss ofEast Pakistan, and significant military and economic growth. In 2005 theeconomy was the second-fastest growing economy amongst the ten most populouscountries and the twenty-fifth largest economy in terms ofpurchasing power parity.Pakistan has the seventh largest armed forces in the world and is one of eight declarednuclear powers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-kashmir%23_note-kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Neverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Neverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Neverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pamphlet%23_note-pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pamphlet%23_note-pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-kashmir%23_note-kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Neverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Neverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pamphlet%23_note-pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons


3/13

Contents

1 History 2 Government and politics 3 Provinces and territories

4 Geography and climate 5 Flora and fauna 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Society and culture 9 Holidays 10 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading

14 External links

History

Main article:History of Pakistan

The modern state of Pakistan was created in 1947, but the region has an extensive ancienthistory that overlaps with the history of India, Iran and Afghanistan. The region was acrossroads of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road, and was settled overthousands of years by many groups including Dravidians, Persians, Greeks, Kushans, andArabs. The earliest evidence of humans are pebble tools of the Soan Culture[4] in the

Punjab province between 500,000 to 100,000 years ago. The Indus region was the site ofseveral ancient cultures including Mehrgarh, one of the world's earliest towns, and theIndus Valley Civilisation at Harrappa and Mohenjo-Daro.[5]The Indus Valley Civilisationcollapsed in the middle of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the VedicCivilisation which extended over much of northern India and Pakistan. Successiveempires and kingdoms ruled the region from the Achaemenid Persian empire[6] around543 BCE, to Alexander the Great[7] in 326 BCE and the Mauryan empire. The Indo-GreekKingdom of Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE,establishing the Greco-Buddhistperiod with advances in trade and culture and the city ofTaxila (Takshashila) became a major centre of learning.

In 712 CE, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim

[8]

conquered Sindh and Multan insouthern Punjab, setting the stage for several successive Muslim empires including theGhaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.During this period Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of theregional population to Islam. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the earlyeighteenth century provided opportunities for the Afghans,Balochis and Sikhs to exercisecontrol over large areas until the British East India Company[9] gained ascendancy overthe subcontinent.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History%23Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics%23Government_and_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Provinces_and_territories%23Provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Geography_and_climate%23Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Flora_and_fauna%23Flora_and_faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Economy%23Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Demographics%23Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Society_and_culture%23Society_and_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Holidays%23Holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Sports%23Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Notes%23Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Further_reading%23Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soan_Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-soan%23_note-soanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-soan%23_note-soanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-Darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-indus_valley%23_note-indus_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-indus_valley%23_note-indus_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_the_Common_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-achaemenid%23_note-achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-plutarch%23_note-plutarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-qasim%23_note-qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-qasim%23_note-qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-east_india%23_note-east_indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-east_india%23_note-east_indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History%23Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics%23Government_and_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Provinces_and_territories%23Provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Geography_and_climate%23Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Flora_and_fauna%23Flora_and_faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Economy%23Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Demographics%23Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Society_and_culture%23Society_and_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Holidays%23Holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Sports%23Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Notes%23Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Further_reading%23Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soan_Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-soan%23_note-soanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-Darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-indus_valley%23_note-indus_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_the_Common_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-achaemenid%23_note-achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-plutarch%23_note-plutarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-qasim%23_note-qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-east_india%23_note-east_india


4/13

Mughal-eraHazuri Bagh in Lahore.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (left) with Mahatma Gandhi (right) in Bombay in 1944.

Pakistan from 1947 to 1971

The 1857 Indian War of Independence ("Sepoy Mutiny") was the region's last majorarmed struggle against the British, but it laid the foundations for the generally unarmedfreedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress. However the All India MuslimLeague rose to popularity in the late 1930's amid fears of under-representation andneglect of Muslims in politics. In 1930 Allama Iqbal[10] called for a separate Muslim statein northwest and eastern India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theoryand led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution[11] of 1940, which led to thepartition of India in 1947.

Pakistan was formed on August 14, 1947 with two Muslim-majority wings in the easternand northwestern regions, separated by Hindu-majority India, and comprising the

provinces ofBaluchistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjaband Sindh. Partition resulted in communal riots[12] across India and Pakistanmillions ofMuslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputesarose over several princely states including Jammu and Kashmirwhich led to the FirstKashmir War (1948) ending with Pakistan and India each occupying large parts of thestate. From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations.The republic declared in 1958 was stalled by a coup d'etat by Ayub Khan (195869), whowas president during a period of internal instability and a second warwith India in 1965.His successor, Yahya Khan (196971) had to deal with the cyclone which caused500,000 deaths[13] in East Pakistan. Economic and political dissent in East Pakistan led toviolent political repression and tensions escalating into civil war[14] (Bangladesh

Liberation War) and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and ultimately the secession of EastPakistan as the independent state ofBangladesh.[15]

Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 underZulfikar Ali Bhutto, but he was deposedby General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the third military president. The secularpolicies ofthe past were replaced by Zia's introduction of the Islamic Shariat legal code, andincreased religious influences on the civil service and the military. Muhammad KhanJunejo was elected in 1985 as Prime Minister, but with the death of General Zia in aplane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as thefirst female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated in powerwithNawaz Sharifas the political and economic situation worsened. Military tensions in

the Kargil conflict[16]

with India in 1999 were followed by a military coup[17]

in whichGeneral Pervez Musharrafassumed executive powers. In 2001, he became President afterthe resignation of Rafiq Tarar and after the 2002 parliamentary elections, transferredexecutive powers to newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who wassucceeded in 2004 by Shaukat Aziz. On 8 October 2005, a powerful earthquake ofmagnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale struck the northern mountains of Pakistan andneighbouring regions in India and Afghanistan with the official death toll on 8 Novemberstanding at 87,350[18] and an estimated 3.3 million left homeless in Pakistan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazuri_Baghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy_Mutinyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-iqbal%23_note-iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Nation_Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-resolution%23_note-resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-resolution%23_note-resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1947riots%23_note-1947riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kashmir_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kashmir_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'etathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-cyclone%23_note-cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1971war%23_note-1971warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1971war%23_note-1971warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-bangladesh%23_note-bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-kargil%23_note-kargilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-kargil%23_note-kargilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1999coup%23_note-1999couphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1999coup%23_note-1999couphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharrafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Tararhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Azizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-quake%23_note-quakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PAK1971.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jinnah_Gandhi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazuri_Baghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy_Mutinyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-iqbal%23_note-iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Nation_Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-resolution%23_note-resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1947riots%23_note-1947riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kashmir_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kashmir_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'etathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-cyclone%23_note-cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1971war%23_note-1971warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-bangladesh%23_note-bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-kargil%23_note-kargilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-1999coup%23_note-1999couphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharrafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Tararhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Azizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-quake%23_note-quake


5/13

Government and politics

Parliament house in Islamabad

Main articles: Government of Pakistan, Politics of Pakistan, Foreign relations of

Pakistan

The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted in 1956, but was suspended in 1958 byAyub Khan. The Constitution of 1973, suspended in 1977 by Zia-ul-Haq, was re-instatedin 1991 and is the most important document laying the foundations of government in thecountry. Pakistan is a federal republic with Islam as the state religion. The semi-presidential system includes a bicameral legislature consisting of a 100-member Senateand a 342-memberNational Assembly. The President is the Head of State and theCommander in Chief of the Armed Forces and is elected by an electoral college. Theprime ministeris usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. Eachprovince has a similar system of government with a directly elected Provincial Assembly

in which the leader of the largest party or alliance becomes Chief Minister. ProvincialGovernors are selected by the Provincial Assemblies on the advice of the Chief Minister.

The Muslim League's leadership of Pakistani politics reduced significantly with the riseof other political parties, especially the Awami League in East Bengal, which would leadthe creation of Bangladesh. The Pakistani military have played an influential role inmainstream politics throughout Pakistan's history, with military presidents ruling from195871, 197788 and from 1999 onwards. The leftist Pakistan People's Party, led byZulfikar Ali Bhutto, emerged as a major political player during the 1970s. Under themilitary rule of Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistan began a marked shift from the British-era secularpolitics and policies, to the adoption ofShariat and other Islamic religious laws. During

the 1980s, the anti-feudal, pro-MohajirMuttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) was startedby unorthodox and educated urban dwellers ofSindh and particularly Karachi. The 1990swere characterized by coalition politics dominated by the PPP and a rejuvenated MuslimLeague.

In the October 2002 general elections, the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) won aplurality of National Assembly seats with the second-largest group being the PakistanPeople's Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), a sub-party of the PPP. Zafarullah Khan Jamaliof PML-Q emerged as Prime Minister but resigned on June 26, 2004 and was replaced byPML-Q leaderChaudhry Shujaat Hussain as interim Prime Minister. On August 27, 2004the National Assembly voted 191 to 151 to elect the Finance Minister and former

CitibankVice President Shaukat Aziz as Prime Minister. A coalition of Islamic religiousparties also gained control of the North-West Frontier Province, and increased theirrepresentation on the National Assembly.

Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation of theIslamic Conference (OIC), the latter of which Pakistan has used as a forum for Enlightened Moderation,[19] a plan to promote a renaissance and enlightenment in theMuslim world. Pakistan is also a member of the major regional organisations of the South
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_in_Chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_People's_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohajirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Azizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ParliamentHouse.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_in_Chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_People's_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohajirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Azizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation


6/13

Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Economic CooperationOrganisation (ECO). In the past, Pakistan has had mixed relations with the United Statesespecially in the early 1950s when Pakistan was the United States' "most allied ally inAsia"[20] and a member of both the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) and theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO). During the Soviet-Afghan war in the

1980s Pakistan was a crucial US ally, but relations soured in the 1990s, when sanctionswere applied by the US over suspicions of Pakistan's nuclear activities. The September11 attacks and the war on terror have seen an improvement in USPakistan ties,especially after Pakistan ended its support of the Taliban regime in Kabul.

Pakistan has had difficult relations with neighbouring India, including a long-runningdispute overKashmirwhich resulted in the 1947 and 1965 wars. The civil war of 1971flared into the simultaneous Bangladeshi Liberation Warand the Indo-Pakistani War of1971. India's nuclear tests of 1998 resulted in Pakistan's conducting of its own tests andbecoming the only declared Muslim nuclear power. Pakistan maintains close economic,military and political relationships with the People's Republic of China.

Provinces and territories

Main article: Subdivisions of Pakistan

Pakistan is officially a federation[21] of four provinces, a capital territory and federallyadministered tribal areas. Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western partsof the Kashmir region, organised as two separate political entities (Azad Kashmir andNorthern Areas), which are also claimed by India. In 2001 the federal governmentabolished the third tier of government (administrative divisions) in favour of the formerfourth tier districts. The provinces and the capital territory are subdivided into a total of

107 districts which contain numerous tehsils and local governments. The tribal areascomprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouringdistricts whilst Azad Kashmir comprises seven districts and Northern Areas comprisessix districts.

Provinces:

1. Balochistan2. North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)3. Punjab4. Sindh

Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered TribalAreas[22] (PATA) which are being developed into regular districts.

Territories:

5. Islamabad Capital Territory6. Federally Administered Tribal Areas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-mostallied%23_note-mostalliedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_India_and_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declared_nuclear_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-federation%23_note-federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincially_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincially_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pata%23_note-patahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pata%23_note-patahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-mostallied%23_note-mostalliedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_India_and_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declared_nuclear_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-federation%23_note-federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincially_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincially_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pata%23_note-patahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas


7/13

Pakistani-administered portions of the Kashmir region:

7. Azad Kashmir[23]8. Northern Areas[23]

[edit]

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Pakistan

The world's second-highest mountain, K2

Pakistan covers 880,254 square kilometres (340,022 square miles), approximately thecombined land areas of France and the United Kingdom, with its eastern regions locatedon the Indian tectonic plate and the western and northern regions on the Iranian plateauand Eurasian landplate. Apart from the 1,046 kilometre (650 mi) Arabian Sea coastline,

Pakistan's land borders total 6,774 kilometres2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan tothe northwest, 523 km (325 mi) with China to the northeast, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) withIndia to the east and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran to the southwest.

The different types of natural features range from the sandy beaches, lagoons, andmangrove swamps of the southern coast to preserved moist temperate forests and the icypeaks of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains in the north. Many of themountains, including K2 and Nanga Parbat (in Pakistan occupied Kashmir) are over7,000 metres (23,000 ft) high and covered in snow and glaciers. Linking the two areasand running the length of the country is the Indus Riverand its many tributaries. To thewest of the Indus are the dry, hilly deserts of Balochistan; to the east are the rolling sand

dunes of the Thar Desert. Most areas of Punjab and parts of Sindh are fertile plains whereagriculture is of great importance.

The climate varies as much as the scenery with very cold winters and hot summers in thenorth and a mild maritime-influenced climate in the south. The central parts haveextremely hot summers with temperatures rising to 45 C (113 F), followed by very coldwinters, often falling below freezing. There is very little rainfall ranging from less than250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9.849.2 in), mostly brought by theunreliable south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer. Water shortages havebeen eased by the construction of dams on the rivers and the sinking of water wells inmany drier areas.

Flora and fauna

The Valley ofHunza in Pakistan. Agricultural and scenic

The wide variety of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of wildanimals and birds. The forests range from coniferousalpine and subalpine trees such asspruce, pine, and deodar cedarin the northern mountains to deciduous trees such as the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pok%23_note-pokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pok%23_note-pokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pok%23_note-pokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_landplatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_occupied_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalpinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodar_cedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:K2_8611.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pok%23_note-pokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-pok%23_note-pokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_landplatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_occupied_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalpinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodar_cedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous


8/13

mulberry-type shisham in the Sulaiman range in the south. The western hills havejuniperand tamariskas well as coarse grasses and scrub plants. Along the coast are mangroveforests which form much of the coastal wetlands.

In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of the Indus River

whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer, porcupines, and small rodents. Inthe sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are found jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers,and leopards while the clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles. In thenorthern mountains are a variety of endangered animals including Marco Polo sheep,Urial sheep, Markhor and Ibex goats, black and brown Himalayan bears, and the veryrare Snow Leopard. Another rare species is the blind Indus River Dolphin of which thereare believed to be about 1,000 remaining, protected in two major sanctuaries. In recentyears the number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading led to a new lawbanning the hunting of wild animals and birds and the establishment of several wildlifesanctuaries and game reserves.[24]

Economy

Main article:Economy of Pakistan

View of Shahrah-e-Faisal, heart of the financial district ofKarachi

Pakistan is a rapidly developing country which has faced a number of challenges on thepolitical and economic fronts. Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan'seconomic growth rate was better than the global average during the subsequent fourdecades, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s. [25] Recently, wide-ranging economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic outlook and acceleratedgrowth especially in the manufacturing and financial servicessectors. There has been a

great improvement in the foreign exchangeposition and a rapid growth in hard currencyreserves in recent years. The 2005 estimate of foreign debt was close to US$40 billion.However, this has decreased in recent years with assistance from the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) and debt-relief from the United States.[26] Pakistan's gross domesticproduct (GDP) in 2005 was estimated at US$385.2 billion and its per capita GDP wasUS$2,400. In the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2005, Pakistan's GDP growth rate was8.4%, the second-highest after China, among the ten most populous countries in theworld.[27] The growth of non-agricultural sectors has changed the structure of theeconomy, and agriculture now only accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP. The servicesector accounts for 53% of the country's GDP with wholesale and retail trade forming30% of this sector.

Demographics

Main article:Demographics of Pakistan

Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan and surrounding areas, 1980
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamariskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_black_bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Leopardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River_Dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-wildlife%23_note-wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-econ_1990s%23_note-econ_1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-cia_econ%23_note-cia_econhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-growth%23_note-growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pakistan_ethnic_80.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KarachiFinancial.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamariskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_black_bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Leopardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River_Dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-wildlife%23_note-wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-econ_1990s%23_note-econ_1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-cia_econ%23_note-cia_econhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-growth%23_note-growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan


9/13

Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, more than Russia, but less than Brazil;because of Pakistan's high growth rate, it is expected to surpass Brazil in population inthe year 2020. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of theapparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies betweenvarious surveys related to fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in

1980s.[28]

The population was estimated at 162,400,000[29]

on July 1, 2005, with a fertilityrate of 34 per thousand, a death rate of 10 per thousand and the rate of natural increasewas 2.4%. Pakistan also had a high infant mortality rate of 85 per thousand births.

Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan but English is the officiallanguage used in the Constitution and widely used by corporate businesses, the educatedurban elite and most universities. The population comprises several main ethnic groups,most of whom speak mutually intelligible regional Indo-Iranian languages - Punjabis(44.15% of the population), Pakhtuns (15.42%), Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (10.53%),Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%) and others (4.66%).

Census data

[30]

indicates that 96% of the population are Muslims of whom nearly 80% areSunni Muslims and 20% are Shi'a Muslims. The non-Muslim population mainlycomprises of Christians (1.6% of the population) and Hindus (1.6%), Ahmadis,Buddhists, Jews, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, and Animists (mainly the Kalash in Chitral). Thedemographics of Pakistan were significantly influenced in 1947 by the movement ofMuslims to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs to India. More recently about four millionrefugees have settled permanently in Pakistan as a result of the wars in Afghanistan, butthe census does not yet include them in official figures.

Society and culture

Main article: Culture of PakistanKing Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, one of the largest in the world.

Shalimar Gardens ofLahore.

Pakistan has a rich and unique culture that has preserved established traditions throughouthistory. Prior to the Islamic invasion, many Punjabis and Sindhis were Hindu andBuddhist but this changed during the expansion of Islam by the Ummayad GeneralMuhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni and others. Many cultural practices, foods,monuments, and shrines were inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan

emperors including the national dress ofshalwar kameez. Women wear brightly colouredshalwar kameez, while men often wear solid-coloured shalwar kameez, usually with asherwani (coat) that goes over the shalwar kameez.

The rich variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music andtraditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditionaland western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by therenowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Other major Ghazal singers include Mehdi Hassan,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-population%23_note-populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-population%23_note-populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-prb%23_note-prbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraikishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-census%23_note-censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi'a_Muslimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faisal_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad%2C_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummayadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghaznihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hassanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-South_wall_pavilion_with_fountains.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Faisal.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-population%23_note-populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-prb%23_note-prbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraikishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-census%23_note-censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi'a_Muslimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faisal_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad%2C_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummayadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghaznihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hassan


10/13

Ghulam Ali, Farida Khanum, Abida Parveen and Iqbal Bano. The arrival of Afghanrefugees in the western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and establishedPeshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution centre for Afghan musicabroad. Until the 1990s, the state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) andPakistan Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Pakistan) were the dominant media outlets,

but there are now numerous private television channels such as Geo TV, Indus TV,Mashriq, Hum and ARY with a strong focus on plays or soap operas - some of themcritically acclaimed. Various American, European, and Asian television channels andmovies are available to a majority of the population via cable and satellite television.There are also small indigenous movie industries based in Lahore and Peshawar (oftenreferred to as Lollywood and Pollywood). Although Bollywood movies are banned,pirated discs are easily available, so Indian film stars are popular in Pakistan as well.

Pakistani society is largely multilingual and predominantly Muslim, with high regard fortraditional family values, although urban families have grown into a nuclear familysystem due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family

system. Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi,Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Sukkurand Peshawarthat wish to move in aliberal and secular direction,[31] as opposed to the northwestern regions borderingAfghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regionaltribal customs. Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture"with Pakistan ranking 46th on the Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[32] There are anapproximated four million Pakistanis living abroad,[33] with close to a half-millionexpatriates living in the United States[34] and around a million living in Saudi Arabia.[35]

Tourism is a growing industry in Pakistan based on the diverse cultures, peoples andlandscapes ranging from ancient ruins such as Mohenjodaro, Harappa and Taxila to the

Himalayan hill stations that attract those interested in field sports, winter sports andmountaineering[36], which attracts adventurers from the around the world, especially toK2. The northern parts of Pakistan have many old fortresses, towers and otherarchitecture as well as the Hunza and Chitral valleys, the latter being home to the smallpre-Islamic animistKalasha community who claim descent from the army of Alexanderthe Great. Punjab is the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and historicLahore, Pakistan's cultural capital with many examples of Mughal architecture such asthe Badshahi Masjid and the Shalimar Gardens.

Holidays

Main article:Holidays in Pakistan

17th CenturyBadshahi Masjid ofAurangzeb in Lahore is the place where thousands ofMuslims gather each Friday and on Islamic observances to worship.

There are many holidays and festivals celebrated annually in Pakistan. While Pakistan isan Islamic nation, there are also several secular holidays including Pakistan Day ( March23), Independence Day (August 14), Defence of Pakistan Day (September 6), theanniversaries of the birth (December 25) and death (September 11) of Quaid-e-Azam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_Khanumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abida_Parveenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Banohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_TV_and_radio_Channelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARY_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-secular_middle%23_note-secular_middlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Areas_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-globalization%23_note-globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats%23_note-expatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats%23_note-expatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats_us%23_note-expats_ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats_saudi%23_note-expats_saudihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjodarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-mountains%23_note-mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Night_view_of_Badshahi_Mosque.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_Khanumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abida_Parveenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Banohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_TV_and_radio_Channelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARY_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-secular_middle%23_note-secular_middlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Areas_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-globalization%23_note-globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats%23_note-expatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats_us%23_note-expats_ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-expats_saudi%23_note-expats_saudihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjodarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-mountains%23_note-mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11


11/13

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Allama Iqbal Day (November 9). Labour Day (also knownas May Day) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1.

Several important festivals are celebrated by Pakistani Muslims during the year,dependent on moon sightings. Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, is

characterised by daytime fasting for 29 or 30 days and is followed by the festival of Eidul-Fitr. In a second festival, Eid ul-Adha, an animal is sacrificed in remembrance of theactions ofAbraham and the meat is shared with friends, family, and the less fortunate.Both Eid festivals are public holidays, when people visit family and friends, and childrenreceive new clothes, presents, and sweets. Some sects celebrate the birthday of theprophet Muhammad in the third Islamic month (Rabi' al-Awwal) with Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi. Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians of Pakistan also celebrate their ownfestivals and saints' days. Sikhs come from across the world to visit several holy sitesincluding the shrine of Guru Nanak at Hassan Abdal in the Attock District, and thebirthplace of Guru Nanak at Nankana Sahib. There are also several regional and localfestivals, such as the Punjabi festival ofBasant, which marks the start of spring and is

celebrated by kite flying.

Sports

The Rawalpindi cricket stadiumMain article: Sports In Pakistan

The official sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although cricket and squash are alsopopular. The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (1992) and co-hosted the games twice (1987 and 1996). The team has also won the Australasia Cup in1986, 1990, and 1994. At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the

Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. At the2006 Winter Olympics, Pakistan sent two participants in alpine skiing to the WinterOlympics for the first time. Hockey is the sport that Pakistan has been most successful atthe Olympiads, with three gold medals (1960, 1968, 1984). Pakistan has also won theHockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[37] Pakistan has also hostedseveral international competitions, including the South Asian Federation Games in 1989and 2004. A1 Grand Prix racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a Pakistaniteam in the 2005 season. The Tour de Pakistan, modelled after the Tour de France, is anannual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan.

See also

Topics related to PakistanHistory

14 Points of Jinnah, Achaemenid dynasty, Alexander the Great, Anglo-Afghan wars,Anglo-Sikh wars, Ashoka the Great, Babur, Baghdad Pact, Bangladesh Liberation War,Caliph, Delhi Sultanate, Durrani Empire, Ghaznavid Empire, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Adhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi'_al-Awwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_al-Nabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_al-Nabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankana_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_In_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_In_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crickethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-hockey%23_note-hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah#Fourteen_Points_of_Mr_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Adhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi'_al-Awwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_al-Nabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_al-Nabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankana_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_In_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crickethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#_note-hockey%23_note-hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah#Fourteen_Points_of_Mr_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom


12/13

Greco-Buddhism, History of Baluchistan, Independence, Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indus Valley Civilization, Islamicempires in India,Khalji, Kushan Empire, Lahore Resolution,Lodhi, Mahmud Ghaznavi,Mauryan Empire, Menander I, Mughal Empire, Muhammad bin Qasim, Muhammad ofGhor, Muslim League, Nadir Shah, Partition of India, Pashtuns, Qutb-ud-din Aybak,

Ranjit Singh, Sayyid, Solanki, Vedic civilization, Waziristan conflict.

Politics

Chief Justices, Constitution, Demographics, Districts, Government of Sindh, Governmentof Balochistan, Elections,Flag, Foreign Relations,Government,Jirga, Line of Successionto President, Political parties, Mayors, National Assembly, Senate, Parliament, President,Prime Minister, Subdivisions, Supreme Court, Terrorism.

Geography

Arabian Sea, Baltoro Glacier, Baroghil, Broghol, Clifton beach, Demographics, DorahPass, Durand line, Guddu Barrage, Gumal Pass, Hawk's Bay, Himalayas, Indus River,Indian Ocean, Indo-Gangetic plain, Indus River Delta, Indus Water Treaty, K2, KalabaghDam, Karakoram, Khyber Pass, Lowarai Pass, Lowari, Cities, Mountains, Mazar-e-Quaid,National Parks,Nanga Parbat, Rann of Kutch, Salt Range, Sandspit Beach, SarpoLaggo Glacier, Shandur, Siachen Glacier,Sukkur barrage.

Economy

Airblue, Airlines of Pakistan, Communications, Islamabad Stock Exchange, KarachiStock Exchange, Lahore Stock Exchange, Companies, Low cost housing, Pakistan

International Airlines, Railways, Pakistani rupee,Port of Karachi,Port Qasim, Transport.

Culture

A1 Grand Prix, A1 Team Pakistan,Basant, Chand Raat, Cuisine, Holidays, Islam, KaraFilm Festival, Languages, Musicians, TV and radio Channels, Lollywood, Murree Beer,Music, Pakistani black metal, Literature, Pollywood, Religion, Sari, Sherwani, Sports,Sufi rock.

Education

Lahore Museum, Universities.National Library of Pakistan, Literature,Poetry.

Other

2004 in Pakistan, Inter-Services Intelligence, List of Pakistanis, Military, Pakistan AirForce.

Categories
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Baluchistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_empires_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_empires_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaljihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Ghaznavihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryan_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb-ud-din_Aybakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justices_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sindhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Balochistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Balochistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirgahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Succession_to_President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Succession_to_President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors_of_Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltoro_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroghilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_beachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorah_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorah_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guddu_Barragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumal_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bay_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Water_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabagh_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabagh_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowarai_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cities_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rann_of_Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandspit_Beachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpo_Laggo_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpo_Laggo_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur_barragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlines_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_cost_housing_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Qasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Team_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Raathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia

Date post:	30-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	aamir-hussain
View:	226 times
Download:	0 times

Pakistan Wikipedia

Documents