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© ABB| Slide 1
CAABB-LPCP, 2015
ABB LV Power Quality CanadaSeminar
© ABB| Slide 2
Today‘s PresentationWhat will we see?
1. What is LV Power Quality (PQS) all about?
2. Technical relevance to an end user
3. Business relevance to an end-user
4. Value-add … what’s special about ABB?
© ABB| Slide 3
Power QualityWhat is it all about?
Today’s discussion about low voltage power quality products is largely related to two core concepts:
1. Power factor improvement
2. Harmonics mitigation
… on Low Voltage networks (<690V)
© ABB| Slide 4
Today‘s PresentationPQS – a little background
1. Large installed base in Canada
2. Mostly industrial applications
3. Business responsibility with Low Voltage Products Canada
4. Sales responsibility for Canada
5. Engineering and production for Canada and USA
6. Best blend of global knowledge base with local competence and production
© ABB| Slide 6
R L C
Toaster, oven … Motor, anythingwith a coil
Capacitor, cap bank,…
P
W or kW
Q
var or kvar
Q
var or kvar
Power Factor ImprovementWhat are all the load types?
IR ωVAC IL
ω90°
VAC
VAC
IC ω90°
© ABB| Slide 7
Power Factor ImprovementMotor Example
Typical motor = linear inductive load
Active power (kW) does the real work of running the motor
Reactive power (kvar) is the power used for magnetization, etc.
(kVA) is geometrical or vector sum of kW and kvar
kWkvar
kVA
© ABB| Slide 8
Power Factor ImprovementRelationship between kW, KVA and kvar
Power factor = cos ϕ = P(kW) / S(kVA)
« Weight of useful power P against the consumed power S »
kVA
Active power PkW
Reactive power
Q
kvar
ϕϕcos×= SP
ϕsin×= SQ22 QPS +=
© ABB| Slide 9
Power Factor ImprovementWhat is good power factor?
When angle ϕ 0°, cos ϕ = P(kW) / S(kVA) 1
Source of leading reactive power = capacitors and cap banks
kVA
Active power PkW
Reactive power
Q
kvar
ϕ
kVA
© ABB| Slide 10
Power Factor ImprovementBeer analogy
© ABB| Slide 11
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 11
Power Factor ImprovementFrom beer back to power factor!!
When angle ϕ 0°
cos ϕ = P(kW) / S(kVA) 1
Compensation = capacitors & banks
More beer!!
© ABB| Slide 12
Power Factor ImprovementCalculating correction in kvar
kVA
Active power PkW
Reactive power
Q
kvar
ϕ
Method of calculation… Crude estimation = 40% of motor KW
rating Cap amps < 90% of motor amps Power factor (p.f.) = cos ϕ Existing p.f. = x = cos ϕ1 Target p.f. = y = cos ϕ2 Inverse cosine of x & y gives you the
angles ϕ1 and ϕ2 Calculate tangents of ϕ1 and ϕ2 Multiply the difference between tan ϕ1
and tan ϕ2 with the real power (KW) Result gives you required
compensation value in kvar)tan(tanPQ 21comp ϕϕ −×=
Qco
mp
© ABB| Slide 13
Power Factor ImprovementWhere do these things go?
Various locations on the electrical n/w
1. Plant feeder (MV)
2. Main LV bus
3. Branch/auxiliary bus
4. Individual load point
Capacitor location1 2 & 3 4
Technical approach BestFlexibility Least Less BestSavings Least Less Max
Cost per kvar Least Lower Highest
© ABB| Slide 14
Power Factor ImprovementWhat are the benefits?
Transformers and distribution cables see lower currents
Reduced I²R losses in cables, transformers, protection devices
© ABB| Slide 15
Power Factor ImprovementWhat are the benefits?
Frees up system capacity by a value directly proportional to power factor improvement
© ABB| Slide 16
Power Factor ImprovementWhat is the business relevance?
Benefits to end-users …1. Utility billing = smaller electricity bills due to lower kvars2. Utilization efficiency = Possible to partially offset capital
expenditure on additional capacity. How?• Installed loads (kW) are fixed• Service capacity (kVA) is fixed• If kvar reduces opens up system capacity
© ABB| Slide 17
Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Element – IPE (Internal Protected Element)
Dry type design
Self-healing, internally protected element
Long lasting and rugged
Proven design and build quality
Manufactured in Belgium
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© ABB GroupSeptember 3, 2015 | Slide 18
Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Element – IPE self healing
Step 1: Dielectric breakdown takes place
Step 2: Vaporization of the thin electrodes which ends up with breakdown elimination
Principle
Diameter of the hole: 1 µm
Capacitance loss: < 1ppm (part per million)
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Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Unit – CLMD
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Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Unit – CLMD
Engineered and built in Canada
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Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Bank
Auto Cap Bank
208V to 690V
CSA and UL approved
Rugged construction
Proven design
Local expertise
Long operating life
Indoor or outdoor
Standard or custom
Engineered and built in Canada
© ABB| Slide 22
Power Factor ImprovementA word on resonance – what is it?
Inductive reactance XL = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
Varies proportionally with frequency
Capacitive reactance XC = 1
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
Varies inversely with frequency
When XL = XC
Impedances (ZL & ZC) cancel out
Band-pass filter
Creates uncontrolled oscillations
L and C feed off each other
Usually capacitors burn out
Wineglass (YouTube)
© ABB| Slide 23
Power Factor ImprovementA word on resonance – what is the solution?
Shift the resonance point away from the most likely frequency
Most likely frequency = 5th
harmonic = 60Hz * 5 = 300 Hz
How? With a reactor
Hence we select from a choice of frequency points …
3.78 = 227 Hz (ABB)
4.2 = 252 Hz and so on
This is called a detuned bank, only meant to protect the capacitors
© ABB| Slide 24
Power Factor ImprovementA word on resonance – which reactor?
% Vrise = 𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓
2× 100
To be safe, capacitor needs to be rated 10% over network voltage
“Pulls” harmonic current away from the capacitor
Largest source of heat loss in a cap bank, 5W per kvar
Depends on loading
We offer option of standard and reinforced reactors
© ABB| Slide 25
Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Bank – CLMM without reactors
Main protection can be added to the bank on request.
Maximum step (1xCLMD encl.) size is 100 kvar @ 480V / 600V.
Maximum bank size 1.20 Mvar @ 480V / 600V
4 steps (90‘‘H x 38‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
5 steps (90‘‘H x 50‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
6 steps (90‘‘H x 62‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
7/8 steps (90‘‘H x 74‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
Cable entry: top, bottom or side
Up 12 steps configuration with slave unit
© ABB| Slide 26
Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Bank – CLMR with reactors
Main protection can be added to the bank on request.
Maximum step (1xCLMD encl.) size is 100 kvar @ 480V / 600V.
Maximum bank size 1.20 Mvar @ 480V / 600V
3 steps (90‘‘H x 38‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
4 steps (90‘‘H x 50‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
5 steps (90‘‘H x 62‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
6 steps (90‘‘H x 74‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
Cable entry: top, bottom or side
Up 12 steps configuration with slave unit
© ABB| Slide 27
Power Factor ImprovementCapacitor Bank – Series, CLMM & CLMR
© ABB| Slide 28
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller
Smart controller
Color touchscreen
Communication option
cULus approved
Full data readout
6 or 12 steps
Preset power factor
User settable
Manufactured in Belgium
© ABB| Slide 29
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 29
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller
Intuitive touch-screen interface
Individual phase p.f. correction for unbalanced loads
Individual phase measurements (V, A, PF, kVA and kWh…)
Graphical display of voltage & current and harmonics spectrum
Communications: Modbus, Ethernet, USB and Can bus (for future use)
Real time clock
One alarm relay (NO/NC) and one FAN relay
Up to 8 temperature probes
© ABB| Slide 30
Communication locked
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller
Active output
Inactive output are not highlighted
Temperature alarm
Temperature normal
Unlock (software)
Locked (software)
Communication unlocked
Locked (hardware)
Unlock (hardware)
Alarm active
Alarm inactive
Setting mode
Warning
Mode change
Online help
On demand
Off demand
Manual mode
Auto mode
Close window
Validation
Next page
© ABB| Slide 31
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – quickstart guide in brochure
Start here:
Finish here.
1. Start screen, Click “Settings”: 2. Click commissioning: 3. Click automatic: 4. Click OK: 5. Click OK: 6. Select type of connection
7. Click OK: 9. Click OK: 10. Click OK: 8. Lock or unlock the “Bank settings - OK:
11. Click OK: 12.Input CT scaling: 50:
13. Click OK: 15. Click OK: 16. Click OK: 14. Click OK: 17. Click OK: 18. Click OK:
19. Click OK: 21. Automatic commissioning completed:20. Click OK:
© ABB| Slide 32
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – intuitive and simple interface
© ABB| Slide 33
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 33
RVT versatile features Highly efficient switching strategy
t (s)
Q (kvar)
C1 ON C2 ONC1 OFF
Target cos ϕ
C2 ONC1 ON
C3 ONC1 OFFC2 OFF
t (s)
Q (kvar)
C3 ON
Target cos ϕ
Direct: switches the biggest steps first to reach the target cos ϕ fasterProgressive: switches the steps sequentially, one by one
5 switching 1 switching
© ABB| Slide 34
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 34
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – efficient switching
Linear: first in, last out Circular: first in, first out
© ABB| Slide 35
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 35
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – 3-ph or 1-ph
RVT three phase model: RVT12
Up to 3 ph voltage and current measurements
Five different CT connection types
RVT base model: RVT6 and RVT12
1 ph voltage and current measurements
Three different CT connection types
Note: set connection type manually
© ABB| Slide 36
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 36
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – 3-ph or 1-ph
Individual phase power factor control are necessary for:
Single phase loads industrial, PH-PH
Single phase loads residential and commercial, PH-N
© ABB| Slide 37
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 37
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – 3-ph or 1-ph
For unbalanced networks
Typical outputs setting for 6 steps of 3-phase caps and 2 steps of 1-phase caps
© ABB| Slide 38
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 38
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – harmonic spectrum and values
Select measurement
to display
zoom in / out the chart
Select measurement to display
© ABB| Slide 39
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 39
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – upto 8 temp probe i/p
T1 T2 T8
© ABB| Slide 40
© ABB Group September 3, 2015 | Slide 40
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – real time clock
© ABB| Slide 41
Power Factor ImprovementRVT Controller – Modbus, Ethernet, USB, Software
Ethernet
Note: check with ABB about version compatibility for Modbus adapter
USB
To put RVT on USB or Ethernet and OPC server for Modbus
Software
© ABB| Slide 42
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – for fast varying loads with low p.f.
Automotive welding
Cranes & hoists
Presses, etc
Problems:
Decreased power transmission efficiency
Voltage fluctuations and/or collapse, Flicker
Other issues:
Tend to be large loads
Can be weak networks
© ABB| Slide 43
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – heart of the beast
Measure fast and react fast
Thyristors = SCR = Silicon Controlled Rectifiers
© ABB| Slide 44
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – Dynaswitch
Thyristors
RC snubbers
Fixings
Terminals for power cables
Heatsinks Thermal protection
ControllerFan
2 pairs of antiparallel HV thyristor modules
Aluminium heat sinks
Thermal protection
Firing control circuit
Only full alternations of current allowed (hence, no harmonics or transients)
© ABB| Slide 45
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – why is it better for fast varying loads?
SCR switched banks
Near instantaneous response
No disturbances at caps switching
No maintenance = fit & forget
Low losses
Theoretically unlimited operations
Contactor switched banks
Time delay to discharge capacitors
High inrush current
Limited life of the contactors
Fixed step size
Can create disturbances
© ABB| Slide 46
Response time
Less than 1 cycle in open loop
Max 3 cycles in closed loop
Instantaneous in external trigger (after first firing)
Transient free switching (no inrush current)
Harmonic absorption (reactors allowed)
Infinite number of switching
400 kvar max. step size (at 600V)
Single-phase or three-phase
50Hz or 60Hz
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – key features
© ABB| Slide 47
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – RVT-D
User-friendly
Monochrome alphanumeric + graphic display with menus & help
Keyboard
Intuitive parameter settings
Measurements
V, I, P, cos-phi, distortion p.f.
Harmonics (bar graph and values)
Temperature (2 sensor inputs)
Logging function (peak and duration)
© ABB| Slide 48
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – control types
Closed loop
CT on line side
CT on line side with additional CT in Dynacomp
Open loop
Normal open loop (CT on the load side)
CT on line side with additional CT in Dynacomp
External trigger
Without CT
CT in open loop
CT on line side with additional CT in Dynacomp
© ABB| Slide 49
Power Factor ImprovementDynacomp – SCR driven
Month DD, YYYY
Dynamic compensation
Instantaneous compensation to real-time demand
Specifically for rapid and intermittent demand
Built in Canada
© ABB| Slide 50
Power Factor ImprovementWhat‘s new? Qcap – key features
Cylindrical design
Compact
Unique design
cULus approved
Manufactured in Belgium
© ABB| Slide 51
© ABB GroupSeptember 3, 2015 | Slide 51
Power Factor ImprovementQcap – mechanical protection
SNAP on guard SNAP actuated
Rigid connections
Locked by groove Internal pressure OK Internal pressure NOK
© ABB| Slide 52
© ABB GroupSeptember 3, 2015 | Slide 52
Power Factor ImprovementQcap – dimensions
© ABB| Slide 53
© ABB GroupSeptember 3, 2015 | Slide 53
Power Factor ImprovementQcap – spec
Voltages available: from 380 to 600 V
Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
Connection: 3-phase
Net output power: from 12.5 to 30 kvar
Tolerance on capacitance: 0%, +10%
Typical losses:
< 0.2W/kvar (dielectric only)
< 0.5W/kvar (including discharge resistors)
Discharge resistor: discharge from Un to 50V in 1 minute
Max permissible current: 1.3 x In for continuous operation
Tolerance on voltage: 30% for maximum 1 min.
© ABB| Slide 54
© ABB GroupSeptember 3, 2015 | Slide 54
Power Factor ImprovementQcap – spec
Case material: recyclable aluminum
Color: raw aluminum
Fixing: single stud (M12)
Weight: approx. 3kg
Terminals: Cage screws
Minimum clearance above unit: 20mm
Earth: earth connection on the fixing bolt Installation: indoor use only (inside enclosure) Temperature : -25°C to +55°C (class D per IEC 60831) Altitude: up to 2000m Protection degree: IP20 Cable section: up to 16mm²
© ABB| Slide 55
© ABB GroupSeptember 3, 2015 | Slide 55
Power Factor ImprovementQcap – range
© ABB| Slide 56
Power Factor ImprovementWhat‘s new? Qcap – strategy
Commercial applications
Malls
Towers
Warehouses
Small industrial sheds
Price-sensitive market
© ABB| Slide 57
Harmonic DistortionWhat is it? Some key words …
Definition: integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of any periodical waveform are called Harmonics
Waveform = oscillations (e.g., waves in the ocean, guitar string, pendulum, electricity, sound, light, etc.
Resonance = oscillations going out of control
At certain frequencies, harmonics result in resonance
Tacoma Bridge Collapse (Youtube)
© ABB| Slide 58
Harmonic DistortionWhat is it? Everyday examples of distortion ...
What if you go ON – OFF – ON – OFF continuously on a garden hose? What if you did that with 4 hoses?
What if everyone in a building were to flush their toilets at the same instant?
What if every light, fan and A/C in this building is switched OFF and ON at the same instant?
What if 10 people got on a garden bridge and jumped up and down at the same time?
What if 10 people crowded up the back of a van?
Why do airliners have a speed cap of 850 kmph?
Now imagine something like this on an electrical network …
© ABB| Slide 59
Harmonic DistortionFundamental
© ABB| Slide 60
Harmonic DistortionFundamental + 5th harmonic
© ABB| Slide 61
Harmonic DistortionH1 + H5 + H7
h = kq ± 1, where k = any integer, q = pulse number on the converter
Hence, for 6-pulse drive h = 5 & 7 and for 12 pulse, h = 11 & 13 …
© ABB| Slide 62
Harmonic DistortionHow is it represented?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25Time domain
Frequency domain
1
2
2
C
CTHD k
k∑==
C substituted by V or I THD = Total Harmonic Distortion, based on measured value TDD = Total Demand Distortion, total load demand denominator IEEE 519 defines TDD <5% at PCC, for networks below 69kV
L
kk
II
ITDD
∑== 2
2
© ABB| Slide 63
Harmonic DistortionIEEE 519 – 1992
© ABB| Slide 64
Harmonic DistortionWhere does it come from?
On electrical networks:
Any device with electronic switchingcomponents
Examples include phone chargers, car chargers, power supplies, LED lighting, UPS, transmission equipment, data centres, etc.
Largest source of harmonics today is VFD’s
© ABB| Slide 65
Harmonic DistortionWhat are the effects?
Heats up equipment
Reduces operating life of equipment, cables, motors, etc.
Causes false tripping of circuit breakers, blown fuses, etc.
Affects electronic control circuits (example, ECG in hospitals)
Affects communication circuits (example, telecom)
Can affect power factor
Potential risk of downtime and production losses
© ABB| Slide 66
Harmonics MitigationWhat is the business relevance?
Somewhat like medical insurance … you don’t know you need it until you really do !!
How do you know it’s needed? Network analysis
Benefits to end-users …
1. Prevents unexpected shutdowns and downtime
2. Increases operating life of equipment on plant
3. Ensures network is not polluted
4. Prevents harmonics from spreading upstream
© ABB| Slide 67
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – PQFM and PQFI
© ABB| Slide 68
PWM Inverter (IGBT-based)
Line reactor
PWM reactor
Output filter
Control system
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – how do they work?
© ABB| Slide 69
Filter up to H13
Filter up to H25
ABB
Filter up to H50
Technical requirements
Regulation requirements
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – filtering out the entire range
© ABB| Slide 70
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – why closed loop?
Closed loop controlDirectly control & measure THDI and total
load current then compensate
Future extent ion = easy
VFD VFD VFD VFDVFDPQF
Other loads
spare
CT : x/5A
Control point
Open loop operationTHDI = ? unknownTotal loads = ? UnknownPass/fail regulation = ? Unknown
Accuracy drop !Future extent ion =?
VFD VFD VFD VFDVFDAF?
Other loads
spare
Control point
CT CT CT CTCT:x/1A
SCT
© ABB| Slide 71
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – why closed loop?
Directly measure and control harmonic current flowing to network
No risk of wrong THDI calculation
Can verify harmonic according to regulation directly
Simple CT connection
Normal CT X/5A class 1 is sufficient
Easy for future harmonic load extensions
Better accuracy & safety
Appropriate for local & global compensation
© ABB| Slide 72
Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25:43.533
CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps
Volts
Amps
10:25:43.72 10:25:43.73 10:25:43.74 10:25:43.75 10:25:43.76 10:25:43.77 10:25:43.78
-750
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Voltage: THDV = 12% Current: THDI = 27%
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – example with VFD in oil field
LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENTS AT PUMPING CLUSTER
© ABB| Slide 73
Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:41:55.533
CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps
Volts
Amps
10:41:55.72 10:41:55.73 10:41:55.74 10:41:55.75 10:41:55.76 10:41:55.77 10:41:55.78
-750
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Voltage: THDV = 2% Current: THDI = 3%
Harmonics MitigationActive Filters – example with VFD in oil field
LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENT WITH ACTIVE FILTER
© ABB| Slide 74
Harmonics MitigationPQF Active Filter Controller
© ABB| Slide 75
Max. Filtering &Q Compensation
MaximumFiltering
Filtering toCurve
Filtering toHardware Limits
Load increase
Loaddecrease
Harmonics MitigationPQF Active Filter Controller – mode changing
© ABB| Slide 76
Harmonics MitigationKey Features of PQF – why is it the best?
1. Eliminates up to 50th harmonic
2. 20 individual harmonics at a time (spectrum) with individual presets
3. Unsurpassed harmonic attenuation factor (≥ 97% typical)
4. 3-phase, 3-wire, closed loop control for maximum precision
5. 100A, 180A, 320A ++, scalable upto 8 units, any combination
6. Master-slave or master-master with full redundancy
7. cULus approved
8. User settable parameters
9. Stepless load balancing and reactive power compensation (Mode2)
10. Zero risk of overloading due to parallel connection
11. Zero risk of overheating due to auto-derating function
12. Produced in Belgium
© ABB| Slide 77
Why ABB?Value-add, ABB-style
1. Our caps & filters work with any make & brand of switchgear or MCC equipment
2. Global presence – valuable for OEM’s, multinationals, etc.
3. Local presence – expertise in design, engineering, assembly, sales and marketing
4. Local support at all stages from selection to commissioning
5. Service support from ABB and service partners
© ABB| Slide 78
Why ABB?How are we promoting Power Quality?
1. Starts with awareness at end-user level
2. Our own installed base
3. Reach out to utilities, engineering consultants, EPCs
4. Engineering shows, events …
5. Distribution channels
6. Outside –> in approach, tailored to each region, vertical …