vi

PREFACE

The writer would like to give thanks to the Lord Jesus Christ for all His

blessings in every step during the completion of this thesis. This thesis titled

“INDONESIA’S STRATEGY IN COMBATING ILLEGAL,

UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED (IUU) FISHING WITHIN

INDONESIAN WATERS” is composed as the academic requirement to obtain a

Bachelor Degree in International Relations Department, Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

The writer believes this thesis would not be able to be completed in time

without moral supports and direct guidance from various parties. Thus, the writer

would use this opportunity to express the greatest gratitude to:

1) Mr. Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D, as the Dean of Faculty of Social and

Political Science.

2) Ms. Susy Tekunan, B.A., MBA., M.A., as the Head of International

Relations Department.

3) Mr. Drs. Ignatius Ismanto, M.Si., M.A., as the thesis advisor who

contributed his endless guidance and motivation towards the

completion of this thesis.

4) Mr. Roy Vincentius Pratikno, B.Sc., M.M., as the Coordinator of

Final Project who contributed his time and support towards the

completion of this thesis.

vii

5) Mr. Dr. Victor Silaen, M.A. (deceased), as the academic advisor who

contributed his guidance towards the completion of the writer’s

learning process.

6) All the lecturers who have taught the writer during the learning

process in Pelita Harapan University.

7) Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Staff who have helped the

writer in all administration matters.

8) Mrs. Ir. Sere Alina Tampubolon, M.Pst, as the Director of Fisheries

Resource Surveillance, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

Republic of Indonesia, who has been interviewed by the writer.

9) Ms. Risha Jilian, as the representative from Directorate ASEAN

Political Security Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic

of Indonesia, who has been interviewed by the writer.

10) My beloved parents (Sudarto Wasdi and Christina Tini S), for the

endless love, moral and material supports in every life step that I take.

11) My beloved sister (Miske Apriyanti), brother-in-law (Romeo

Chandra), and two adorable nieces (Bianca and Abigail), for the

motivation and smiles to brighten up my daily life.

12) My Divergent, Stella, Rachel, Victor, Timothy, Yohan, Fadi, for the

unending support and cheering during my university life and of course

the completion of this thesis.

viii

13) All of my beloved friends, Wilbert, Sara, Vinna, Kelvin, Calvin,

Airien, Hideo, Cyntia, Jovita, Jane, Nadya, Randy, Louis, Ono,

Wulan, Publica, Ara, for the endless support who always ready to hear

all my thoughts.

14) Many parties who involved directly or indirectly in the completion if

this thesis.

The writer realizes that this thesis is far from perfection, thus any critics

and recommendations would be truly appreciated. The writer hopes that this thesis

would be useful to the readers and enhance the readers’ knowledge about IUU

fishing issue, specifically the International Relations students.

Karawaci, 8 January 2016

Agnes Florencia Tania

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

THESIS ADVISOR APPROVAL

EXAMINATION BOARD APPROVAL

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... v

PREFACE ........................................................................................................ vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF APPENDICES ............................................................................. xi

TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background .......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Research Problem ................................................................................ 5

1.3 Objectives............................................................................................. 6

1.4 Research Contributions ........................................................................ 6

1.5 Systematic of Writing ......................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Literature Review ............................................................................... 9

2.2 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework............................................. 17

2.2.1 Neo-Liberalism ........................................................................... 17

2.2.2 Foreign Policy ............................................................................. 20

2.2.3 International Regime ................................................................... 22

2.2.4 Non-Traditional Security ............................................................ 24

2.2.5 Regional Cooperation ................................................................. 28

2.2.6 Transnational Crime .................................................................... 29

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Scope of Research ..............................................................................32

3.2 Type of Research Method .................................................................. 33

3.3 Type and Source of Data ................................................................... 35

3.4 Data Collecting Technique ................................................................ 35

3.5 Data Analysis Technique ................................................................... 37

CHAPTER IV DATA AND ANALYSIS

4.1 IUU Fishing as Global Problem.......................................................... 40

4.1.1 Definition of IUU Fishing ......................................................... 40

4.1.2 IUU Fishing as Transnational Crime ......................................... 42

4.1.3 IUU Fishing as Non-Traditional Security Issue ........................ 47

4.2 Indonesia’s Stance in Combating IUU Fishing .................................. 50

4.2.1 The Ratification of UNCLOS 1982 .......................................... 50

4.2.2 Law Enforcement about IUU Fishing Regulations.................... 57

4.2.3 Indonesian Foreign Policy under Joko Widodo ........................ 68

4.3 Regional Cooperation and Indonesia’s Strategy .................................75

4.3.1 Indonesia’s Involvement in Regional Cooperation ................... 75

4.3.1.1 ASEAN Norms ............................................................ 77

4.3.1.2 ASEAN Political Security Community ........................ 79

4.3.1.3 Upcoming Challenges in ASEAN................................. 82

4.3.2 Indonesia’s Response ................................................................ 88

4.3.2.1 Indonesia – Thailand Bilateral Relations ..................... 89

4.3.2.2 Indonesia – Philippines Bilateral Relations ................. 91

4.3.2.3 Indonesia – Vietnam Bilateral Relations ..................... 92

4.3.2.4 Is Bilateral Approach Solve the Issue? ........................ 94

CHAPTER V CLOSURE

5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 98

5.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................105

BIBLIOGPRAPHY ......................................................................................... 108

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TABLE OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Monitoring Sheet for Final Project Consultation......... ..................................A-1

Proof Read Approval ..................................................................................... A-2

Proof Reader’s Curriculum Vitae................................................................... A-3

APPENDIX B

Interview Transcript I with the Representative from ASEAN Political Security

Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Indonesia ..................B-1

Interview Transcript II with the Director of Fisheries Resources Surveillance,

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia ................. B-2

APPENDIX C

Nature and Scope of IUU Fishing in International Plan of Action to Prevent,

Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-

IUU)............................................................................................................... .C-1

Legal Basis for Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree No.

KEP.50/MEN/2012 about National Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and

Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing during the period of

2012-2016...................................................................................................... .C-2

Article 69 of Law No. 45 Year 2009 about Fisheries.................................... C-3

Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of

Indonesia and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand in Fisheries

Cooperation.................................. ............................................................... .. C-4

Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of

Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on Marine

and Fisheries Cooperation...... ........................................................................C-5

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Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of

Indonesia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Marine

and Fisheries Cooperation. .......................................................................... .. C-6

APPENDIX D

Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................... D-1

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1 Indonesia’s Border based on TZMKO 1939 (before Djuanda

Declaration).............................................................................. 51

Figure 4.2 Indonesia’s Border after Djuanda Declaration (based on

UNCLOS)................................................................................. 53

Figure 4.3 Table of Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia

(Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia).............59

Figure 4.4 Map of Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia..... 59

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

APSC ASEAN Political-Security Community

ARF ASEAN Regional Forum

ASEAN Association of South East Asia Nations

AFCF ASEAN Fisheries Consultative Forum

Bakamla Badan Keamanan Laut

CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

CCSBT Commission for Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna

EEZ Economic Exclusive Zone

EEZI Exclusive Economic Zone Indonesia

FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations

IGOs Inter-Governmental Organizations

IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

IPE International Political Economy

IPOA-IUU International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and

Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing

IR International Relations

ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

IUU Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated

JTC Joint Technical Committee

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KKP Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan

Kemenhub Kementerian Perhubungan

MCS Monitoring, Controlling, and Surveillance

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

POLAIR Polisi Air

RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization

RPOA-IUU Regional Plan of Action to Promote Responsible Fishing

Practices Including Combating IUU Fishing in the

Southeast Asia Region

SIKPI Surat Izin Kapal Pengangkut Ikan

SIPI Surat Izin Penangkapan Ikan

TZMKO Territoriale Zee en Maritieme Kringen Ordonnantie

TNI-AL Tentara Nasional Indonesia – Angkatan Laut

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea

UNCLOS III 3rd

United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational

Organized Crime

UPI Unit Pengolahan Ikan

VMS Vessel Monitoring System

WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

WPP-RI Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia