Ships - Wikipedia

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ShipFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,searchFor other uses, see Ship (disambiguation).

Italianfull-rigged shipAmerigo Vespucci inNew York Harbor, 1976

Since the end of the age of sail[vague] a ship has been any largebuoyantwatercraft. Ships aregenerally distinguished fromboatsbased on size andcargoor passenger capacity. Ships are usedon lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people orgoods,fishing,entertainment,public safety, and warfare. Historically, a "ship" was a vessel with sailsrigged in a specific manner.

Ships and boats have developed alongside mankind. In armed conflict and in daily life they havebecome an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by

millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels for combat and totransport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[1]

Ships were a key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development.Navigators such as Zheng Hespread such inventions as the compass and gunpowder. Ships havebeen used for such purposes as colonization and theslave trade, and have served scientific,cultural, and humanitarian needs. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from and tothe Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world's populationgrowth.[2] Maritime transport has shaped the world's economy into today's energy-intensivepattern.

Contents

1 Nomenclature 2 History

o 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
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o 2.2 Renaissance

o 2.3 Specialization and modernization

o 2.4 Today

3 Types of ships

o 3.1 Commercial vessels

o 3.2 Naval vessels

o 3.3 Fishing vessels

o 3.4 Weather vessels

o 3.5 Inland and coastal boats

4 Architecture

o 4.1 Hull

o 4.2 Propulsion systems

o 4.3 Steering systems

o 4.4 Holds, compartments, and the superstructure

o 4.5 Equipment

5 Design considerations

o 5.1 Hydrostatics

o 5.2 Hydrodynamics

6 Lifecycle

o 6.1 Design

o 6.2 Construction

o 6.3 Repair and conversion

o 6.4 End of service

7 Measuring ships

8 Ship pollution

o 8.1 Oil spills
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o 8.2 Ballast water

o 8.3 Exhaust emissions

o 8.4 Ship breaking

9 Buoyancy

10 See also

11 Notes

12 References

13 External links

Nomenclature

Main parts of ship. 1: SmokestackorFunnel; 2: Stern; 3: PropellerandRudder; 4:Portside (theright side is known as starboard); 5: Anchor; 6: Bulbous bow; 7: Bow; 8:Deck; 9:SuperstructureFor more details on this topic, see Glossary of nautical terms.

Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship's ability to operateindependently for extended periods.[3] A commonly used rule of thumb is that if one vessel cancarry another, the larger of the two is a ship. [4]Dinghies are carried on sailing yachtsas small as35 feet (10.67 m), clearly not ships; this rule of thumb is not foolproof.

In the age of sail, a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a fullbowsprit; other types of vessel were also defined by theirsailplan, e.g.barque,brigantine, etc.

A number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Submarines are a prime example.[5]Other types of large vessel which are traditionally called boats are the Great Lakes freighter, theriverboat, and the ferryboat.[citation needed] Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavycargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters.
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In most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a shipclassoften named after its first ship. In English, a ship is traditionally referred to as "she", even ifnamed after a man, but this is not universal usage; some journalistic style guides advise using"it",[6] others advise "she" and "her".[7][8]

History

Further information: Maritime history

Prehistory and antiquity

A raftis among the simplest boat designs.

The first known vessels date back to theNeolithic Period, about 10,000 years ago, but could notbe described as ships. The first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails.Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat, these sails gave early ships range. This allowedmen to explore widely, allowing, for example the settlement ofOceania about 3,000 years ago.

By around 3000 BC,Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull.[9]

They used woven straps to lash the planks together,[9]

and reeds orgrass stuffed between theplanks helped to seal the seams.[9][10] TheGreekhistorian and geographerAgatharchides haddocumented ship-faring among the earlyEgyptians: "During the prosperous period of the OldKingdom, between the 30thand25th centuries B. C., theriver-routes were kept in order, and

Egyptian ships sailed theRed Sea as far as the myrrh-country."[11]Sneferu's ancient cedar woodship Praise of the Two Landsis the first reference recorded (2613 BCE) to a ship being referred toby name.[12]

The ancient Egyptianswere perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of theirshipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot ofthe Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954.

It is known that ancientNubia/Axum traded with India, and there is evidence that ships fromNortheast Africa may have sailed back and forth between India/Sri Lanka and Nubia tradinggoods and even to Persia, Himyar and Rome.[13]Aksumwas known by the Greeksfor havingseaports for ships from Greece andYemen.[14]

Elsewhere in Northeast Africa, the Periplus of the Red Sea reports that Somalis, through theirnorthern ports such as Zeilaand Berbera, were trading frankincenseand other items with the
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i/Sneferuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_of_the_Two_Lands_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Gizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense


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inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula well before the arrival ofIslam as well as with then Roman-controlled Egypt.[15]

A panel found at Mohenjodaro, depicted a sailing craft. Vessels were of many types Theirconstruction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on shipbuilding.

This treatise gives a technical exposition on the techniques of shipbuilding. It sets forth minutedetails about the various types of ships, their sizes, and the materials from which they were built.The Yukti Kalpa Taru sums up in a condensed form all the available information. The YuktiKalpa Taru gives sufficient information and dates to prove that, in ancient times, Indianshipbuilders had a good knowledge of the materials which were used in building ships. Inaddition to describing the qualities of the different types of wood and their suitability forshipbuilding, the Yukti Kalpa Taru gives an elaborate classification of ships based on their size.

By about 2000 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete had evolved into a naval power exercisingeffective control of the sea in the eastern Mediterranean.[16]

The Phoenicians, the first to sail completely around Africa, and Greeksgradually masterednavigation at sea aboard triremes, exploring and colonizing the Mediterraneanvia ship. Around340 BC, the GreeknavigatorPytheas of Massaliaventured from Greece to Western Europe andGreat Britain.[17] In the course of the 2nd century BC, Rome went on to destroy Carthageandsubdue the Hellenistic kingdoms of the eastern Mediterranean, achieving complete mastery ofthe inland sea, that they calledMare Nostrum. The monsoonwind system of the Indian Oceanwas first sailed by Greek navigatorEudoxus of Cyzicusin 118 BC.[18]With 300 Greek ships ayear sailing betweenRoman Empire and India, the annual trade may have reached 300,000 tons.[19]

In China, by the time of the Zhou Dynasty ship technologies such as stern mountedrudders were

developed, and by the Han Dynasty, a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military.Ship technology advanced to the point where by the medieval period, water tight compartmentswere developed.

Roman trirememosaic from Carthage, Bardo Museum,Tunis.

The Swahili peoplehad various extensive trading ports dotting the coast of medieval East Africaand Great Zimbabwehad extensive trading contacts withCentral Africa, and likely also importedgoods brought to Africa through the Southeast African shore trade ofKilwa in modern-dayTanzania.[20]
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It is known by historians that at its height the Mali Empirebuilt a large naval fleet underEmperorMansa Musa in the late 13th and early 14th century.[21] Arabic sources describe whatsome consider to be visits to the New World by a Mali fleet in 1311.[22]

The Battle of Lepanto, 1571, naval engagement between allied Christian forces and theOttomanTurks.

Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigationat sea. In China, early versions of the magnetic compass were being developed and used innavigation between 1040 and 1117.[23] The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a

dry box, was developed in Europe no later than 1300.[24][25]

Renaissance

Until the Renaissance, navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absenceof technology did not prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples includethe maritime republics ofGenoaandVenice,Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy. TheVikings used theirknarrs to exploreNorth America, trade in theBaltic Sea and plunder many ofthe coastal regions of Western Europe.

A replica of the carrackSanta Mara ofChristopher Columbus

Towards the end of the 14th century, ships like the carrackbegan to develop towers on the bowand stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the 15th century, the caravel,designed by the Portuguese, based on the Arabic qarib which could sail closer to the wind,became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by theforecastle andsterncastle,
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as in the carrackSanta Mara ofChristopher Columbus. This increased freeboardallowedanother innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it.

A Japanese atakebune from the 16th century

In the 16th century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on galleons. TheEnglish modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness oftheir doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the Spanish Armada.

At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. Japan useddefensive naval techniques in the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1281. It is likely that theMongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques.During the 15th century, China'sMing Dynasty assembled one of the largest and most powerfulnaval fleet in the world for the diplomatic and power projection voyages ofZheng He. Elsewherein Japan in the 15th century, one of the world's first iron-clads, "Tekksen" (), literallymeaning "iron ships",[26] was also developed. In Japan, during the Sengoku era from the fifteenthto 17th century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets ofseveral hundred boats, including theatakebune.

Model of a medieval Mogadishan ship.

During the Age of the Ajuuraan, theSomalisultanates and republicsofMerca, Mogadishu,Barawa, Hobyoand their respective ports flourished, enjoying a lucrative foreign commerce withships sailing to and coming from Arabia,India, Venetia,[27]Persia,Egypt, Portugal and as faraway as China. In the 16th century, Duarte Barbosa noted that many ships from the Kingdom ofCambayain what is modern-day India sailed to Mogadishu with clothandspices, for which theyin return received gold, wax and ivory. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance ofmeat,wheat,barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for themerchants.[28]
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Middle Age Swahili Kingdomsare known to have had trade port islands and trade routes [29] withthe Islamic world and Asia and were described by Greek historians as "metropolises". [30] FamousAfrican trade ports such asMombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa[31] were known to Chinese sailorssuch as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as the Berber Islamic voyagerAbuAbdullah ibn Battua.[32] In the 14th century CE King Abubakari I, the brother of King Mansa

Musa of the Mali Empireis thought to have had a great armada of ships sitting on the coast ofWest Africa.[33] This is corroborated by ibn Battuta himself who recalls several hundred Malianships off the coast.[34] This has led to great speculation, with historical evidence, that it is possiblethat Malian sailors may have reached the coast ofPre-Columbian America under the rule ofAbubakari II, nearly two hundred years before Christopher Columbus[35] and thatblack tradersmay have been in the Americas before Columbus.[36]

Replica of MagellansVictoria. Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition that circumnavigatedthe globe in 1519-1522.

Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigatorZheng He traveled the world at thehead of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were 130metres (430 ft) long and had a beam of 55 metres (180 ft). His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard

70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.

The carrackand then thecaravelwere developed in Iberia. After Columbus, Europeanexploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. [37] In 1498, byreaching India, Vasco da Gama proved that the access to theIndian Ocean from the Atlantic waspossible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by France,England and theNetherlands, who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into thePacific Ocean, reaching Australiain 1606 andNew Zealandin 1642.[38]A major sea power, theDutch in 1650 owned 16,000 merchant ships.[39] In the 17th century Dutch explorers such asAbelTasman explored the coasts of Australia, while in the 18th century it was British explorerJamesCookwho mapped much ofPolynesia.

Specialization and modernization
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i/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia


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The British HMS Sandwich fires at the French flagshipBucentaure (completely dismasted) at thebattle ofTrafalgar(1805). TheBucentaure also fights HMS Victory (behind her) andHMSTemeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar, it's amistake from Auguste Mayer, the painter.[40]

Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade alsodeveloped in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastalendeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals with little other money using small boats.

Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financialresources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath, contended with therailway up to and past the early days of the industrial revolution. Flat-bottomed and flexiblescow boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, self-financed by the commercial benefits of exploration.

During the first half of the 18th century, the French Navy began to develop a new type of vesselknown as a ship of the line, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backboneof all European fighting fleets. These ships were 56 metres (184 ft) long and their constructionrequired 2,800 oak trees and 40 kilometres (25 mi) of rope; they carried a crew of about 800

sailors and soldiers.

RMS Titanic departs from Southampton. Her sinking would tighten safety regulations

During the 19th century the Royal Navyenforced a ban on theslave trade, acted to suppresspiracy, and continued to map the world. A clipperwas a very fast sailing ship of the 19thcentury. The clipper route fell into commercial disuse with the introduction ofsteam ships, andthe opening of the Suez and Panama Canals.

Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late 19th century. The industrial revolution, newmechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered anexplosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long
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running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrialpowers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely newfunctions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.

In light of this, classification of vessels by type or function can be difficult. Even using very

broad functional classifications such as fishery, trade, military, and exploration fails to classifymost of the old ships. This difficulty is increased by the fact that the terms such as sloop andfrigate are used by old and new ships alike, and often the modern vessels sometimes have little incommon with their predecessors.

Today

The Colombo Express, one of the largest container ships in the world, owned and operated byHapag-Lloyd ofGermany

In 2007, the world's fleet included 34,882 commercial vessels with gross tonnage of more than1,000 tons,[41] totaling 1.04 billion tons.[1] These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2006, asum that grew by 8% over the previous year. [1] In terms of tonnage, 39% of these ships aretankers, 26% arebulk carriers, 17%container ships and 15% wereother types.[1]

In 2002, there were 1,240 warships operating in the world, not counting small vessels such aspatrol boats. The United Statesaccounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, Russia1.35million tons, the United Kingdom 504,660 tons and China 402,830 tons. The 20th century sawmany naval engagements during the two world wars, theCold War, and the rise to power ofnaval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power incases such as the United Kingdom in the Falkland Islands and the United StatesinIraq.

The size of the world's fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are countedas commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion.Fishing vessels can be found in most seasidevillages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizationestimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.[42] The same study estimated thatthe world's 29 million fishermen[43] caught 85,800,000 tonnes (84,400,000 long tons;94,600,000 short tons) of fish and shellfish that year.[44]

Types of ships

See also: List of types of naval vessels and List of boat types

Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base classification on.One classification is based on propulsion; with ships categorised as a sailing ship, asteamship, ora motorship. Sailing ships are propelled solely by means of sails. Steamships are propelled by
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steam engines. Motorships use internal combustion engines; they include ships propelled by acombination of sail and internal combustion.

Ships can also be classified by other criteria such as:

The number of hulls: monohull, catamaran, trimaran. The shape, size, and function, giving categories such as dinghy, keelboat, and icebreaker.

The hull material: steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic.

The type of propulsion system used, giving human-propelled (e.g., historical triremes),mechanical, and sails.

The epoch in which the vessel was used, triremes of Ancient Greece, ships of the line ofbattle in the 18th century.

The geographic origin of the vessel; many vessels are associated with a particular region,

such as thepinnace of Northern Europe, thegondolas ofVenice, and thejunks of China. The manufacturer, series, or class.

Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet andPresles.[45] This system includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craftand competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories,and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside thesecategories.

Commercial vessels

Main article: Commercial vessel

Two modern container ships in San Francisco

Commercial vessels ormerchant ships can be divided into three broad categories:cargo ships,passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.[46] Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Drycargo can be transported in bulk bybulk carriers, packed directly onto a general cargo ship inbreak-bulk, packed in intermodal containers as aboard acontainer ship, or driven aboard as inroll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such asoil tankerswhich may include both crude and finished products of oil, chemical tankerswhich may also
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carry vegetable oils other than chemicals andLPG/LNG tankers, although smaller shipmentsmay be carried on container ships in tank containers.

Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to very large cruise ships. This type ofvessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which

carry passengers from one place to another; andcruise ships, which carry passengers on voyagesundertaken for pleasure, visiting several places and with leisure activities on board, oftenreturning them to the port of embarkation.

Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but for other tasks. Examples includetugboats,pilot boats,rescue boats,cable ships,research vessels,survey vessels, andicebreakers.

Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity. [citation needed] Hulls areusually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on thesmallest service vessels.[citation needed] Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by acaptain, with deck officersand marine engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often

have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboardresearch vessels.Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by adiesel or, lessusually, gas turbine engine.[citation needed] The fastest vessels may usepump-jet engines.[citation needed]

Naval vessels

Main article:Naval ship

American aircraft carrierHarry S. Truman and a replenishment ship

Naval vessels are those used by a navyformilitarypurposes. There have been many types ofnaval vessel. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: surface warships,submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels.

Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: aircraft carriers,cruisers,destroyers,frigates,corvettes,submarinesandamphibious assault ships. The distinction betweencruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes is not rigorous; the same vessel may be describeddifferently in different navies. Battleshipswere used during theSecond World Warandoccasionally since then (the last battleships were removed from the U.S. Naval Vessel Registerin March 2006), but were made obsolete by the use of carrier-borne aircraft and guided missiles.[47]
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Most military submarines are eitherattack submarines orballistic missile submarines. Until theend ofWorld War II the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare,inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With thedevelopment of the homing torpedo, bettersonarsystems, andnuclear propulsion, submarinesalso became able to effectively hunt each other. The development ofsubmarine-launched nuclear

and cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land andsea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombstonuclear weapons.

Most naviesalso include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as minesweepers,patrol boats,offshore patrol vessels,replenishment ships, and hospital ships which aredesignated medical treatment facilities.[48]

Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speedand maneuverability.[49] They also usually have advanced electronics and communicationsystems, as well as weapons.

Fishing vessels

Main article: Fishing vessels

TheAlbatun Dos, a tuna boat at work nearVictoria, Seychelles

Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subjectto different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria:architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, andtechnical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishing fleet consisted of some 4million vessels.[42]Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the restwere open vessels.[42]Most decked vessels were mechanized, but two-thirds of the open vesselswere traditional craft propelled by sails and oars.[42]More than 60% of all existing large fishingvessels[50] were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of

America.[51]

Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than 30 meters (98 ft) but up to 100 metres(330 ft) for a large tuna orwhaling ship. Aboard a fish processing vessel, the catch can be madeready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels havespecial gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, andtuna seiners have skiffs.
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In 2004, 85,800,000 tonnes (84,400,000long tons; 94,600,000 short tons) of fish were caught inthe marine capture fishery.[52]Anchovetarepresented the largest single catch at 10,700,000tonnes (10,500,000 long tons; 11,800,000 short tons).[52] That year, the top ten marine capturespecies also included Alaska pollock,Blue whiting, Skipjack tuna,Atlantic herring, Chubmackerel, Japanese anchovy,Chilean jack mackerel,Largehead hairtail, andYellowfin tuna.[52]

Other species including salmon, shrimp,lobster, clams, squid and crab, are also commerciallyfished.

Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by nets, such aspurse seine,beach seine, lift nets, gillnets, or entangling nets. Another istrawling, includingbottom trawl.Hooks and lines are used in methods like long-line fishing and hand-line fishing. Anothermethod is the use offishing trap.

Weather vessels

Main article: Weather ship

The weather ship MSPolarfront at sea.

A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper airmeteorological observations for use in marine weather forecasting. Surface weather observationswere taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily.[53]It was also meant to aid insearch and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights.[53][54] Proposed as early as 1927by the aviationcommunity,[55] the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful duringWorld War IIthat the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a globalnetwork of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the United States. [54] This numberwas eventually negotiated down to nine.[56]

Their crews were normally out to sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10 day

stretches.[53]

Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as theydid not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons.[57]They were alsohelpful in monitoring storms at sea, such astropical cyclones.[58] The removal of a weather shipbecame a negative factor in forecasts leading up to the Great Storm of 1987.[59] Beginning in the1970s, their role became largely superseded byweather buoysdue to the ships' significant cost.[60] The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. Thelast weather ship wasPolarfront, known as weather station M ("Mike"), which was put out of
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operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of voluntarymerchant vessels in routine commercial operation.

Inland and coastal boats

See also: Riverboatand Barge

Passenger ship ofKln-Dsseldorferon the riverRhine

Many types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are thevessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals.

Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Flat-bottomed boats built to transport heavygoods, most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing ortowboatspushing them. Barges towed along canals by draft animals on an adjacenttowpathcontendedwith the railway in the early industrial revolution but were out competedin the carriage of highvalue items because of the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility ofrail transport.

Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in thechallenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually havevarying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards.Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating

or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats.Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with alow freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as theydo not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, oroceans.

Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is the SSEdmund Fitzgerald, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. Thesevessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties."Because of their additionalbeam, very large salties are never seen inland of theSaint LawrenceSeaway. Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can

pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft,salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited theSeaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan,Huron, Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canalthat bypasses theNiagara River.
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