I >

HOW TO UTiUZE WASTE HEAT FROM CHIMNEYS

and Establi'iJt a System of Wanning and Ventil¬

ation lasrd upon Sound Philosoyhj and

E O O N O M Y .

11^11

4 .

WILL SAVE %

ONE HALF YOUR FUEL

Besides Giving Perfect Ventilation,

AIT ENTIRELY NE'W FEATURE.

ONE OF THE MOST

Practical Inventions f! Age.

„*r L. G. QUACKENROSS,

1 MI HDI

HOW TO UTILIZE WASTE HEAT FROM CHIMNEYS

and Establish a System of Warming and Ventil¬

ation lased upon Sound Philosophy and

ECOIM OM Y.

^ %

ONE H ALF YOUR FUEL

Besides Givipg Perfect Ventilation,

AN ENTISELY 1TSW FEATURE.

ONE OF THE MOST

PRACTICAL INVENTIONS OP TBE AGE.

£. B. SIL VEIt, Patentee, Clex EL A Nl>, ®.

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S. Barker's Peint, 35 Superior St., Clevelane, 0.

SI Xj "VIEIR/'S

Combined Chimney and Ventilator

Solves the Great Problem of Utilizing Waste Heat from Chimneys, and Establishing a

Perfect System of Ventilation.

The advent of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator will mark a new era in the saving of fuel, and the science of warm¬ ing and ventilating dwellings and public buildings. It is a perfect revolution in these two most important features, in which every man, woman and child are vitally interested. Careful investigation has developed the startling fact, that in the ordinary mode of warm¬ ing our dwellings and public buildings with furnaces, stoves and grates, two-thirds of the fuel is wasted, the heat being drawn up through our smoke pipes and chimneys. What a fearful waste this two-thirds represents. Impoverishing ournational resources; money worse than thrown away—filling the atmosphere with carbonic acid and other impurities, and disfiguring our dwellings and edifices with soot.

We in common with many others have long been convinced that a large per cent, of heat was lost through our chimneys, but never fully realized the alarming extent of this waste, until a few years since when in conversation with a scientifie gentleman from another State, the subject of economizing the use of fuel,

FT Goo Jl'Z

4

was brought up, and he remarked: "that two tons of coal out of every three burned, were thrown out at the tops of chimneys, only one ton being utilized." At first we thought the statement incred¬ ible, but he assured us that scientific tests had demonstrated the fact beyond a doubt.

From that time we took steps to satisfy ourselves upon this important subject, and the more we investigated the more we be¬ came convinced that our friend had underestimated the loss. We therefore applied ourselves earnestly to see if there could not be some device invented that would prevent this terrible waste, and as a result of many years of anxious thought, much experimenting and expenditure of money, we have produced the Combined Chim¬ ney and Ventilator, which is pronounced by those that have witnessed its practical working, a Perfect Triumph for what it was intended, and is unquestionably the most scientific Ventilator ever invented.

It is a fact worthy of remark and astonishment that so many intelligent people give so little attention to the subjec of ventilation, while many suffer every day in consequence of bad ventilation, and attribute it to other causes. 1

. No room can be scientifically warmed and ventilated without an inlet and an outlet, and as cold and foul air will descend by their own laws to the lower part of the room, the outlet should be at the floor and the inlet at the upper part of the room, as shown in drawings Figures 2 and 3, Fig. 1 represents the chimney complete,, with grate attached, r. r. representing registers. A stop above the upper register prevents the escape and loss of the heated air that is caused by radiation behind the grate, and around the tubu¬ lar pipe.

Stoves can be substituted for grates when desired, by inserting the pipe of stove low down into the Combined Chimney and Ventil¬ ator, when the result from the tubular pipe will be about the same as when a grate is used ; but the ventilation column, as shown on> the right of Fig. 3, must extend to the floor of the first story, in, order to carry off the cold, impure air.

5

The facts upon which effective ventilation is based^ are, that cold and foul air will descend by their own laws to the lower part of the room, and the vitiated air must be carried ^ff at the floor, which is done through the grate and smoke-flue as shown by the darts in Fig. 2 and in Fig. 3, second story back view.

This device costs much less than a Furnace, and will last three times as long, and is far preferable. The rich want the benefits of it; the great middle class, and those in moderate circumstances can not afford to do without it.

The Open Fire. ' . '.« Chambers says : "The fire, spnrkling or glowing.in its appro¬

priate receptacle, has an air of cheerfulness and comfort which strikes every beholder, causing the domestic group to cluster around it with that feeling of satisfaction which makes an Englishman regard his fireside as among the most precious things connected with his existence."

It, however, has not been unattended with certain drawbacks, * as the wa^te of fuel, uneven temperature of the room warmed by it, and the amount of dirt and ashes around the fire. By adopting the Combined Chimney and Ventilator with the open fire, you not T)nly have all of the advantages so beautifully set forth by Mr. Chambers, but you have a most delightful, pleasant and uniform temperature in every part of the room, and as #neat and clean as any parlor stove. Last but not least, the greatest Fuel Economizer in the World.

Kead the following report ot an Actual Test giving the result of a trial of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator, as given in the columns of the Cleveland Manufacturers and Trade Review:

HEAT AND VENTILATION—L. B. SILVER^ C jMBINED HEATER AND VENTILATOR—A VALUABLE INVENTION.

On last Wednesday afternoon a party of gentlemen, consisting of Messrs. A. J. Kickoft, Superintendent of our Public Schools, J.

6

P. Hosmer, Architect, L G. Middaugh, A. S. Hudson, A. M.. Smith, contractors and builders. A. C. Hogan, stove dealer, and Wm. Hudson,#all of this city, Mr. John Grossius, Cincinnati,, and a reporter of the Review proceeded to the residence of Mr, L. B. Silver, the inventor of the Combined Chimney and Ventila¬ tor,.to witness ^ test of the invention. Each of the party was more- or less deeply interested in the matter .of ventilation as applied alike- to public or private buildings.

There 'is probably nothing that conduces so directly to the health and happiness of the human family as proper ventilation and in nothing, probably, that comes within the domain of scientific research, ,and the application of the inventor's skill are we so tardy i . ^ . to approximate a perfect system. It is true that manifold devices

have been patented to secure this much desired result, but living as we are in a very unfathomable sea of pure air, that only awaits an invitation to enter, man seems to have become powerless to bring the life-giving and life-sustaining element within our dwelling houses> our school-rooms and our public halls, and we are daily and hourly suffering from the direct and indirect effects of the vitiated and poisonous atmosphere that makes our dwellings pest-houses, where debility and disease are fastened upon us; our school-rooms are filled with an atmosphere utterly unfit to be introduced into the system for the purpose of giving vitality to the body, and stimula¬ ting the mind to mental labor, and the air in our churches and pub¬ lic halls become so impregnated with the noxious and unwholesome gases, that result from inhaling the atmosphere, time and again, that speaker and listener alike in a short time become, unfitted the one to express and the other to grasp and comprehend either logic,, reason or eloquence.

Heat and ventilation are intimately associated, as it is only im cold weather, when we require heat for comfort, that we are shut, off from securing a proper supply of fresh air in our houses, through, open doors and windows, and the nearest approach to a contrivance- that shall furnish both is the open grate, but the grate, as at present constructed, is defective in that it consumes immense quantities of" fuel, and yields but slight returns in the shape of heat, this is ac-

7

counted for by the fact that while the draft of the grate undoubtedly carries off a large proportion of the vitiated air, it offers no means of supplying the vacuum caused by the outflow through the chim¬ ney, and as a consequence the cold air outside is forced in through every apperture presented, and this cold air has of necessity to be heated before it is available to induce warmth, thus, them- the fire in the open grate must not only warm the atmosphere in the room but that which is being constantly drawn in, and this of course is done at an immense expense of fuel. Science has demon¬ strated the fact that by far the largest proportion of heat generated in the grate is carried up the chimney and is consequently lost. The furnace and the stove are substitutes that, while they, furnish more heat, are immeasurably inferior as ventilators, and the luxury of an open fire place, with its genial glow is entirely lost.

Bearing these facts in mind it is an easy matter to comprehend our necessities—warmth for our comfort and ventilation for our physical well-being ; to secure both in such nicely adjusted propor¬ tions and by such simple means as not to receive the benefits of one at the expense of the other, is certainly a desideratum with all.

The investigation of Mr. Silver's method of accomplishing this, by the gentlemen named in the opening paragraph of this article was so eminently satisfactory as to draw from them expressions of unqualified approval and acknowledgement of the justness of every claim made by the inventor, and as the question involved had re¬ ceived the serious attention of Mr. Kickoff in connection with our public schools and of the professional architects and builders, as ap¬ plicable to all classes of buildings, the testimony may be regarded as conclusive.

The principle of Mr. Silver's invention is the introduction of fresh air into the room, in sufficient quantities to keep up a contin¬ ued circulation, and heated to such a point, before its entrance, as not to chill the atmosphere in the room, this is accomplished by means of a cast device placed in the chimney, into which one end of a nine inch pipe is inserted, and the other end reaches outside for the pure out-door air. When it passes through this device or tubu¬ lar pipe, collecting the waste heat from the chimney (that hereto-

8

fore we have thrown away) entering the room through a register near the ceiling at a high temperature, yet not so high as to become divitalized as when passed through a scorching furnace. Right here we deem are three of the greatest objects attained of modem discov¬ eries. 1st, The admission of a constant supply of pure out door air at a desirable temperature before entering the room; 2d, Bringing in this supply of warm air without its health-giving prop¬ erties being injured; 3d, and last but not least, utilizing the waste heat from the chimneys.

This waste heat can be thrown into the rooms above at pleas¬ ure. Combined with this is a perfect cellar ventilator, where fruit and vegetables are kept pure and sweet.

After investigating the principle and distinctive features of the invention the test of its merits was made in the following manner, and with the result as given: In each of two rooms of the same size and general formation, were open grates, the one having an or¬ dinary chimney and the other being supplied with the invention of Mr. Silver; for convenience of designation we shall call the latter room No. 1 and the former room No. 2. Thermometers were hanging in each room. At 3:45 p. m. fires were started simultan¬ eously in the two grates, the mercury standing at 40° in room No. 1, and 32° in room 2. The drafts of the two chimneys seemed to be about equal, and the coal burned with equal vigor; the fuel had been carefully weighed, like amounts having been placed ready for use at each fire place. The mercury outside Stood at 12° above zero, and the party were chilled through by the long drive so they were acutely susceptible to warmth.

In room 1 a perceptible warmth was felt within ten minutes, while in room 2, as will be see<i by the annexed table, there was at no time a marked difference in the atmosphere. The following will show the state of the atmosphere in the two rooms at the hours specified as indicated by the thermometers.

Room No. 1. Room No. 2 3:45 P. M 40° 32° 4:00 " 45° 32° 4:15 " 51° 34° 4:30 " 56° 36° 4:45 " 61Q 40° 5:00 " 65° 39°

9

In other words, in one hour and a quarter, the grate, by the •addition of Mr. Silver's invention, had, with the same amount of fuel and attention, increased the temperature 25°, while with the ordinar}r grate only 8° had resulted, and that uncertain and not to be relied on. In fifteen minutes the one had accomplished what it required nearly an hour with the other.

In the one room a general warmth prevailed on all sides, and in each corner; in the other a very perceptible chill was felt on the .side farthest from the fire when standing close to the grate, that is, "one is roasted on one side and frozen on the other."

A very strong dm ft was perceptible at the register above the mantle, and the thermometer indicated the temperature of the in¬ coming fresh air at one hundred and ninety degrees above zero, that is the air which entered room 2 at the outside (twelve degrees above zero) to furnish the draft for combustion, enteied room 1 in a super¬ heated state aided the object aimed at instead of retarding it.

These facts seem to warrant the following conclusions: First, That the same amount of fuel in the same time produces three times the amount of heat, i. e. 25° in room 1 and 8° in room 2. Second, That over two-thirds of the heat generated by the ordinary grate passes up the chimney and is entirely lost—i. e. the difference be¬ tween 25° in the one case and 8° in the other is equivalent to more than two-thirds of the heat generated. Third, The natural law governing heat would cause the super-heated atmosphere pass¬ ing into the room at a very rapid rate, as was indicated by its effect upon a piece of paper hung over the register, would find its way to the floor as rapidly as the colder air was drawn into the grate and up the chimney, thus keeping up a constant and everchanging cir¬ culation of pure air in every corner of the room, not only this, but upon opening the doors to adjoining rooms the same general results followed.

There are many minor advantages attached to the use of this system of heating and ventilating; but enough has been said to prove conclusively the revolution its general adoption would work. Those who have lost the inestimable jewel, good health, by close confinement in poorly ventilated and indifferently heatel houses.

10

can fully appreciate the blessings to follow through a means to ab¬ rogate the defecis in these respects, while every individual in the land can grasp in these "hard times" the meaning of a saving or over 60 per cent in his fuel account.

In giving to Mr. Silver's invention our unqualified endorsement we but echo the opinion of all who have given the matter that at¬ tention its importance merits, and as the cost of construction is insignificant, when compared with the saving of fuel, to say nothing of the beneficial results arising from a purified atmosphere, we urge consideration of the matter upon all engaged in the construe-, tion of houses, and especially upon those concerned in the erection of our school houses and colleges.

We are now Prepared to Fill Orders

For this improvement, and are putting them up in all parts of the State, and the outlook is so favorable for the speedy adop¬ tion of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator, as fast as its merits are known, that we expect soon to establish Branch Rooms in Boston, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, and other cities, where the castings will also be manufactured, and parties sending orders will be supplied from the point nearest their location, thereby saving freight on castings.

For the present, all communications should be addressed to the patentee, L. B. SILVER, Cleveland, O., and information will be given as to nearest point to witness its practical operation, &c.

Agents Wanted

To solicit orders for the Combined Chimney and Ventilator, to whom a liberal commission will be allowed. Our Agents say that orders can be had for this Invention with little effort, as it com¬ mends itself to all who appreciate the importance of pure air, and who desire economy, which this invention gives by reaching into the chimney, as it were, and bringing back and utilizing the two-thirds

11

heat that we all have been throwing out at the top of the* chim¬ ney. As the Editor of the JV. F. Living Imie says of it, "IT4

IS JUST THE THING FOR HARD TIMES, saving more than: one-half of our fuel."

THE AIR WARMED BY THE CHIMNEY AND VENTILATOR IS BETTER THAN AIR WARMED BY ANY OTHER ARTIFICIAL MEANS

As the air that is brought into the room from outdoors, passes through the above device, and by its peculiar construction cannot come in contact with red-hot iron. When wrought or cast-iron is brought to a red heat, as stoves and furnaces must be in cold weather, to'accomplish what is required of them, molecular motion becomes very rapid, and the iron plates become porus to certain gasses. When in this condition, carbonic oxide, a deadly poison,, passes through the seemingly solid sides of the furnace or stove, as wa,ter runs through a seive, and is thrown into rooms for lung food.

jg^Tfce following, headed "Carbonic Oxide," was taken from

the November Number of the Herald of Health, and copied inta

The Scientific American :

Carbonic Oxide

Is a colorless and almost inodorous gas, containing one part of oxygen less than Carbonic Acid. It may be seen burning with a beautiful blue flame on the top of a newly fed coal fire. It is much more poisonous than Carboi.ic Acid, and must be guarded against with care. It forms abundantly in our coal stoves, and passes through the cracks and joints into our rooms. The ordinary smoke that escapes from smoky stoves and fire-places may contain it, and persons breathing it be injured thereby. One of the effects of car¬ bonic oxide on the blood, is that its power to take in oxygen is greatly lessened, and the separation of carbonic oxide from the blood retarded.

When the air is passed through a lot furnace and heated to a.

12

high degree, aud then passed into a room, such air should be called "Baked Air," and it is about as bad a form of lung food as can be taken. Nothing but headache, faiutings, drowsiness, and dullness can come from its use.

Ventilation.

Each human being consumes fthe oxygen of a sixth of a cubic foot of pure air per minute, replacing it from his lungs by carbonic acid gas, a substance which cannot be inhaled again without injury. 'This gas is also generated from the pores of the skin, and from the burning of lamps and gas lights. Hence the necessity for a con- stant change of the atmospheric contents of any room in which hu¬ man beings are placed. By referring to the drawings, the reader will readily comprehend how certain and effective the above object is attained by the adoption of the Combined Chimney and Ven¬ tilator. The out-door air entering at I. A. passes all around the fire-box that contains the grate, then up through the tubular pipes, and around the smokepipe, extracting heat from the irons that would otherwise have been wasted, and enters the room at the register near the ceiling, with the temperature ordinarily raised to about 200 degrees, bringing with it oxygen, unimpaired as when it entered. It then spreads evenly over the whole room in verticle layers, from the ceiling down, and taking the place of the cold and impure air which being heavier, falls to the lower part of the room and is drawn into the smoke-flue by the open fire, which requires air for combustion, thus establishing perfect ventilation, which pro- -ceeds with certainty, a New Departure from the old unscientific^ unphilosophical, wasteful mode of heating air at the lower part of the room, and allowing it, with most of the pure air of the room to esscape at or near the ceiling.

Carbonic acid gas when expelled from the lungs, only ascends until it assumes the temperature of the room, which cannot be more than a second, as it were, after which it gradually settles to the

13

floor, when, if there is no outgoing current at or near the floor, as- in the case of a room warmed by a stove or a furnace, the air be¬ comes vitiated, and persons occupying such a room must very soon' suffer wuth headaches, indL estion, &c., &c.

Trall says: 'cWhether the room be cold or warm,, pure air must be respired in sufficient quantity to sereate the blood,, or the whole mass becomes foul, and all the secretions detective or depraved. Nothing renders persons more susceptible to take cold, be attacked with rheumatic affection, be seized with typhoid pneu¬ monia or influenza, and to have seated inflammations and running fevers, than the foul blood resulting from bad air.

Better Ventilation a Necessity.

Read the following extracts from the press, and scientific men in favor of better ventilation in our dwellings and public buildings, and the greater economy of fuel, and you will be con¬ vinced that it all calls loudly for an invention such as tWS Combinedx Chimney and Ventilator has proved itself to be:

[JProm the New York 1 ribuneJ\ HOT AIR.

The season of the domestic furnace has set in. This substitute for the domestic hearth is now heating thousands of houses that outside are fair to look upon, but inside are filled with an atmos- phere that if it could be seen would be recognized as abominable- Its vileness is scarcely perceptible to the nostrils. A certain chok¬ ing sensation that one feels on entering such a house from the fresh air, a dizziness or faintness that assails the visitor sitting in the nicely furnished parlor or reception room—these are some of the evidences. 44 We always have headaches for the first week or two' after the house is warmed,,, is a current family experience. The- occupants soon get used to the hot air; live through it tolerably till winter is over, and then wonder why they are sick in the spring. One of the fallacies about this business of furnace heat is the-

14

belief that all danger to health is avoided if there is a pan of water ♦over the fire, and the temperature of the apartments is not over 70°. Dryness of air, in the house, we are told, is especially exas¬ perating to people with irritable throats or weak lungs. Yet we •send people of just that sort, when we want their health to improve, to the driest climates attainable. In the high levels of Colorado, where damp air is never of more than a few hours' continuance, they usually recover. Heat or heated air does not necessarily hurt them, for as a rule, a warmer instead of a colder climate than our •own agrees best with these delicate ones. Still it must be admitted that the pan of water on the furnace makes the hot air much more endurable; it does not seem so utterly devitalized, so incapable of supporting life, so stifling. It is possible that the moisture absorbs something from the air, or at all events renders that something less palpable to our senses. The well known smell of coal gas—of fur¬ nace gas—is certainly diminished by moistening the air. But is the product any less poisonous?

It is worth while to ask this question. A French physician of eminence noticed that a peculiar class of diseases was prevalent among the occupants of certain wards in the hospital at Savoy, but not in the other wards. His studies led him to the belief that the blood of those patients was poisoned by the air they breathed. The symptoms wore similar to those observed where persons had at¬ tempted to kill themselves by the favorite method of suicide in France—a close room and a pan of burning charcoal. It has been ascertained that the poison in that form of suicide is due not to the •carbonic acid, but the carbonic oxide inhaled. Of the two the lat¬ ter is far the more deadly, acting as a blood poison. Both gases ure produced when hard coal is burned in a furnace, but the oxide is chiefly the result when the draft is partly turned off after a hot fire has been started. It has no smell. It is not absorbed by water; hence if it gets into the air outside the furnace it will not be taken up by steam or moisture. Next came the discovery that this carbonic oxide passes through red hot iron as easily as water through a seive. The French Academy investigated the facts, and determined them by abundant experiments. Meanwhile the stoves

15

of the Savoy hospital ha J been replaced by open fire-places and the whole train of peculiar symptoms among the patients disappeared. General Morin afterward showed shat cylinders of cast iron allowed the gases of combustion to pass freely through their substance even at a heat much below redness. Quite recently Mr. W. Chandler Eoberts has demonstrated similar facts as to other forms of iron.

In short, the furnace to heat air is very little better than the open pan of burning charcoal. It sets free the same gases when its iron is near a red heat, and fills the apartments above with more or less diluted poison.

From the New York Herald.

H ow Houses are Heated.

If the air come into the houses pure and health-giving, it would too often be devitalized, by our red hot stoves and furnaces. Ex¬ cept our steam heaters, there is scarcely a healthy constructed fur¬ nace in the City of New York.

It is perfectly unnecessary to enter into details regarding the hackneyed subject of ventilation of our public and private buildings. People know so much better than they do that it is discouraging to consider the topic. Note, for;example the horrid air of all our court rooms, more especially the ventilation of that in which the Beecher trial has been held, and then reflect that the most eminent men of the community were kept confined in this atmospl ere for months. Any jurym m might refuse to sit on a jury-trial on the just plea that the State had no right to compel a man to risk his life on such a trivial matter, and this act could be sustained by the very court itself upon whom he was summoned to attend, as a portion.

But there are vast assemblages that are not compelled to meet in any fixed place, but may choose at their option a healthy one, or even have no session at all; yet they do not fare any better. The lecture rooms of the medical colleges are so impure that a large pro¬ portion of the students are made sick, and many die every year, and this is looked upon as necessary and proper. The air of the room where the Academy of Medicine and the County Medical Societies meet is so impure by the end of the meeting that many interested members fall to sleep.

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Avoid Tainted Atmospheres.

While we know, thus far, comparatively little of the exact causes of disease, our knowledge at least points to certain perfectly well-established truths. One of these is, that man can not live in an atmosphere that is tainted by exhalations from putrefying organ¬ ic matter, without danger of being made sick—sick unto death- It is true that all of those who live in •such an atmosphere either fall sick or die from its affects; but it is also true that all who go into battle are not shot down. In botV cases they expose themselves to dangers from which their escape is a matter of good fortune. Fewer would be shot if none went into battle, and fewer would die of disease if none were exposed to poisoned air. Our adaptability is great and we accustom ourselves to withstand the attacks of an infected atmosphere wonderfully well; but for all that, we are con¬ stantly in the presence of the danger, and though insensibly resist¬ ing, are too often insensibly yielding to it. Some, with less power to resist, or exposed to a stronger poison, or finally, weakened -by long exposure, fall sick with typhoid fever, or similar disease, that springs directly from putrid infection. Of these, a portion die; the community loses their services, and it sympathizes with their friends in mourning that, "in the wisdom1)f a kind but inscrutable Provi¬ dence, it has been found necessary to remove them from our midst."

In this way we blandly impose upon Divine Providence the responsibility of our own shortcomings. The victims of typhoid fever die, not by the act of God, but by the act of man ; they are poisoned to death by infections that are due to man's ignorance or neglect.—Atlantic.

The Air in Sleeping Rooms.

If two persons are to occupy a bed-room during the night, let them step upon a weighing scales as they retire, and then again in the morning, and they will find their actual weight is at least a pound less in the morning. Frequently the loss will be more, and the average loss throughout the year will be all of that. That is, during the night there is a loss of a pound of matter, which has-

17

rgone off from their bodies, partly from their lungs, and partly through the pores of the skin. The escaped material is carbonic acid and refuse animal matter, or poisonous exhalations. This is diffused through the air in part, and in part absorbed by the bed¬ clothes. If a single ounce of wood or cotton be burned in a room, .it will so completely saturate the air with smoke that one can hardly breathe, though there can be only one ounce of foreign mat¬ ter in the air. If an ounce of cotton be burned every half hour during the night, the air will be kept continually saturated with

* .smoke, unless there be an open door or window for its escape. Now the sixteen ounces of smoke thus formed is far less poisonous than the sixteen ounces of exhalations from the lungs of two per¬ sons. who have lost a pound in weight during eight hours of sleep¬ ing ; for while the dry smoke is mainly taken into the lungs, the damp odors from the body are' absorbed both into the lungs and into the pores of the whole body. Need more be said to show the importance of having bedrooms well ventilated, and of thoroughly airing the sheets, blankets, coverlids and mattrasses in the morning before packing them uj? in the form of a neatly made bed ?—Living Issue.

Air in Cellars.

Now that spring has fairly begun and warm weather is once more upon us, great care should be taken to see that all parts of our residence houses are thoroughly cleaned and aired, so as not to give a lurking place to the diseases incident to the summer months Dark or close houses are notoriously unhealthy. The sunshine is as essential to people as to plants, and the same laws that cause too much shade to bleach plants and sap them of their vital forces will act similarly upon the vital ti-sues of man.

Cellars are particularly the dwelling places of miasma when they are dark, or when they are not properly ventilated. Currents of air, like currents of water, always purify themsel /es by the fric¬ tion of motion. The "dampness" in mines and wells are never found except where the air is stagnant. Give the air motion and

18

the dampness disappears. Nothing so thoroughly purifies the air of cellars as continued motion and movement, caused either through doors and windows, as ventilators, or b}r artificial means of fanning,, or the rarification by heat, through means of active, burning'fires►

No cellar should be allowed to remain damp or have the floors covered with water after the first of May ; if so, you must not be surprised to find the poeople living above it down with fever, chills or rheumatism, or neuralgia.

All houses should have cellars below them, both for the storing room they afford and their contribution to the healthiness of the dwellers; but the sanitary laws of ventilation must not be neglected even in a house with a cellar. A house wTithoat a • cellar cannot possibly be so well ventilated as one with a good, dry, airy cellar or basement, nor can it be made entirely free of miasmatic effluvia— particularly long, rainy seasons. Be wise, then, in time, and see to it that your dwelling is in order.--Living Issue.

By referring to the drawing it will be seen that the Combined Chimney and Ventilator provides for a thorough ventilation for bed rooms and cellars, as well as living rooms.

From the N. Y. Tribune,

The Air We Breathe.

The sea of air surrounds the earth, stretching forty miles into the space above its inhabitants. Chemists tell us that it is comj- posed of oxygen and nitrogen, with carbonic acid gas and traces of other gases. In fact it is "a vast labratory with the planet dissolved in it, which, seeming to be nothing, or less than the shadow of a shade, hides within itself the principles of all things." "How full it is of odors and influences that in certain states of over-suscepti¬ bility become sensible to all. The fragrance shaken from the veg¬ etable robes of all fertile countries, the aroma from continents emanating from the life of plants permeates the air. The skies are the medium and market of kingdoms, whither life resorts with its lungs to buy ; the winds are cases of odors; through the fingers of

19

every herb and growing thing the air is passed, and each enriches its clear, shining tissue with a division of labor and a succession of touches ; it is a cellerage of serial wines, the heaven of the spirits of plants and flowers, which are safely kept in it, without destruction or random mixture, until they are called for by the lungs and skin of the animated tribes."

The first and the last act of every animate being is to breathe. Not until God breathed into Adam the breath of life, did he become a living soul. For every four or five pulsations of the heart there is one inspiration, and, at the lowest estimate, every individual breathes 21,600 times in 24 hours. At each inspiration 16 cubic inches of air pass in an out of the lungs, amounting in twenty-four hours to 266 cubic feet. In its passage through the lungs the oxy¬ gen of the air is largely retained, and the air as it leaves the lungs is loaded with watery vapor and carbonic acid gas. Add to these impurities the exurite from the pores of the skin, and it. is estimated that every individual makes "unbreathable" in one hour 240 cubic feet of air. It is wtee, therefore, in preparing for cold weather to make provision for an abundant supply of uiicontaminated air in dwellings. This may be considered, in some respects, in an eco¬ nomical point of view, since, if one admits air from without, they must increase the supply of fuel to keep their rooms at an agreeable temperature.

It is well known that the most robust and healthful are those who spend large portions of their lives in the open air in all weath¬ ers. The reason is obvious, and is simply that the infections which lurk in all close apartments have litile chance to get at them. Their blood is purged from impurity, and their whole physical na¬ tures stimulated by free inspirations of this life-giving element. Delicate women with but half a lung left from the ravages of con¬ sumption have prolonged their lives for years by daily spending an hour or two in the open air, while men a id women of vigorous con¬ stitutions have contracted scrofulous consumptiun and other linger¬ ing diseases from confinement in a foul atm )sphere.

Of all apartments oc -upied by people of education and intelli¬ gence doubtless schjol-rooms and churchei are most in want of thorough ventilation. Prof. Youmans says twelve persons sitting in a parlor 16 b, 20, and nine feet high, will make its air unbreath-

20

able in an hour without either fire or lights. Apply this to a school-room fifty feet long, forty feet wide, and thirty feet high. In one hour twenty-one persons will make the air of this room <<unbreathable.,, But in a room of this size fifty and sometimes seventy children sit for five hours every day five days in a week, and during .all this time the room is not once thoroughly ventilated. Instead of throwing every door and window wide open and allowing the winds of heaven to cleanse every crack and corner of the room so soon as the school is dismissed doors and windows aie barred and bolted, and the dead air shut in like a corpse in a tomb. How can children study, how can teachers teach in such an air as this? And to the inevitable impurities that healthful persons communicate to the air around them those which arise from disordered stomachs, diseased arid scrofulous bodies, carious teeth, unwashed clothing, untidy feet, and it is not surprising that teachers breathing such an air, should break down in their work, and that scholars should be dull, restless and insubordinate.

Some time since in this column there wa*s reference made to the fact that flies have a beneficient mission and act as scavengers. An English chemist, using his micr6scope, discovered that a "cap¬ tured house-fly was covered—legs, ^body and wings—with an in¬ numerable quantity of lice. These the fly devoured with greut apparent relish. Pursuing his investigations, Mr. Emerson saw two flies light on a piece of clean note paper lying on the dresser and appear to lick something from it. Putting a corner of this under his glass, he saw the same minute creatures as had before been seen on the fly. After rubbing the paper well and finding none on it, he took it into the kitchen and waved it around, taking care that no flies touched it, then examining it through the micro¬ scope found a harvest of animalcules. Going into a back street where it was neither very sweet nor clean he got plenty on his paper there. After heavy rain and strong winds he could not bag much game, and when frost set in, none. After trying an endless variety of disinfectants and purifiers to overcome these animalcules, he found nothing so eflectual as burning sulphur on a dust-pan and carrying it about the place. But his conclusion was that flies in-

21

stead of being a pest and a nuisance, are the friends of mankind. In winter we have no flies, but we have frost, and this will destroy these animalcules; But what is to prevent their presence and mul¬ tiplication in warm, unventilated rooms?

Vast as is the supply of air, min ister of life as it was designed to be to all that breathe, it may be haunted by elements that make it the minister of death rather. Contagion, fevers, scrofula and con¬ sumption lurk in foul air; infants are killed by it; the vital pow¬ ers are undermined, the mental movements are clogged, the wings of imagination are clipped, the spirit sinks. "Upon pure air depend directly health, mental and bodily functions, correctness of judgment and brilliancy of imagination, the spirit, temper, and dis- posit;on of us all."

The following appeared in the 41 Science of Health " about three years ago, and seems to call so definitely for this invention that we give it entire:

Fresh Air and Open Fires:

The relation of physical/auses to religious experience is attract- ing increasing attention among thoughtful ministers and people. The day has gone by for neglecting the primary principles of do¬ mestic aid social sanitary arrangemBats in the construction of our homes and public edifices. Few of our most costly church buildings or halls have any adequate provision made for ventilation. Easy, velvet-cushioned seats, splendid ornamentation, a^d all ihat can attract the eye, are put in without regard to expense ; but little or no propsr attention is paid to the supply of pure, abundant fresh air, at the right temperature. A lofty ceiling, ample length and width, and the windows, which are most apt to be shut when they should be open, are supposed to be all that is necessary for the. accommoda¬ tion of audiences that poison the whole atmosphere of the building in a few minutes. Many people are far more afraid of fresh air than of the contagion which they breathe by night and by day. A good sermon is often lost upon a congregation who gape and yawn, and cough, and fan and nod, and worry through a service, or who sleep soundly, not because they wish to, but in spite of sundry in¬ genious modes of self-torture to keep awake. Then the minister is blamed, and the sermon is confirmd, and the service itself becomes

22

burdensome, simply because of foul air which cannot get out of the audience chamber, and for lack >f the fresh air which cannot get in. A canary bird hung in its cnge over night at the top of a curtained bed has been found dead in tlje morning from the poisoned atmos¬ phere created by the human lungs ot the sleepers below it. The poor 'and the rich suffer alike from this almost omnipresent cause of human suffering, disease and death. The hold of an emigrant ship is little better than the Black Hole of Calcutta in this respect. The sufibcation of the Avondale miners was produced by the same general causes which breed unhealthiness in our gilded parlors and air-tight bed-rooms.

Physiologists are doing good service by their popular scientific statements of the laws of ventilation. But few architects and build¬ ers understand the first principles and proper application of them, so as to secure an adequate supply of healthful air, at the right tem¬ perature, in our dwellings and public edifices. .

The facts upon which any effective plan of ventilation must be based, are these: That cold and foul air will descend, by their own laws, to the lower part of the room ; that warm air ascends; that the vitiated air must be carried off, and a continuous supply of fresh, pure, vital air must be furnished, so as to keep up a regular and uninterrupted circulation, without draughts or sudden changes of temperature.

Various plans have been adopted to accomplish these results, and with more or less success. In our climate it is necessary to combine heat with ventilation, and this is now best done by expert arrangements of steam and hot water apparatus. The difficulty is that most of these are only ac( e^sibld to persons of ample means. The poor and the great middle class cannot afford them. They are expensive luxuries. Yet it seems equally strange and sad that^ with all triumphs of modern science, we have yet to learn how to build our houses so as to prevent them from becoming pest-houses, and to get enough of the free air from heaven, which every bird, beast and savage enjoy to the full, to keep our wives and children from suffering for want of this great boon. The old-fashioned houses with large fire-places and handsome "Franklins" or open

23

grates, never entailed such disease and death as do the dwellings that are cased with double sashes, heated with close stoves, and cursed with torrents of burnt-up air that rushes through every reg- ater of our scorching furnaces.

In every home there should be at least one open grate, or some other arrangement for burning wood, or soft or hard coal. A fire which can be seen as well as felt—a cheerful, bright, blazing fire, with shovel and tongs—and fender, too, if you please—which will attract the family by its social influences, is a grand thing in a home. Those black, grim, tartarean flues, filled with the stale odors of cel¬ lar and hot-air chamber and seething water tank, and emitting clouds of pulverized ashes to cover your furniture and stifle your lungs are among rtihe greatest banes of family enjoyment and com¬ fort. It is all well enough to have one's dwelling warmed up from loptto bottom, and to have no coals 'to carry beyond the furnace, tut this heating system has done immense mischief to the family powers, scattering the members of it all over the house, and fur¬ nishing not one attractive spot in which the inmates will gather, as foy instinct they do, to enjoy the cheery comfort of the fireside. There is no fireside in most of our modern houses. There are only 'holes in the floor or in the walls. And we are disposed to think that the good ventilation of the open fire adds not a little to the amconscioiis blesaing of its hospital and domestic influence. The Bight of the little folks as they sit musing and amused while the wood fire burns, and watching fantastic flames and the glowing coals, is worth many times the price of that cord of hickory or oak at city prices; and a wise household would rather part with the furnace which that bright blaze supplements and atones far than with the low-down grate which makes the family circle a real thing. Try it,

• ye who can, and see if the moral, aesthetic, and domestic power of this style of home-comfort is overestimated.

24

« Sleeping Rooms

" A large sleeping-room is but little better than a small one- unless there is a supply of fresh air for it, and egress for spoilecL air. And, on the other hand, a small room where there is constant change of air, is nearly as good as a large one. Children should, never be tucked away in unventilated*rooms."

JFrom the Manufacturers and Trade Review, Cleveland, 0.

JB^The great importance of proper ventilation in our dwellings- and school-houses, is our ample apology for directing especial atten¬ tion to the description of the invention of Mr. L. B. Silver, to be- found on the second page of this number.

When we come to consider the enormous quantity of fresh air,, required to sustain life in an individual, and the rapidity with which the air so used is vitiated, we cart at once comprehend the impor¬ tance of providing some means of supplying the required quantity in our houses.

It is estimated that an individual breathes about nine hundred times in an hour, and that in that time he displaces over eleven cubic feet of air. The oxygen in this volume of air, is in its pass' age through the lungs, to a great measure retained, as the moter to- sustain the action of the heart, and vitalize the system ; the air as it leaves the lungs is surcharged with a watery vapor and carbonic acid gas, the latter being in itself a deadly poison, which, of course*, taints the entire atmosphere in a close room, and in one hour, at a low estimate, an individual makes unbreathable, at least two hun¬ dred and forty cubic feet of pure air in a single hour, or as Professor- Youmans says, twelve persons sitting in a room sixteen by twenty, and nine feet high, will make its air unbreathable in one hour>- without the assistance of either light or fire.

Bearing these facts in mind, too much stress cannot be laidi upon the importance of the subject, especially in connection with our school-rooms in which children are housed for hours, and made- to breathe over and over again the vile atmosphere; the effect of which cannot but be disastrous, alike to their mental and physical faculties.

ll s

WJ.MQKtUNftCO UTH OIXVCUNDA.

^3 L .B. SILVER, Cleveland,0. CscftLE. g PATENTED FEB.2? 187 5

THE JOHN CRERAP

LIBRARY

25

SPECIFICATIONS.

The Combined Chimney and Ventilator,,

Patented February 2d, 1875.

The object of my invention is to utilize the heat from around) the grate, and, by means of tubular pipes, the heat that would oth¬ erwise pass out at the top of the chimney : also to ventilate rooms- and cellars; and the nature of my invention consists in the construc¬ tion and arrangement of parts, as will be-hereinafter more fully set forth.

In order to enable others skilled in the art to which my inven¬ tion appertains to make and use the same, I will describe its con¬ struction and operation. Referring to the drawings which form sl part of this specification, Fig. 1 is a front view of the main flue embodying invention. Fig. 2 is a sectional side view of the same. Fig.' 3 is the rear view or transverse section. Fig. 4 is a verticle section through at C. d. Fresh air is admitted at I. A. in Fig 2, from behind and around the grate, warmed and passes (as the darts will show) up the main flue, extracting the heat from the outer surface of smoke-pipe, while a part of the same air passes up the hot air tubes through the centre of smoke pipe collect¬ ing the concentrated internal heat from the centre of the smoke flue, and the two volumes of heated air meet at the register R and pass into the room (as shown by darts), the cold and foul air will descend to the lower part of the room, whence it is taken off by the draft of the grate, when the warm air, pouring in at Register R, must come down gradually pervading the whole room ; effectually doing away with the objection heretofore made to grates, viz: that while our faces are burning, our backs are freezing.

When desired, the register R in first story can be closed, and register R in second story opened, when the heat from around the- grate, and hot air through the hot air tubes, as well as the heat from the external smoke pipe, will rush immediately into the upper

26

"sroom, and the cold impure air is carried off at the floor, substantially the same as in first story, except that the impure air from the floor Is taken out at register R, Fig. 2, into a ventilating flue, and carried up and thrown into the brick smoke.flue, and thrown away with smoke. All the pure warm air has cost nothing, being what we have heretofore recklessly thrown away through 3ur chimneys.

On the left of Fig. 3 is represented a ventilating flue (V) through which the foul air is taken from the floor of the cellar and carried up into the brick flue and out with the smoke—as represented by darts—thus rendering the cellar free from poisonous gasses that so frequently taint fruit and vegetables, rendering them unfit for oise, and also a fruitful cause of fevers to the inmates of the house*

A A appears in passages and tubes where fresh air is being •warmed and passed up to registers in rooms.

Patents have been granted, both in this country and in Europe ibr devices for collecting heat from behind the fire. Some including -a pipe, one end extending out of doors, the other end opening into the room—some in first, and some in second story. Owing to their liability to leak gas, and after being in use a few months, .It not being clear that any fuel was saved by their use, &c., they have generally been abandoned.

From tha peculiar construction of the Combined Chimney & "Ventilator :

1st. It can never leak gas.

' 2d. There being a free passage of air on both sides of the fire box, there is no reason to suppose it will ever burn out, but last as long as the house in which it is built.

3d. The Tubes are self-preserved from soot, so that it will not prevent warming the air inside thqm to at least two hundred de grees as it passes from the registers at the ceiling, with an ordinary £re.

27

S^The following is a letter from Wm. Putnam Davis, Esq., of Kew York, to his friend named in same, written while he was in Ohio, on business :

Salem, O., January 5th, 1875.

Wm. Johnson, Esq., New York City,

Dear Sir:—Agreeable to promise, I went to Cleveland to witness the working of the "Combined •Chimney and Ventilator," and to say that my most sanguine ex¬ pectations was more than realized, would be expressing it mildly. To make a long story short, it is all that is claimed for it, and I unhesitatingly give it as my opinion that it will supercede the Hot Air Furnaces and Base Burners in our City of New York, and elsewhere, as soon as its merits are known.

I had the pleasure of staying over night with Mr. Silver, the Patentee, and slept in a room on the second floor, which was warmed and ventilated by his invention—said room being provided with an inlet and an outlet. The inlet brought in fresh air from out doors, which passed around the grate fire-box and tubular pipes, which were warm enough to make my room pleasant in Jan¬ uary, and the outlet at the floor carried oft the cold and impure air •caused. by my breathing and respiration. The fire in the grate below was covered, and gave the desirable temperature.

I did not have to breathe the same air twice—a constant •change of air, and yet no draft—so gradual was the change. The room was full of pure, warm, out-door air, and without hoisting or lowering the windows. The beauty of it is, the device to get the result was not expensive; and the warm air costs nothing, it being only the waste heat that everybody is throwing out the top of the chimney. I say cost nothing, as the fire would have been covered for the convenience of not having to build a fire the next morning. As I lay in my bed enjoying the pure, fresh air—about Florida temperature, here in Ohio—I could not help thinking what a great blessing to the human family if everybody would adopt this method of heating and ventilating. This invention, in point of usefulness, will not be second to the invention of steam power, sewing machines or

28

telegraphy. As the masses are more interested in having an abundance of pure air to breathe, through the winter, in their homes, without opening a window and becoming chilled, and the saving of fuel. After close investigation, I am fully persuaded that twice the amount of space can be warmed by this invention, than any other way I know of; some put the estimate greater.

Allow me again to refer to the bed-room. I could not help noticing the contrast between this bedroom and other places where I stopped. Friends, wishing to be kind, gave me the best room they had, all nicely furnished, and thick walls, but there I wasr

could hardly decide which horn of the dilema to take, to lay there¬ in that close room to be buried in carbonic acid gas, and other im¬ purities thrown off by my own pores and lungs, or open a window and be nearly frozen by out-door winter drafts blowing over me.

I have been negotiating with Mr. Silver for his patent for New York City, and some other eastern cities. I expect to have my business in a state so as to come on to New York in February, and expect to bring some of the castings with me, when I hope to give you a chance to assist me introducing it in our city.

Yours, truly, WILLIAM PUTMAN DAVIS.

P. S.—We all know that a house heated by a furnace is in¬ complete without open grates in the same rooms warmed by the furnace. The 4'Combined Chimney and Ventilator" has it all in a nut-shell. The peculiar construction ot the device separating thfr waste heat from the smoke and gas, throwing in the warm air near the ceiling, bringing with it a stream of fresh air from out doors, giving the same uniform temperature over the entire room as does furnace heat, without being devitalized as when passed over the latter. W. P. D.

JB^Dr. A. B. Crosby, of New York says that "all the benefit any invalid receives by going South is that he lives and breathes out-door air more than in the more northern latitude in winter." As the Combined Chimney and Ventilator secures as pure an atmosphere in the living rooms as out door southern air, by its aioption we virtually bring Florida a id Colifornia air into our houses here in the North, at much less expense.

29

More Evidence

That til© Principle -upon whicli the Com¬

bined Chimney and Ventilator Ventilates

is Based lipon Sound Philosophy.

A. B. Crosby, M. D., of New York City, in a lecture deliv- ■ered at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, said : "It is essential that the air should be thoroughly diffused and then be removed after having been breathed once.

In every attempt at Ventilation we are first to settle the ques¬ tion whether the impure air is to be removed from the apartment at the base or at the ceiling. The latter method is far inferior to the former. If there is a hot air register in the floor on one side of the room, and a ceiling ventilator on the opposite side, the hot air will rise immediately to the ceiling along which it will glide and -escape through the ventilator. Meanwhile, the bulk of the air i n the room will hardly have been disturbed at all, and in sleeping rooms, especially, there will be very little diffusion. We are not to lose sight of the fact that carbonic acid gas is much heavier than atmospheric air, and that the bad air will naturally gravitate to the lower part of the room. A heated flue, with an opening at the base, will remove the bad air rapidly, and insure the best diftusion.

If the Doctor had have known of the invention of the Com¬ bined Chimney and Ventilator, it would look very much as though this part of his lecture was intended for the purpose of im¬ pressing his audience with the great importance of adopting the same for its sanitary influence, as it is admitted by all that has in¬ vestigated its merits that no invention heretofore made, so thorough ly diffuses the pure air in every corner of the room, and a continir ous removal of the air after being breathed. Explained on page 25.

$2,500,000 Per Annum Saved

To the State of Ohio Alone by the Adoption of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator.

In 1872, one hundred and ten million bushels of coal was mined in the State of Ohio. Allowing 60,000,000 bushels for man-

30

ufacturing purposes, leaves 50,000,000 bushels for domestic use- Now reduce the saving of fuel as shown by the test of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator, on page 9th, one-half, then the figures show a saving of 25,000,000 bushels of coal in the State of Ohio in one year. Rating coal at ten cents per bushel, its adoption throughout Ohio would make an annual saving to the State of the sum of $2,500,000.

In the consumption of wood the per centage saved would be more apparent, as the amount consumed for manufacturing pur¬ poses is less. This invention is equally adapted to wood, hard and soft coal.

At this rate the amount saved to the Nation and the world would be enormous after being brought into general use, which it must be just as soon as the people learn that they are throwing away twTo-thirds of their fuel which can be prevented by using the Combined Chimney & Ventilator.

THE BEAUTIFUL LAWS ON WHICH WARMING AND VENTILATION DEPEND.

Are taken advantage of in the invention of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator, being in fact, identical with that by which nature ventilates our Globe—a hot ascending current from the warm regions, while the cooler air streams in at a lower level from the temperate regions.

The Two Arts Combined

To warm a room sufficiently, and at the same time to ventilate it thoroughly, has heretofore been considered as belonging to the unsolved problems, for the means formerly employed to ventilate a room would necessarily dissipate and carry away the heat employed in warming it, as .opening windows, &c.

We think it is the bird Time in the history of the world that the Great Triumph in accomplished of establishing a system, combining the two arts cf warming and ventilation, that the more perfect the ventilation the more perfect is the warming, and the less fuel required*

31

The Superiority

Of an Open Fire Provided with, the Com¬ bined Chimney and Ventilator over an

Ordinary C >ne. The external air in passing through the device placed in the-

chimney, being raised to a temperate heat and1 spreading itseli-

throughout the room, a person in cold weatheu- i&« surrounded with warm air without going near the fire, on all sided at once. The large body of warm air constantl}" flowing into the room at the reg¬ ister, preventing currents of air from being drawn in at the crevices- around the doors and windows, and as there is as much impure air withdrawn as there is fresh warm air admitted, an unceasing salu¬ tary ventilation is established, so that a person may remain in &. room thus warmed, and breathe air as pure as if he were in the- open fields.

Testimonials.

Pittsburgh, Pa., June 28th, 1876. K. . Lovell, Esq., Huntington, Pa.:

Bear Sir:—I have been to- Cleveland this week and examined L. B. SilveiVs Patent Heater and Ventilator; I saw it in use in Mr. Silver's house. Its effect is really wonderful and I believe it will be put into general use when properly understood, as it will restore the cheerful open fire and give uniform heat in all parts of the room. It also secures a constant sup¬ ply of fresh air brought from the outside of the building hj means of a pipe in such manner as to heat the air and force it toge heir with what would otherwise be waste heat, through a register, near the ceiling, and this circulates through all the rooms to the complete expulsion of foul air, which is driven out through the open fire. This can all be secured by less than half the amount of fuel used by the ordinary means of heating. This saving of fuel may seem incredible to you, but by actual test it has shown even better results. This device is not only applicable to dwellings and business houses, but will supply at want long felt in our school houses, churches and other public build¬ ings. Now, I would urge you to carefully investigate the merits or Silvers Combined Chimney andVentilator; with a view to putting,

32

It in your new church, which you have commenced to build. This improvement is creating quite an interest, and is going into use in ^Cleveland and elsewhere. I saw one house where they were putting in three, and I saw persons who have it in use, and they are highly pleased with it. If you think favorably of this matter, please let me know and I will aid you in it if you wish.

Yours, truly, F. H. Lane.

J^*General F. H. Lane also wrote to us, under date of Juue 30th, as follows: "I met an architect and showed him your plan for utiliz¬ ing waste heat, and ventilating, and he endorsed it, and our largest mantle and Grate dealer wants the exclusive privilege for this city to put-it up on royalty, which I declined, as I expect another party and myself will take the territory in this part, or perhaps the whole State.

The University is about to commence to build a large wing to their present building; I explained to some of their Professors and Build¬ ing Commttee, and in a few days expect to get them to act on it at their Board meeting ; they seem to be well pleased with it. A party here is also just commencing to lay the foundation of a three-story Brick Residence, of nine rooms, three rooms on each story, and each room to have an open fire. First story, 12ft,; second story, lift.; •third story, 8ft. lOin. Please let us know what you can supply the whole building with your Patent Combined Chimney and Ventilator for.

Extract of a letter written by John T. Mills, Esq. of New York City, to General Lewis Ferine, Trenton^ TS, J., Quarter Master •General of the State of New Jersey.

You will agree with me that it has long been apparent that the >ueed of an apparatus capuble of supplying an abundance of pure air and at the desired temperature, in our dwellings and public buildings, -and to utilize tt e heated air that is thrown away through our chim- Jieys, has long been felt; and in the language of some of our most thoughtful architects and builders:—16 The inventive talent of the world has been struggling for many years to solve the problem.

The Silver Combined Chimney and Ventilator is the only invention ■ever brought to my notice that seems to fill the bill perfectly, in other words it is the eureka long sought for discovered at last, and in my

33

estimation, it will work u perfect revolution in warming aud venti¬ lating our dwellings and public buildings, especially here in the East where fuel is an object.

The same gentleman also wrote to us under the following date: Saturday, June 25th 187G,

735 Seventh Avenue, N. Y. City. L. B. Silver, Esq., Cleveland, Ohio.

Dear Sir:—Your Combined Chimney and Ventilator is creating quite an interest in our city, several parties here would like an inter¬ est in it.

My friend, John W. Stevens, Esq., requested me to wait a short time and he would relieve himself of some other interests that were then pressing upon his mind aud time. He admitted that as soon as it was understood it must meet with general adoption, lie wishes to know what you will take for the exclusive right of New York City, to manufacture and sell your Combined Chimneij and Ventilator. He has been largely in the lumber trade for nearly thirty years, a large builder, also one of the main men in some planing mills, and for nearly as many years a member of the Mechanics' Exchange where all principle artizans meet daily from 12 to 1, for mutual con¬ ference and benefit. I regard him as the man of all others in this city known to me to whom I would recommend you to sell the right to use your invention here, as its popularity would increasejn his hands.

Yours truly, JOHN T.jMILLS.

Cleveland, O. From Andrew J. Rickoff, Superintendent of Instruction :

I have observed with great interest the working of " Mr. Silver's Combined Chimney & Ventilator,,, and regard it as an eminent success. It will warm a room eftectually, in every part, in a very short time, and this it does with much less fuel than would be required to warm a room of the same size to the same temperature, which is provided with only the common fire-place or grate. At the same time it provides thorough ventilation for the apartment. It must save its cost in a very short time by the saving of fuel, and at the same time secure a higher degree of temperature than is possible even with a good stove.

34

Painesville, Lake Co., Ohio, June 15th, 187G.

L. B. Silver, Esq., Cleveland, O.

Dkau Sir:—Having heard much of the advantages derived IVom the use of your Combined Chimney & Ventilator; in its great economical use of fuel and perfect system of ventilation, and after visiting your city and seeing your invention T am fully convinced that the principle upon which it operates is philosophically correct. Please send me castings for two chimneys for my dwelling house that I am now building. Please send th^m at once, and oblige

Yours truly, J. STORKS,

Of the firm of Storrs, Harrison & Co., Painesville, O

Cleveland, O., June 24,187G.

From W. L. Cottrell, of the firm of W. L. Cottrell & Co., who make the patterns for most of the scientific inventions of Northern Ohio.

L. B. Silver, Dear Sir:—Having been frequently asked by interested

parties for my opinion of your Combined Chimney and Ventilator, and having had ample opportunity to observe its practical operation. I take this occasion to say, that in all essential points, it is far superior to any heater that has yet come under my observation. In point of economy and cleanliness it is unequalled. As a ventila¬ tor, (which I consider its chief point of merit,) it is simply perfec¬ tion.

To ladies, invalids, or other persons who are compelled to spend much of their time within doors, it is simply invaluable, diffusing as it does, in all parts of the room, a pure, balmy atmosphere, which is only equalled in this respect by the open air.

Hoping that this may answer the many enquiries as to my opinion of your heater, and that you may meet with the success which your invention merits, I remain as ever,

Yours truly, W. L. COTTRELL.

Dr. J. S. Byers, of Zionsville, Indiana, addressed a letter to the Iton, John Hutchins, of Cleveland, O., requesting his opinion of

55

Silvers Combined Chimney and Ventikitol', and itjceived the follow¬ ing reply:

"I regard the invention a valuable one, saving luel and promoting health."

Mr. Hutchins, in referring to the result of the trial (see page 8) re¬ marked : " That if it had done only half as well) the invention Would be worth a half million dollars„,,

The Sunday Post says:—Mr. L. B. Silver is meeting with deserved success in the introduction of his Combined Chimney and Ventilator. Three of these perfected ventilators have recently been introduced into the residence of T. J. To\vson> on Lincoln avenue, one into the residence of George O'Connor, of the firm of Hubbell, O'Co'inor and Browne, East Cleveland, and two into the residence of J. fcStorrp, of the extensive nursery firm of Storrs, Harris & Co., of Painesville» Parties from New York and Pittsburgh, have been in the city in¬ specting the device With a view to its introduction in those cities; they went away thoroughly satisfied of its merits.

L. C. Middaugh) builder and contractor of this city, referring to this invention says:—" The great Waste of heat thrown a Way through chimneys, has occupied the thoughts of many architects and builders, but the problem was never solved until the invention of the Combined Chimney and Ventilator,

We, the undersigned, having been well acquainted with L. B. Silver, Esq., for many years, take pleasure in stating that he will faithfully fulfil any agreement that he may make, as he is perfectly trustworthy and responsible.

Alex. PoW, Pres. 1st National Bank, Salem, 0> C. Townsend, P. M», Salem, Ohio.

The Cleveland Herald says: "No one will feel that he can afford to do without the Combined Chimney and Ventilator when its merits are once known to him.,,

From A. M. Smith, Architect and Builder, Cleveland, Ohio* L. B. Silver, Esq.,

Dear Sir:—Having had the pleasure of witnessing a trial of your Combined Chimnqj and Ventilator, showing conclusively that

36

the opon fire, provided with your invention, would produce as much warmth Jn same time and space with one ton of coal as it would ac¬ complish by the consumption of three tons without it—wThich is to my knowledge the largest saving ol fuel on record. Allow me to con¬ gratulate you that you have, in this invention, struck a gotd miney that I trust will not only result in your own benefit, but that the entire country will be correspondingly benefited.

Dr. A. N. Cole, Agent for the Protective and Benevolent Associa¬ tion, for Northern Ohio, writes:

I regard Silver's Combined Chimney and Ventilator one of the grandest achievements of modern inventions.

From General Greeu Clay Smith, Frankfort, Ky. I have examined the Combined Chimney and Ventilator, as

invented by Mr. L. B. Silver, and believe it a most excellent invention

From Hon. Robert Foust, Philadelphia, Pa. I fully concur in the above recommendation of Hon. Green Clay

Smith, of the foregoing invention of Mr. Silver.

From Hon. G. T. Stewart iNorwalk, Ohio. I also heartily concur in the above.

References.

N. P. Payne, Mayor, City of Cleveland, Ohio. M. G. Watterson, President Board of Education, Cleveland, Ohio. Messrs. Heard & Sons, Architects, Cleveland, Ohio. Walter Blythe " ■ " " A. Koehler " " " " J Ireland " " " H. Blackburn u n n Myers Uhl & Co., Mantle and Grate Dealers, Cleveland, Ohio. McDowel, Gibbs & Co., li " 4; " Jones, T. & Son " " " " Messrs. Lowrie & Warner, Parlor Grate Manufacturers, Cleveland,

Ohio William Embly, Architect and General Superintendent, Jerseyville,

Illinois.

37

James Raper, M. P., Manchester, England. Ex-Governor Miram H. Clark, Auburn, N. Y. Hon. S. B. Ransom, Jersey City, IST. J. Juctee C. T. Horton, Campbelltown, N. Y. Professor Ambrose Blunt, Goshen, Ind. C. Henry Mead, Esq., Buffalo, N. Y. \V. H. Crampton, Esq., Lockport, N. Y.

Scale of Prices.

For complete set of castings for a one story house 00 For complete set of castings for a t\vo,story house, same chim-

::ey 85 00 For complete set of castings for a threa story house, same

chimney 110 00 A complete set consists of a fire-box, a large cast-iron smoke

flue extending to upper ceiling of the house, and containing two tubular pipes to first ceiling. It also includes registers, faces, in¬ lets, outlets, nickle plate reflectors or cheek-pieces, nickle plated knobs to bold front frames to places, and adjustable dampers for throwing the heat into either story at will.

These prices are based on average height of ceilings of dwelling houses and will be varied as occasion requires.

Just the Thing for Hard Times.

Strange as it would first appear, the indications are that this invention is more readily introduced when times are dull than when money is plenty. Evidence of this is the fact that a majori¬ ty of the orders received for the Combined Chimney and Venti¬ lator, or Heat Saver, have been from parties who have been attracted by this important feature, namely: the saving of fuel, doing away with any necessity for a furnace, which costs a great deal of money of itself, and draws fearfully on a coal bank. It is without competition, as there is nothing approximating it; and when its merits are known no one will feel that he can afford to do without it. It can be built in houses under construction, or put in those already built.

Explanation of Engraving.

Since having the annexed engraving printed, we find that by

placing the two tubular pipes in the flue of the first, and leaving it

out of the second floor, its results are superior and reduces the

cost as per price list on page 37.

**14

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A Great problem soivect • how to utilize waste heat from chimneys ancl establish a system of warming anrt ventilation based upon sound philos~ ophy and economy -

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY

UN VERSITY OF CHICAGO

35 076 772

GEN. F. H LANE, of Pittsburgh, Pa., (See Page 31.) writes his views of the Com¬ bined Chimney and Ventilator, to his friend K. A. Lovel, Esq., Huntington, Pa., and recommends placing it in their new Church.