EEE3233 POWER SYSTEMS

Chapter 1An Overview of Power System

Nur Diyana Kamarudin

Introduction

Main Components

Support Components

Power System Components

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Loads

Grid System (500kV, 275kV, 132kV, 66kV)

Step-up transformer (↑ voltage,↓current)

TNB SESCO

SESB

3 phase - 415 V, single phase - 240 V

Reduce the voltage 33kV,11kV

Power System Components

At power generating station (generating voltage) 11 – 20kV and frequency of 50 Hz

Transform to higher voltage (transmission voltage) 132kV, 275kV and 500kV

Transform to lower voltage (distribution voltage) 33kV or 11kV

Power System Components

POWER STATION- Generator output at 11kV/20kV is stepped up by transformer to 132kV 275kV and 500kV for transmission.

HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have direct connections to the transmission at 132kV

TRANSMISSION - Transmission is mainly at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV

SMALL INDUSTRY - Most small factories receive their electricity at 11kV

HOUSE - Overhead distribution to individual houses is at 240V.

AROUND TOWN & RESIDENTIAL AREA - Underground distribution to individual premises is at 415V and 240 V

High voltages of 500kV, 275kV, 132kV are used for transmitting electricity over the grid system

• Power System Components

• (Generation)

Power System Components (Generation)

• Generation Plant Mix

Main Power Producer in Malaysia

Power System in Malaysia

Power System in Malaysia

• Generation capacity of major power producer

IPP LOKASIKAPASITI

(MW)TARIKH LESEN DIISU

YTL Power Generation Paka, Terengganu & Pasir Gudang, Johor

808 404

7 April 1993

Segari Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd. Lumut, Perak 1,303 15 Julai 1993

Powertek Sdn Bhd. Alor Gajah, Melaka 440 1 Disember 1993

Port Dickson Sdn. Bhd. Tanjung Gemuk, Port Dickson 440 1 Disember 1993

Pahlawan Power Sdn. Bhd Tanjung Keling, Melaka 334 26 Mei 1999

Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd Kuala Langat, Selangor 720 1 Julai 1993

Penisular Malaysia

Sabah

IPP LOKASI KAPASITI (MW) TARIKH LESEN DIISU

ARL Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. Melawa 50 14 June 1994

Serudong Power Sdn. Bhd. Tawau 36 31 Mac 1995

Powertron Resources Sdn. Bhd. Karambunai 120 6 Februari 1997

Stratavest Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 64.4 1 Oktober 1996

Sandakan Power corporation Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 34 29 November 1997

Co-Generators

Co-generators adalah pengeluaran elektrik dan tenaga haba daripada satu sumber bahanapi sahaja. Kecekapan termal sehingga 90% adalah mungkin berbanding 40% sahaja dengan penjanaan termal secara konvensional manakala kira-kira 60% di loji penjanaan gabungan kitaran. Sehingga kini, terdapat kira-kira 30 co-generators yang telah mendapat lesen daripada Suruhanjaya Tenaga. Berikut adalah antara co-generators yang utama :

SYARIKAT LOKASI KAPASITI (MW) JENIS PENJANAAN

Sabah Forest Industries Sdn. Bhd.

Sipitang, Sabah 57.7 Awam

Perwaja Steel Sdn. Bhd.Tanjung Berhala, Kemaman, Terengganu

9.5 Persendirian

Titan Petrochemicals (M) Sdn. Bhd.

Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, Johor

56 Persendirian

Lembaga Padi dan Beras Negara

Sekinchan, Selangor 0.2 Persendirian

Gas District Cooling (KLIA)

Sepang, Selangor 60 Awam

Gas District Cooling (KLCC)

Kuala Lumpur City Centre

12 Persendirian

Sarawak

Power GenerationsSteam turbines-the combustion of coal, gas or oil in boilers

produces steam, at high temperatures and pressures, which is passed to steam turbines.

Energy conversion using water (Hydro)-will be discuss further after thisGas turbines-gas turbines exhaust will raise steam in a

conventional boiler to drive steam turbined coupled to another electricity generator (combined-cycle-gas-turbine)-ccgt

Power GenerationsMagnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

generation- fuel used- coal, oil or nuclear- production of steam which drives the

turbines- gases at 2500c are passed through a

chamber in which a strong magnetic field created

- An emf induced is collected at suitable electrodes

Nuclear Power

Renewable Energy SourcesHydroelectric power generation-

bakun, balui river, sarawakSolar Energy-thermal conversion

-direct conversion to electricity

Wind Generators – windmillBio-fuelsGeothermal Energy

A transformer in a large sub-station reduces the voltage to 33kV, 22kV,11kV

Power System Components (Transmission)

Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100 kV are usually called the transmission system.

Consists of Transmission Line and Sub-stations

Transmission network of 500kV, 275kV and 132kV known as National Grid.

Power System Components (Transmission)

Transmission Line◦Overhead Lines◦Cable- Underground Cables- Submarine Cables

Sub-stations

Power System Components (Transmission)

Transmission ParametersOVERHEAD LINE

275kV132kV66kV

500kV6,1999,998

171

890Length (circuit-km)

CABLE275kV132kV66kV

49674

-

Length (circuit-km)

TRANSFORMERS

275kV132kV66kV

500kV26,21338,258

410

4,500TransformationCapacity(MVA)

(17,258)

(723)

(69,381)

SUBSTATIONS

275kV132kV66kV

500kV67

2995

4Number of Substations(TNB)

(375)

OVERHEAD LINE

275kV132kV66kV

500kV6,1999,998

171

890Length (circuit-km)

CABLE275kV132kV66kV

49674

-

Length (circuit-km)

TRANSFORMERS

275kV132kV66kV

500kV26,21338,258

410

4,500TransformationCapacity(MVA)

(17,258)

(723)

(69,381)

SUBSTATIONS

275kV132kV66kV

500kV67

2995

4Number of Substations(TNB)

(375)

Power System Components (Transmission)

                

                                                                        

           

Waist-Type Tower Double Circuit

Tower Guyed-V-Tower

Power System Components (Transmission)

Transmission tower

Transmission tower

Power System Components (Transmission)

Power System Components (Transmission)

Supplies to rural communities are often reduced from 11kV to domestic voltages (415/240V) by pole mounted transformers.

Power System Components (Distribution)

Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100 kV are usually called the distribution system.

Part of the electric utility system between the bulk power source and the customer service entrances (loads). 

33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V

Power System Components (Distribution)

Distribution Intake

Power System Components (Distribution)

Substation

A step-up transmission substation receives electric power from a nearby generating facility and uses a large power transformer to increase the voltage for transmission to distant locations. A transmission bus is used to distribute electric power to one or more transmission lines. There can also be a tap on the incoming power feed from the generation plant to provide electric power to operate equipment in the generation plant.

Step-down transmission substations are located at switching points in an electrical grid. They connect different parts of a grid and are a source for subtransmission lines or distribution lines. The step-down substation can change the transmission voltage to a subtransmission voltage.

Distribution substations are located near to the end-users. Distribution substation transformers change the transmission or subtransmission voltage to lower levels for use by end-users.

Air circuit breakers are used to interrupt circuits while current flows through them. Compressed air is used to quench the arc when the connection is broken.

Bus support insulators are porcelain or fiberglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus bar switches and other support structures and to prevent leakage current from flowing through the structure or to ground. These insulators are similar in function to other insulators used in substations and transmission poles and towers.

The substation control house contains switchboard panels, batteries, battery chargers, supervisory control, power-line carrier, meters, and relays. The control house provides all weather protection and security for the control equipment. It is also called a doghouse.

Control panels contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building, also called a doghouse. These are used to control the substation equipment, to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to to shut down circuits when needed.

Circuit switchers provide equipment protection for transformers, lines, cables, and capacitor banks. They also are used to energize and deenergize capacitor banks and other circuits.

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

National Grid System

primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia

operated and owned by TNB more than 420 substation in Peninsular Malaysia are linked

together by the extensive network of transmission lines operating at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV

Power generated by TNB and IPP is carried by the National Grid towards customers connected to the various distribution networks

electrically interconnected to the transmission network of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) -132kV with capacity 80MW and 300kV with capacity 300MW and also to Singapore Power- Sdn Bhd 230kV with capacity 200MW.

Power System in Malaysia