Plan for today! Homework discussion!

Quiz reminder (Wednesday, December 17)

Education in the U.S. Historical context Current structure My experiences in the university system

Homework! Let’s review a bit

Realism Liberalism Constructivism

Can someone tell me about their homework?

Education in the U.S.10/12/14

Historical Context The Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787

Enacted by Congress Created a procedure by which states could be

admitted to the Union Referring to Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan

Mandated that every township set aside one parcel of land for every 36 for a public or “common” school These became the iconic “little red schoolhouses”

Historical Context Funding was an important debate!

1820, Congress approved collection of state education funds through sale of public lands

By 1860, most states had adopted the idea of publicly funded, free education and giving local communities control over schools

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Selling public lands to establish colleges Land-grant schools: 106 today

As America expanded westward, states could only be admitted to the Union if they offered free public education

Historical Context 1890s-1920s

Huge influx of immigrants=huge growth in public schools 1870= 7.6 million students End of 19th century=12.7 million

“By the mid-20th century, the ideal of universal education from kindergarten through high school had become a reality for substantial numbers of Americans. But certainly not for all, especially the nation’s racial minorities.”

-USA Education in Brief

Segregation and Education

Prior to Civil War (1861-65), African Americans had little access to education

1896 Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are

constitutional if they are “separate but equal” Becomes practice in 17 southern and border states Outside of south, pattern of housing and population

essentially resulted in segregated schools

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court decision Ruled that “separate education facilities are inherently

unequal” Forced the integration of school

Video

Video A few things to note before:

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court case that claimed that “separate but

equal” was ok NAACP=National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People Civil Rights organization Organized 13 black families that attempted to enroll

their kids in school NAACP then sued when they were turned away

Title I Title I of Elementary and Secondary School Act

(1965) Further pushed integration Provided public funds to schools with poor and

disadvantaged children, but ONLY if they were not discriminating based on race

Racial imbalance still exists today As a result of residential patterns, concentration of

minorities in urban areas

“The lesson is that although American Education remains committed to principles of equality, it often falls short of the goals in practice.”

Women and Title IV Equal rights for education for women was focused on

universities

Title IV passed in 1972 Banned discrimination on basis of gender in higher

education

Structure of the system today

Elementary schools Kindergarten to 5th grade

Middle schools 6th to 8th grade

High Schools 9th to 12th

School attendance to age 16

is compulsory

Structure of the system today

Public v. Private Private schools include Catholic, Quaker, Islamic, Jewish and

Greek Orthodox schools Also home-schooled children=1.1 million

DECENTRALIZATION Education is largely a state and local responsibility How does this connect with America’s founding principles?

Funding Mostly paid for by local property taxes “Public education constitutes the single largest expenditure for

almost every U.S. city and county”

No national curriculum

More on Decentralization

Although the system works mostly at the local and state level, all levels, including federal, play a role Local

Elected boards of education Fund schools with local property taxes

State Elected boards of education as well Oversee local education districts Set standards for students and teachers Approve curriculum, review textbook selections Financial: provide aid to supplement taxes

Federal Provides research and support Student loans

Universities and Colleges

The United States has the greatest number of young people who receive higher education

4,000+ institutions 2-year community colleges Technical colleges 4-year institutions

Small liberal arts to big state universities 1/3 of colleges and universities are private

Generally more expensive Do no receive subsidies from the government

Costs and Competition Higher education in the U.S, costs $373 billion

College can be expensive But 7 of 10 students receive some form of financial aid

Grants, loans, work-study

Entrance is competitive Ivy leagues ACT/SAT scores, essays

Personal Experience Choosing a college

Criteria Out-of-state Journalism programs Freshmen programs offered Financial aid

University of Missouri (Mizzou)

34,000 students

280 Degree programs

19 schools and colleges School of Journalism Honors College

University of Missouri (Mizzou)

350 buildings 23 residence halls (dorms)

800+ student organizations

Library system has 3 million print books

Undergraduate Experience

Dorms

Changing majors

Student organizations

Working in college

Study abroad

Homework Your turn to choose a college in the United States

Research some schools Maybe famous ones you have heard of (Harvard, Princeton) Or maybe states you know (University of Texas) Do you want a big school or small? What do you want to study?

This is a chance for you to be creative!

I want you to write at least a full page in your news journal, answering the questions I post online.

Due Friday, December 19