Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2010 update

2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation

Although 1.3 billion people have gained access • to improved sanitation since 1990, the world is likely to miss the MDG sanitation target by a billion people.

Open defecation rates have decreased from • 25% in 1990 to 17% in 2008. Worldwide, 1.1 billion people practise open defecation, a decline of 167 million since 1990.

With only 45% of the rural population using • improved sanitation, rural areas lag far behind urban areas, where the rate is 76%.

Seven out of ten people without improved • sanitation live in rural areas, but the number of people in urban areas without improved sanitation is increasing because of rapid growth in urban populations.

WITH ONLY FIVE YEARS TO GO UNTIL THE MDG TARGET DATE

884 million people do not use an improved source of drinking-water

The world is on track to meet the MDG • drinking-water target. In developing regions, 84% of the population uses an improved source of drinking-water.

In urban areas the use of improved sources • of drinking-water has been maintained at 96% since 2000, with over 1 billion more people now using such a source than in 1990. However, this increase is barely keeping up with urban population growth.

The number of people living in rural areas who • do not use an improved source of drinking-water is over five times the number living in urban areas.

Worldwide, 37% of people not using an • improved source of drinking-water live in Sub-Saharan Africa.

World Health OrganizationAvenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

United Nation Children’s Fund3 UN PlazaNew York, NY 10017 USA

5 5

ANNEX C GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DRINKING-WATER LADDERS: URBAN AND RURAL

© World Health Organization and UNICEF 2010

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]).

The World Health Organization and UNICEF welcome requests for permission to reproduce or translate their publications — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to WHO, Office of Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]) or to UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, United States of America (fax: +1 212 303 7985; e-mail: [email protected]).

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

The World Health Organization and UNICEF do not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Printed in France

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Photo credit: Cover: iStockphoto/Klaas Lingbeek-van Kranen, WaterAid/Abir Abdullah, WaterAid/Juthika Howlader; pIV: fotolia/TMAX; p3: Rifat Hossain; pp4-5: iStockphoto/Claudia Dewald; p10: iStockphoto/Anantha Vardhan; p11: WaterAid/Abir Abdullah; pp14-15: iStockphoto/Britta Kasholm-Tengve; pp20-21: iStockphoto/Raido Väljamaa; p24: iStockphoto/Gabriela Schaufelberger; pp26-27: iStockphoto/Christoph Achenbach; p29: WHO; p30: iStockphoto/Sean Warren; pp32-33: iStockphoto/Tjui Tjioe; p35: fotolia/Garrett Hoffman; p37: iStockphoto/Bart Coenders; Back cover: Thierry Helsens.

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update.

1. Drinking-water supply. 2. Sanitation. 3. Millennium Development Goals. 4. MDG monitoring. 5. Open defecation.

I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. ISBN 978 92 4 156395 6 (NLM classification: WA 670)

Figure C Urban and rural proportion of the population using a piped water connection, other improved drinking-water sources or an unimproved source, by MDG region, in 1990 and 2008

4335

4048

17 17

4 5

32

42

6453

71 73

22 21

7

2131

39

45

40

24

80 79

15 17

5 4

2734

37

44

36

22

5551

36 44

9 11

60

72

3117

9 56

102

8796

44

18

14

9

42

73

8 8

5140

4152

37

19

57

65

616

4 43 3

93 93

3022

1517

5561

6 5

84

8691

2213

45

19

33

68

3 2

4335

4048

17 17

4 5

32

42

6453

71 73

22 21

7

2131

39

45

40

24

80 79

15 17

5 4

2734

37

44

36

22

5551

36 44

9 11

60

72

3117

9 56

102

8796

44

18

14

9

42

73

8 8

5140

4152

37

19

57

65

616

4 43 3

93 93

3022

1517

5561

6 5

84

8691

2213

45

19

33

68

3 2

Unimproved Other improved Piped into dwelling, plot or yard

CONTENTS

introduction .......................................................................................................................................2

stAtus And Progress towArds the Mdg tArget

Billions without improved sanitation ............................................................................................................6Millions without improved sources of drinking-water ....................................................................................7Sanitation: world off track for MDG target ...................................................................................................8Drinking-water: world on track for MDG target .............................................................................................9Sanitation ladder: global and regional trends .............................................................................................12Drinking-water ladder: global and regional trends .......................................................................................13

urBAn-rurAl disPArities

Sanitation: urban-rural disparities ...............................................................................................................16Drinking-water: urban-rural disparities ........................................................................................................18

A closer looK At the lAdders

Open defecation ...........................................................................................................................................22Shared and unimproved sanitation facilities ..................................................................................................23Piped water on premises and other improved sources of drinking-water ........................................................25

AdditionAl PersPectiVes

Time to collect drinking-water ........................................................................................................................28Collection of drinking-water: gender disparities ..............................................................................................29Socioeconomic disparities: Sub-Saharan Africa ...............................................................................................30

JMP Method

JMP method explained ....................................................................................................................................34

stAtisticAl tABle

Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: country, regional and global estimates for 1990, 2000 and 2008 .......................................................................................................38

AnneXes

Annex A Millennium Development Goals: regional groupings..............................................................................53Annex B Global and regional sanitation ladders: urban and rural .......................................................................54Annex C Global and regional drinking-water ladders: urban and rural .................................................................55

Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate2

A new strAtegy for JMP

A new JMP strategy was formulated by WHO and UNICEF, with support from a newly created Strategic Advisory Group to better position JMP to address the monitoring challenges in the run up to the MDG target year of 2015 and beyond.

The JMP vision contained in this strategy is to accelerate progress towards universal sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation by 2025, including the achievement of the MDG target by 2015 as a key milestone.

The four strategic priority areas of activity proposed for the 2010-2015 period are:• maintaining the integrity of the JMP database

and ensuring accurate global estimates;• disseminating data to stakeholders;• fulfilling JMP’s normative role in developing and

validating target indicators;• enhancing interaction between countries and

JMP.

With this strategy, JMP is well placed to provide a platform for developing post-2015 targets and associated meaningful and measurable indicators.

future chAllenges

We all recognize the vital importance of sanitation and water to human health and well-being, and their role as an engine of development. The question is how to accelerate progress towards achieving the MDG target, and how to go beyond it in order to ultimately achieve the vision of universal access.

The estimates that JMP publishes every two years help policy-makers, donors, governmental and nongovernmental agencies decide what needs to be done and where to focus their efforts. With each successive report, a clearer picture emerges of the current use of improved sanitation facilities and improved sources of drinking-water throughout the world.

Data collection and analysis are, however, not ends in themselves. The estimates and trends must be an impetus for action. With this in mind, JMP constantly seeks to provide more accurate and detailed information, to see where there is most catching-up to be done, where there are vulnerabilities, or where progress is starting to falter.

This report by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) confirms that advances continue to be made towards greater access to safe drinking-water. Progress in relation to access to basic sanitation is however insufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation.

PurPose And scoPe of this rePort

This report describes the status and trends with respect to the use of safe drinking-water and basic sanitation, and progress made towards the MDG drinking-water and sanitation target.

As the world approaches 2015, it becomes increasingly important to identify who are being left behind and to focus on the challenges of addressing their needs. This report presents some striking disparities: the gap between progress in providing access to drinking-water versus sanitation; the divide between urban and rural populations in terms of the services provided; differences in the way different regions are performing, bearing in mind that they started from different baselines; and disparities between different socioeconomic strata in society.

Each JMP report assesses the situation and trends anew and so this JMP report supersedes previous reports. The information presented in this report includes data from household surveys and censuses completed during the period 2007-2008. It also incorporates datasets from earlier surveys and censuses that have become available to JMP since the publication of the previous JMP report in 2008. In total, data from around 300 surveys and censuses covering the period 1985 - 2008, has been added to the JMP database.

The updated estimates for 2008, 2000 and 1990 are given in the statistical table starting on page 38. This table for the first time shows the number of people who gained access to improved sanitation and drinking-water sources in the period 1990-2008.

It is important to note that the data in this report do not yet reflect the efforts of the International Year of Sanitation 2008, which mobilized renewed support around the world to stop the practice of opendefecation and to promote the use of latrines and toilets.

introduction

3

The present report documents how much the world has changed in terms of the use of improved sanitation facilities and improved sources of drinking-water. The practice of open defecation is declining, but still too many people have no access to any kind of sanitation facilities. Piped water is reaching ever more households, but not yet all and often not reliably so. The challenge of assessing the safety of drinking-water from improved sources also needs to be addressed.

Better decision-making to speed progress requires a greater disaggregation and a higher resolution in the datasets. JMP faces methodological challenges of analysing data from over 200 different countries and territories, of adhering to common indicators so that estimates are comparable globally, and of accommodating new or previously unavailable data.

introduction


BiLLionS WitHout iMProVEd SAnitAtion2.6 Billion PeoPle do not use iMProVed sAnitAtion

Improved sanitation facilities are used by less than two thirds of the world population. The global picture masks great disparities between regions. Virtually the entire population of the developed regions uses improved facilities, but in developing regions only around half the population uses improved sanitation. There are also disparities in progress since 1990. Notable increases in the use of improved sanitation have been made in Northern Africa, South-eastern Asia and Eastern Asia, whereas there has been no progress in the Commonwealth of Independent States and a decline in Oceania. Among the 2.6 billion people in the world who do not use improved sanitation facilities, by far the greatest number are in Southern Asia, but there are also large numbers in Eastern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

figure 1 Worldwide use of improved sanitation facilities in 2008

Use of improved sanitation facilities is low in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

61% of global population uses improved sanitation facilities

2.6 billion people – 72% of whom live in Asia – do not use improved sanitation facilities

figure 2 Regional use of improved sanitation facilities in 2008 and percentage point change 1990-2008

figure 3 Regional distribution of the 2.6 billion people not using improved sanitation facilities in 2008, population (million)

7

MiLLionS WitHout iMProVEd SourcES oF drinKinG-WAtEr884 Million PeoPle do not use iMProVed sources of drinKing-wAter

The use of improved sources of drinking-water is high globally, with 87% of the world population and 84% of the peo-ple in developing regions getting their drinking-water from such sources. Even so, 884 million people in the world still do not get their drinking-water from improved sources, almost all of them in developing regions. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for over a third of that number, and is lagging behind in progress towards the MDG target, with only 60% of the population using improved sources of drinking-water despite an increase of 11 percentage points since 1990.

87% of global population uses improved drinking-water sources,

an increase of 10% point in 18 years

figure 5 Regional use of improved drinking-water in 2008 and percentage point change 1990-2008

Sub-Saharan Africa faces the greatest challenge in increasing the use of improved drinking-water

figure 4 Worldwide use of improved drinking-water sources in 2008

884 million people – 37% of whom live in Sub–Saharan Africa – still use unimproved

sources for drinking-water

figure 6 Regional distribution of the 884 million people not using improved drinking-water sources in 2008, population (million)


Sanitation: most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia are not on track to meet the MDG target

Sanitation: world is projected to miss the MDG target

SAnitAtion: WorLd oFF trAcK For MdG tArGEtAt the current rate of progress, the world will miss the MDG target by 13 percentage points. Unless huge efforts are made, the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation will not be halved by 2015. Even if we meet the MDG target, there will still be 1.7 billion people without access to basic sanitation. If the trend remains as currently projected, an additional billion people who should have benefited from MDG progress will miss out, and by 2015 there will be 2.7 billion people without access to basic sanitation.

figure 7 Global progress towards the MDG target: trend in use of improved sanitation 1990-2008, projected to 2015

figure 8 Sanitation: Progress towards the MDG target, 2008

on track: >95% or 2008 figure was within 5% of required rate to meet the target;

Progress but insufficient: 2008 figure was between 5% and 10% of the required rate to meet the target;

not on track: flat or decreasing trend between 1990-2008 or 2008 figure was not within 10% of the required rate to meet the target;

no or insufficient data: includes countries or territories where data were either not available or were not sufficient to estimate trends

9

Drinking-water: except for Sub-Saharan Africa, most countries are on track to meet the MDG target

Drinking-water: world is projected to reach the MDG target

drinKinG-WAtEr: WorLd on trAcK For MdG tArGEtAt the current rate of progress, the world is expected to exceed the MDG target of halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking-water. Even so, 672 million people will still lack access to improved drinking-water sources in 2015. For monitoring purposes, the use of improved drinking-water sources has been equated to access to safe drinking-water, but not all improved sources in actual fact provide drinking-water that is safe. The challenge of measuring water quality is addressed on page 31.

figure 9 Global progress towards the MDG target: trend in use of improved drinking-water sources 1990-2008, projected to 2015

figure 10 Drinking-water: progress towards the MDG target, 2008

on track: >95% or 2008 figure was within 5% of required rate to meet the target;

Progress but insufficient: 2008 figure was between 5% and 10% of the required rate to meet the target;

not on track: flat or decreasing trend between 1990-2008 or 2008 figure was not within 10% of the required rate to meet the target;

no or insufficient data: includes countries or territories where data were either not available or were not sufficient to estimate trends

Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate1 0

cHALLEnGE: GLoBAL trEnd HEAViLY inFLuEncEd BY ProGrESS in LArGE PoPuLouS countriES

Global estimates of access and use hinge significantly on progress made in large, populous countries.

China and India are home to more than a third of the world population. Both countries have madeconsiderable progress. In China, 89% of the population of 1.3 billion use drinking-water from improved sources, up from 67% in 1990. In India, 88% of the population of 1.2 billion use drinking-water from such sources, as compared to 72% in 1990. China and India together account for a 47% share, of the 1.8 billion people that gained access to improved drinking-water sources between 1990 and 2008. This share is almost equally distributed between the two countries. Obviously, these two countries heavily influence the global trend. Therefore, the ability to reach the MDG target is highly dependent on the performance of these two countries.

For sanitation, even with the increase between 1990 and 2008 in the proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities in China (from 41% to 55%) and India (from 18% to 31%), the world is not on track to meet the sanitation target. This is despite the fact that 475 million people gained access to improved sanitation in these two countries alone, a 38% share of the 1.3 billion people that gained access globally.

Four out of 10 people gaining access in 1990-2008 to improved sanitation live in China and India

Nearly half of world population gaining access to improved sources of drinking-water in 1990-2008 live

in China and India


Tren

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sily

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Seven out of 10 people without improved

sanitation live in rural areas

figure 14 Urban and rural population without improved sanitation, worldwide 2008

SAnitAtion: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiESThe use of improved sanitation facilities is particularly low in Sub-Saharan Africa at 31% overall – even so, the disparity between urban and rural areas is striking. Disparities are also particularly apparent in Latin America & Caribbean, Southern Asia and Oceania. The majority of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia and Oceania live in rural areas, so these disparities are important in terms of the numbers of people concerned.

Use of improved sanitation in urban areas is higher than in rural areas

figure 13 Urban-rural use of improved sanitation, in MDG Regions, 2008

Major progress in the use of improved sanitation is undermined by population growth

figure 15 Population gaining access to improved sanitation compared to population growth, urban and rural, worldwide, 1990-2008

1 7

Urban-rural disparities in the use of improved sanitation facilities are signi� cant in most developing countries

figure 16 Use of improved sanitation in urban areas, 2008

SAnitAtion: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiES

There are significant disparities between rural and urban areas in regard to sanitation. Rural areas continue to have a lower percentage of population using improved sanitation and a higher number of people without improved facilities. Of the approximately 1.3 billion people who gained access to improved sanitation during the period 1990-2008, 64% live in urban areas. However urban areas, though better served than rural areas, are struggling to keep up with the growth of the urban population.

figure 17 Use of improved sanitation in rural areas, 2008


84% of the world population without an

improved drinking-water source lives in rural areas

figure 19 Urban and rural population without improved sources of drinking-water, worldwide, 2008

Use of improved drinking-water sources in urban areas is almost double the use in rural areas of

Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania

figure 18 Urban-Rural uses of improved sources of drinking-water, in MDG regions, 2008

Increase in the use of improved drinking-water sources is barely keeping up with the urban population growth

figure 20 Population gaining access to improved drinking-water compared to population growth, urban and rural, worldwide, 1990-2008

drinKinG-WAtEr: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiES Worldwide, 87% of the population gets their drinking-water from improved sources, and the corresponding figure for developing regions is also high at 84%. While 94% of the urban population of developing regions uses improved sources, it is only 76% of rural populations.

1 9

Urban-rural disparities are striking in Africa

figure 21 Use of improved sources of drinking-water in urban areas, 2008

figure 22 Use of improved sources of drinking-water in rural areas, 2008

drinKinG-WAtEr: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiES

The rural population without access to an improved drinking-water source is over five times greater than that in urban areas. Of almost 1.8 billion people gaining access to improved drinking-water in the period 1990-2008, 59% live in urban areas. The urban-rural disparities are particularly striking in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are also visible in Asia and Latin America. In urban areas, however, the increase in coverage is barely keeping pace with population growth.


oPEn dEFEcAtion

1.1 Billion PeoPle still defecAte in the oPen

By far the great majority of people practising open defecation live in rural areas, but this number is declining. However, partly because of rapid increases in the urban population, a growing number of people in urban areas defecate in the open. The proportion of the world population that practises open defecation declined by almost one third from 25% in 1990 to 17% in 2008. A decline in open defecation rates was recorded in all regions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, open defecation rates fell by 25 per cent. In absolute numbers, the population practising open defecation increased, however, from 188 million in 1990 to 224 million in 2008. In Southern Asia, home to 64% of the world population that defecate in the open, the practice decreased the most – from 66% in 1990 to 44% in 2008.

81% of 1.1 billion people that defecate in the open worldwide live in 10 countries

figure 23 Distribution of 1.1 billion people who practise open defecation, 2008, population (million)

Open defecation declined considerably in all developing regions

figure 25 Regional changes in open defecation rates, 1990-2008

The number of people practising open defecation

increased in urban areas

figure 24 Number of people practising open defecation, urban and rural areas, worldwide, 1990-2008

2 3

SHArEd And uniMProVEd SAnitAtion FAciLitiES751 Million PeoPle shAre their sAnitAtion fAcilities

Shared sanitation facilities as defined for MDG monitoring purposes are facilities of an otherwise improved type that are either public or shared between two or more households. Sharing of improved sanitation facilities is most prevalent in urban areas. Often densely populated urban areas do not have sufficient space to construct private sanitation facilities and people rely on public or shared facilities. Among the different regions, using a shared facility is most common in urban Sub-Saharan Africa (31%), and particularly in Ghana. In 1990, 249 million people in urban areas used shared facilities as compared with 145 million in rural areas. Those numbers have now almost doubled to 497 million in urban areas and risen to 254 million in rural areas, representing a worldwide increase of 4%.

A tenth of the world PoPulAtion uses uniMProVed sAnitAtion fAcilities

Unimproved sanitation facilities are unsatisfactory in terms of public health, although existing facilities may be upgraded in various ways to prevent human contact with excreta.

Globally the proportion of the rural population using unimproved sanitation facilities is more than fourfold that in urban areas. This is despite the decrease in the use of unimproved sanitation facilities in rural areas of the developing regions from 23% in 1990 to 20% in 2008.

Use of unimproved sanitation facilities is much higher in rural areas than in the urban areas.

figure 27 Urban-rural disparities in the use of unimproved sanitation facilities, MDG regions, 2008

Shared sanitation increased almost two fold but

remains considerably higher among urban users

figure 26 Number of people sharing sanitation facilities, urban and rural areas, 1990-2008

use of shAred sAnitAtion, 2008 (%)country urBAn rurAl totAl

Ghana 70 38 54Uganda 56 22 26Kenya 51 18 25Sierra Leone 47 18 29Bolivia 44 16 34Togo 44 6 22Malawi 42 24 27Guinea 42 6 18Zimbabwe 40 15 24Nigeria 38 14 26Gabon 36 25 34Lesotho 35 3 11

table 1 Urban, rural and total use of shared sanitation for the countries where shared sanitation rate in urban areas in 2008 is 35% or more

2 4

chAllenge: Are shAllow-Pits And dry-lAtrines iMProVed or not?Classifying the different types of sanitation facilities, covered by household surveys and censuses, as “improved” or “unimproved” has been an ongoing challenge for JMP. The impact on national rates of access to improved sanitation could be substantial, especially when the facility type is used by a large proportion of the population. When this concerns a large country such as China, the impact on the global estimates could be considerable.

Chinese authorities distinguish harmless sanitary latrines and sanitary latrines and they both meet the MDG criteria for an improved sanitation facility that hygienically separates human waste from human contact. Sanitary latrines are defined by the Chinese Sanitation Authority as those structures which have walls, roofs, seepage-free and leakage free storage tanks, furnished with airtight covers, with a clean latrine room, free from flies and maggots, odourless, and in which faeces are collected in a timely manner and are treated so as to be harmless.

According to survey and census data, in rural areas of China the use of sanitary latrines has gradually increased to 25% in 2008, while the proportion of the rural population that uses another type of sanitation facility, labelled by different surveys as a dry latrine, dry toilet, shallow pit, covered pit or non-covered pit has gradually decreased from 84% in 1991 to 68% in 2008. Though these facilities do not meet the national criteria for a sanitary latrine, it is likely that some meet the MDG criteria for an improved sanitation facility. However without specific information about these facilities, it is a challenge to classify them as either improved or unimproved. The fact that a large proportion of the Chinese population uses these types of facilities has a significant impact on the number of people with or without access to an improved sanitation facility.

2 5

PiPEd WAtEr on PrEMiSES And otHEr iMProVEd SourcES oF drinKinG-WAtEr

inVestMents in PiPed connections on PreMises driVe Progress in Most regions

Between 1990 and 2008, more than 1.2 billion people worldwide gained access to a piped connection on premises. This is more than twice the population that gained access to other improved drinking-water sources. In Eastern Asia, Latin America & Caribbean and Northern Africa progress was exclusively the result of increases in piped connections on premises. Since 1990, 510 million in Eastern Asia, 167 million in Latin America & Caribbean and 61 million in Northern Africa gained access to a piped connection on premises. The number of people relying on other improved sources in those regions actually declined, respectively, by 73 million, 6 million and 14 million.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, growth in the population gaining access to other improved sources was 3.5 times higher than the growth in the population with piped connections on premises. In South Asia it was three times higher.

In developing regions, while 73% of the urban population uses piped water from a household connection, only 31% of rural inhabitants have access to household piped water supplies. In Sub-Saharan Africa, only 5% of the rural population gets water piped to premises. In contrast, in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, 35% of urban dwellers use water piped to the household.

Growth in piped connections on premises is twice as high as the growth in other

improved drinking-water sources

figure 28 Change of population getting their drinking-water piped on premises or from other improved sources, by MDG region, 1990-2008

Urban use of piped water on premises is more than

double rural use

figure 29 Urban and rural population using piped water on premises, worldwide, 2008

oPEn dEFEcAtion


Research has shown that those spending more than half an hour per round trip progressively collect less water, and eventually fail to meet their families’ minimum daily drinking-water needs.2 Additionally, the economic costs of having to make multiple trips per day to collect drinking-water are enormous.3

2 Howard G and Bartram J, Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, Geneva, World Health Organization, 20033 Hutton G, Haller L, Evaluations of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level, Geneva, World Health

Organization, 2004

tiME to coLLEct drinKinG-WAtEr

An analysis of MICS and DHS surveys conducted over the past four years shows that water collection trips of over 30 minutes are most prevalent in Africa4 as well as in arid countries outside of Africa, such as Mongolia and Yemen.

In various countries, most notably in Eastern Africa, more than a quarter of the population spends more than half an hour per round trip to collect water.

2 Hutton G, Haller L, Evaluations of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.

3 Howard G and Bartram J, Domestic water quantity, service level and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.

4 MICS and DHS surveys from 24 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2005-2008.

More than a quarter of the population in several countries of Sub-Saharan

Africa takes longer than 30 minutes to make one water collection round trip

figure 30 Percentage of population that spends more than 30 minutes on a water collection round trip

In many African countries, one third of the improved drinking-

water sources that are not piped on premises need a collection time of more than 30 minutes.

figure 31 Proportion of the population spending half an hour or less, or more than half an hour, to collect water from an improved source, or using water from an unimproved source, Sub-Saharan Africa

oPEn dEFEcAtion

2 9

For families without a drinking-water source on the premises, it is usually women who go to the source to collect drinking-water. Surveys from 45 developing countries5 show that this is the case in almost two thirds of households, while in almost a quarter of households it is men who usually collect the water. In 12% of households, however, children carry the main responsibility for collecting water, with girls under 15 years of age being twice as likely to carry this responsibility as boys under the age of 15 years. The real burden on children is likely to be higher because, in many households the water collection burden is shared, and children – though not the main person responsible – often make several roundtrips carrying water. 4

5 MICS and DHS surveys from 45 developing countries, 2005-2008.

Women shoulder the largest burden in collecting drinking-water

figure 32 Distribution of those who usually collect drinking-water

coLLEction oF drinKinG-WAtEr: GEndEr diSPAritiES


The richest 20 % of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa is almost five times as likely to use an improved sanitation facility than the poorest quintile.6 The poorest 20% is around 16 times more likely to practise open defecation than the richest quintile. Still, even among the richest quintile, 4% practises open defecation.

The richest quintile of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa is more than twice as likely as the poorest quintile to use an improved drinking-water source. The benefits of piped water on premises are enjoyed only by the wealthiest.

6 MICS and DHS surveys from 33 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2009.

SocioEconoMic diSPAritiES: SuB-SAHArAn AFricA

The poorest quintile is 16 times more likely than the richest quintile to practise

open defecation

figure 33 Proportion of the population using an improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facility or practicing open defecation, by wealth quintile, Sub-Saharan Africa

The richest quintile is more than twice as likely than the poorest quintile to use

improved drinking-water

figure 34 Proportion of the population using drinking-water piped on premises, other improved drinking-water source or an unimproved source, by wealth quintile, Sub-Saharan Africa

3 1

cHALLEnGE: MEASurinG WAtEr QuALitYWater quality remains an elusive indicator in the global monitoring activities of JMP. The measurement of water safety indicators at the household level has to date been beset by technical and logistical difficulties and by high cost.

How can the safety of drinking-water be monitored globally? What definitions would be meaningful and assist decision-makers in the process of improving the drinking-water situation in the world? How do new concepts in assessing and managing risks to water safety apply in the JMP context? What research and development efforts are needed to come up with a rapid, reliable and cost-effective way of measuring water quality indicators locally and reporting on them at the global level? These are some of the questions to be addressed by a JMP task force.

The MDG target refers to sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. But what does “safe” mean? The WHO Drinking-water quality guidelines provides specific values for indicators of microbial contamination and chemical hazards, but allows countries to adapt guideline values to their own socioeconomic contexts. The third edition of the guidelines shifts the emphasis away from single-

point water quality testing to a system of integrated risk assessment and incremental risk management.

In the past decade, WHO and UNICEF have tested the option of directly measuring water quality in a number of pilot countries, using a method for the rapid assessment of drinking-water quality (RADWQ).

This RADWQ project (see below) demonstrated the technical feasibility of such measurements, notwithstanding the established weaknesses of using E.coli or thermotolerant coliforms as indicators of microbial safety. It also showed that such a periodic water quality survey at a global level was economically not viable. Apart from affordability, there is also the question of opportunity cost: how many people could be provided with access to water and sanitation using the resources that would be needed to carry out water quality surveys?

Any new target set beyond 2015 will have to address water quality, which will have to be measured or estimated in a meaningful and cost-effective manner. Technological advances and innovative survey methods will be needed to provide the tools for rapid, reliable and cheap measurement, to be carried out on a large scale. Within countries, regulatory frameworks will need to be developed, along with the capacity to implement and independently appraise Water Safety Plans as a standard feature of ensuring sustainable access to safe drinking-water.

Pilot survey: rapid assessment of drinking-water quality (RADWQ)

Drinking-water is considered safe if it meets certain microbiological and chemical standards. To evaluate the quality of drinking-water from improved sources, WHO and UNICEF have developed a rapid assessment method, which has already been used for a pilot study in eight countries (Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, India, Jordan, Nicaragua, Nigeria and Tajikistan).

The rapid assessment of drinking-water quality (RADWQ) survey method for the pilot study was based, for each country, on a randomly selected sample of 1600 water supplies and 160 households. Field test kits were used for microbiological and chemical testing of water quality and to assess sanitary risks in households.

Microbiological compliance with WHO guidelines varied between countries. On average, compliance was close to 90% for piped water sources, and between 40% and 70% for other improved sources.

Source: RADWQ final country reports (Geneva, World Health Organization and UNICEF, forthcoming).


use of the following facilities:

flush or pour-flush to:• piped sewer system• septic tank• pit latrine•

Ventilated improved pit (ViP) latrine• Pit latrine with slab• Composting toilet•

use of the following facilities:

flush or pour-flush to elsewhere (that is, not to piped • sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine)Pit latrine without slab/open pit• Bucket• Hanging toilet or hanging latrine•

shared facilities of any type

no facilities, bush or field

use of the following sources:

unprotected dug well• unprotected spring• Cart with small tank or drum• tanker truck• surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, • irrigation channel)Bottled water• 7

use of the following sources:

Piped water into dwelling, yard or plot• Public tap or standpipe• tubewell or borehole• Protected dug well• Protected spring• rainwater collection•

JMP MEtHod EXPLAinEd

These categories and the population estimates (including the proportion of the population living in urban and rural areas) used in this report are those estimated by the United Nations Population Division, 2008 revision. The estimates used by JMP may differ from those used by national governments. Estimates in this report may therefore differ from national estimates.

dAtA collection: gAthering MoMentuMThe first JMP report provided a global picture of access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. Also, as the database has grown, JMP has been able to offer more reliable estimates. Because all the estimates are revised for each report, the reports are not comparable.

Since the 2008 report, more than 300 datasets, a record number, has been added to the JMP database. To complement data directly from countries, for the first time, International Household Survey Network (IHSN), supplied JMP with data from 100 household surveys.

Currently the JMP database includes 729 nationally representative household surveys and 152 Censuses. Almost all of these come from developing regions and to a lesser extent from the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since a census in many developed countries is no longer used to collect information on water and sanitation, the JMP largely relies on administratively reported data for the developed countries. The JMP database currentlyincludes 318 administratively reported data for developed countries.

7 Bottled water is considered to be improved only when the household uses drinking-water from an improved source for cooking and personal hygiene; where this information is not available, bottled water is classified on a case-by- case basis.

defining Access to sAnitAtion And drinKing-wAterMDG Target 7c calls on countries to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. In order to estimate access to basic sanitation and to safe water JMP is required to use two MDG indicators:

proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility, urban and rural; •

proportion of population using an improved drinking-water source, urban and rural.•

Because definitions of improved sanitation facilities and drinking-water sources can vary widely within and among countries and regions, and because JMP is mandated to report at global level and across time, JMP has defined a set of categories for “improved” and “unimproved” sanitation facilities and drinking-water sources that are used to analyse the national data on which the MDG trends and estimates are based.

An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. An improved drinking-water source is one that by the nature of its construction adequately protects the source from outside contamination, in particular with faecal matter.

IMP

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3 5

JMP MEtHod EXPLAinEd

deriVing Mdg Progress estiMAtes

For each country, survey and census data are plotted on a timescale from 1980 to the present. A linear trend line, based on the least-squares method, is drawn through these data points to provide estimates for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008 (wherever possible). The total estimates are population weighted average of the urban and rural numbers.

Sanitation trend analyses at country level are made for improved sanitation facilities and open defecation. The estimates for improved sanitation facilities presented in this report are discounted by the proportion of the population that shared an improved type of sanitation facility. The ratio (proportion of the population that shares an improved sanitation facility between two or more households) derived from average of all available ratios from household surveys and censuses is subsequently subtracted from the trend estimates of improved sanitation facilities, and this gives the estimates for shared sanitation facilities.

Drinking-water trend analysis at the country level is carried out for the following categories: piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; and improved sources of drinking-water.

Challenge: dealing with a moving baseline

The MDG target sets the proportion of people in 1990 without access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation as the baseline to be halved by 2015. To capture the concept of access as a measurable indicator, JMP monitors progress to the MDG target on the basis of estimates of the proportion of the population using an improved drinking-water source and an improved sanitation facility, respectively.

The 1990 baseline was estimated for the first JMP report using the data available at that time. However, as the monitoring exercise has continued to gather momentum, an increasing number of new data sources become available each year. From a methodological standpoint, JMP takes the view that the estimates in each successive report should be as accurate as possible. This means using all the available data – not only estimating access for the most recent year, but also recalculating the estimates for earlier years if more data have come to light. Consequently, these new estimates may affect the baseline values, the trends, and the projections for 2015, the target year.

The advantage of this method is that each report presents the most accurate and detailed picture of the current situation and of progress made since 1990. The disadvantage is that reports are not comparable from one year to the next.


water supply and sanitation facilities and/or the number of service connections. NSOs tend to use household surveys and censuses to measure the actual use of drinking-water and sanitation facilities by household members. This difference is important as a service once provided may no longer be operational, or simply may not be used for various reasons.

using different definitions of Access

NSOs and different line-ministries may use different definitions of access and these, in turn, may differ from the definitions used for the MDG coverage estimates. Understanding the differences in definitions is key to the process of comparing national and MDG coverage estimates.

how coVerAge is MeAsured for Mdg Monitoring

Since the MDG targets are based on the use of improved sanitation and drinking-water facilities, the JMP relies on nationally representative household surveys and censuses usually conducted by NSOs. In order to be able to compare coverage rates and progress among countries, standard definitions of access are used across all countries (see definitions on page 34).

reconciling JMP And country estiMAtes

Over the past two years, JMP has worked with a number of pilot countries to:

develop a common understanding of monitoring • methods;

explore the possibility of harmonizing or • aligning monitoring approaches;

encourage greater collaboration among national • agencies, and between national agencies and JMP.

Once definitions are clarified at national level, it is possible to make national and JMP definitions correspond better. The JMP objective is to ensure comparability between countries. Efforts by JMP to reconcile data have advanced understanding of the different approaches taken by countries. However, it is not within the JMP’s mandate or capacity to carry out such a process in every country. JMP is therefore collaborating with other country-based organizations to pursue this task.

At country level, differences may be observed in the figures on the use of drinking-water sources and sanitation facilities presented by different agencies. Often there are also differences between these national estimates and those at the MDG level. At the origin of these discrepancies lies the issue of institutional fragmentation. Responsibilities for rural drinking-water and sanitation may be with different national bodies, who may each apply their own monitoring definitions, methods and procedures. The same is true, often at the municipal level, for urban drinking-water and sanitation. What is the nature of these different approaches? Can definitions be harmonized? Is it possible to align numbers so discrepancies can be reduced? Can barriers between sectoral institutions be overcome in the area of monitoring? Ultimately, can national monitoring of sanitation and drinking-water be fitted into a common framework?

This challenge has been addressed by JMP over the past two years in collaboration with a small number of countries. The first results of these data reconciliation and alignment processes are enlightening and promising.

different Actors in chArge of Monitoring

At national level, it is common for different line-ministries to monitor national access to drinking-water and sanitation. The National Statistics Office (NSO) is usually responsible overall for all national data, however individual line-ministries responsible for actual service provision often have their own monitoring mechanisms. Where NSOs largely rely on household surveys and census data, line-ministries often track progress based on recorded outputs of the sector.

MeAsuring different AsPects

Line ministries responsible for water supply and sanitation often measure the provision of drinking-

cHALLEnGE: coMPArinG And rEconciLinG diFFErEnt countrY EStiMAtES


Country, area or territory

Year

Population (thousand)

Percentage urban population

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1990-2008 (thousand)

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of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)

urb

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uni

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impro

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unimproved

impro

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unimproved

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unimproved

shared

unimproved facilitites

open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

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1990

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1990

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73

22

589

82

711

91

79

12

9–

2008

87

43

98

–2

––

––

––

––

–95

––

5–

––

––

––

–

arg

enti

na1990

32 4

98

87

93

–7

–73

–27

–90

–10

–97

76

21

372

22

50

28

94

69

25

62000

36 9

39

90

92

–8

–77

–23

–91

–9

–6 6

47

98

81

17

278

39

39

22

96

77

19

48 1

39

2008

39 8

83

92

91

–9

–77

–23

–90

–10

–98

83

15

280

45

35

20

97

80

17

3

arm

enia

1990

3 5

45

67

95

41

0–

––

0–

––

099

96

31

–59

––

–84

––

2000

3 0

76

65

95

41

077

320

089

47

0–

99

96

31

83

64

19

17

93

85

87

–2008

3 0

77

64

95

41

080

317

090

46

098

97

12

93

70

23

796

87

94

aru

ba

1990

63

50

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

91

47

––

––

––

––

––

––

–100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

42

2008

105

47

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

aus

tral

ia1990

17 0

91

85

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

02000

19 1

71

87

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

03 9

83

100

––

0100

––

0100

––

03 9

83

2008

21 0

74

89

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

0

aus

tria

1990

7 6

71

66

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

8 0

05

66

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0667

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

667

2008

8 3

37

67

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

aze

rbai

jan

1990

7 2

12

54

––

––

––

––

––

––

88

67

21

12

49

17

32

51

70

44

26

30

2000

8 1

21

51

63

829

024

175

044

551

0–

88

72

16

12

59

18

41

41

74

46

28

26

1 9

36

2008

8 7

31

52

51

641

239

148

12

45

444

788

78

10

12

71

20

51

29

80

50

30

20

Bah

amas

1990

256

80

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

098

––

2–

––

––

––

–2000

305

82

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

082

98

69

29

286

80

614

96

71

25

4–

2008

338

84

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

098

––

2–

––

––

––

–

Bah

rain

1990

493

88

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

–100

100

00

––

––

––

––

2000

650

88

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

––

100

100

00

––

––

––

––

–2008

776

89

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

–100

100

00

––

––

––

––

Pr

og

re

ss

on

sa

nit

atio

n a

nd

dr

ink

ing

-Wat

er

: C

ou

nt

rY,

re

gio

na

l a

nd

glo

Ba

l e

st

imat

es

fo

r 1

990, 2000 a

nd

2008

3 9


Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

Pu

lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

Ban

glad

esh

1990

115 6

32

20

59

27

77

34

16

10

40

39

18

10

33

88

28

60

12

76

076

24

78

672

22

2000

140 7

67

24

57

26

12

543

20

13

24

46

21

13

20

39 7

04

86

26

60

14

77

077

23

79

673

21

37 8

07

2008

160 0

00

27

56

26

15

352

24

16

853

25

15

785

24

61

15

78

078

22

80

674

20

Bar

bad

os1990

260

33

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

98

20

100

––

0100

––

02000

252

36

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0n

a*

100

100

00

100

––

0100

––

0n

a*

2008

255

40

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

––

0100

––

0

Bel

arus

1990

10 2

60

66

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

––

099

––

1100

––

02000

10 0

54

70

91

81

–96

22

–93

61

––

100

89

11

099

30

69

1100

71

28

0n

a*

2008

9 6

79

73

91

81

–97

21

–93

61

–100

95

50

99

72

27

1100

89

11

0

Bel

gium

1990

9 9

33

96

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

96

40

100

100

00

2000

10 1

93

97

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0657

100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

657

2008

10 5

90

97

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

Bel

ize

1990

190

47

73

517

575

67

12

74

611

989

77

12

11

63

20

43

37

75

47

28

25

2000

252

48

84

68

281

66

782

67

5130

95

82

13

583

42

41

17

89

61

28

11

155

2008

301

52

93

70

086

75

290

72

199

87

12

1100

61

39

099

74

25

1

Ben

in1990

4 7

95

34

14

20

15

51

11

395

58

780

72

19

53

28

47

047

53

56

749

44

2000

6 6

59

38

19

28

13

40

36

487

914

869

800

78

23

55

22

59

257

41

66

10

56

34

3 8

11

2008

8 6

62

41

24

34

11

31

410

680

12

20

860

84

26

58

16

69

267

31

75

12

63

25

Bhu

tan

1990

549

16

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

561

25

87

–9

454

–35

11

62

–29

9–

99

81

18

188

45

43

12

91

54

37

9–

2008

687

35

87

–9

454

–35

11

65

–26

999

81

18

188

45

43

12

92

57

35

8B

oliv

ia

(Plu

rina

tion

al

sta

te o

f)

1990

6 6

71

56

29

38

231

610

480

19

26

253

92

78

14

842

14

28

58

70

50

20

30

2000

8 3

17

62

32

41

10

17

814

15

63

23

31

11

35

1 1

56

94

87

76

56

33

23

44

79

66

13

21

3 6

68

2008

9 6

94

66

34

44

16

69

16

25

50

25

34

20

21

96

93

34

67

47

20

33

86

77

914

Bos

nia

and

Her

zego

vina

1990

4 3

08

39

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

3 6

94

43

98

02

093

15

195

13

1–

99

96

31

96

77

19

497

85

12

3–

2008

3 7

73

47

99

01

092

17

095

14

0100

94

60

98

71

27

299

82

17

1

Bot

swan

a1990

1 3

52

42

58

525

12

20

621

53

36

622

36

100

39

61

088

13

75

12

93

24

69

72000

1 7

23

53

67

621

631

816

45

50

719

24

666

99

61

38

189

25

64

11

94

44

50

6568

2008

1 9

21

60

74

718

139

11

12

38

60

915

16

99

80

19

190

35

55

10

95

62

33

5

Bra

zil

1990

149 5

70

75

81

–15

435

–25

40

69

–18

13

96

92

44

65

35

30

35

88

78

10

12

2000

174 1

74

81

84

–12

436

–30

34

75

–15

10

50 3

74

97

95

23

75

50

25

25

93

87

67

54 5

90

2008

191 9

72

86

87

–10

337

–33

30

80

–13

799

96

31

84

62

22

16

97

91

63

Bri

tish

Vir

gin

isla

nds

1990

17

50

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

098

97

12

98

97

12

98

97

12

2000

21

57

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

06

98

97

12

98

97

12

98

97

12

62008

23

61

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

098

97

12

98

97

12

98

97

12

Bru

nei

d

arus

sala

m

1990

257

66

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

333

71

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2008

392

75

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

Bul

gari

a1990

8 8

19

66

100

–0

098

–2

–99

–1

–100

96

40

99

72

27

1100

88

12

02000

8 0

06

69

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0n

a*

100

96

40

100

72

28

0100

89

11

0n

a*

2008

7 5

93

71

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

96

40

100

––

0100

––

0

Bur

kina

fas

o1990

8 8

14

14

28

17

42

13

22

690

64

11

79

73

12

61

27

36

036

64

41

239

59

2000

11 6

76

17

31

18

41

10

45

883

87

14

71

1 1

47

85

17

68

15

55

055

45

60

357

40

7 9

64

2008

15 2

34

20

33

20

39

86

710

77

11

10

15

64

95

21

74

572

072

28

76

472

24



Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

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tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



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e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

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Ce

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of

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lat

ion

)



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anr

ural

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lu

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rur

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tal

improved

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improved

uni

mpro

ved

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uni

mpro

ved

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ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

Bur

undi

1990

5 6

81

641

18

40

144

449

344

548

397

32

65

368

167

32

70

367

30

2000

6 4

73

846

20

33

145

449

245

548

21 2

14

89

41

48

11

70

169

30

72

468

28

1 8

37

2008

8 0

74

10

49

22

27

246

449

146

647

183

47

36

17

71

170

29

72

666

28

Cam

bod

ia1990

9 6

90

13

38

59

48

51

589

92

584

52

17

35

48

33

033

67

35

233

65

2000

12 7

60

17

50

76

37

10

26

82

17

36

74

3 3

51

64

33

31

36

42

240

58

46

739

54

5 4

91

2008

14 5

62

22

67

92

22

18

43

75

29

52

64

81

55

26

19

56

551

44

61

16

45

39

Cam

eroo

n1990

12 2

33

41

65

20

13

235

836

21

47

13

27

13

77

25

52

23

31

229

69

50

11

39

50

2000

15 8

65

50

60

19

20

135

842

15

47

13

32

83 2

22

86

25

61

14

43

241

57

64

13

51

36

8 0

09

2008

19 0

88

57

56

17

26

135

847

10

47

13

35

592

25

67

851

348

49

74

15

59

26

Can

ada

1990

27 7

01

77

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

0100

100

00

99

––

1100

––

02000

30 6

87

79

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

05 5

58

100

100

00

99

38

61

1100

87

13

05 5

58

2008

33 2

59

80

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

0100

100

00

99

––

1100

––

0

Cap

e Ve

rde

1990

354

44

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

439

53

64

–1

35

24

–2

74

45

–2

53

–86

42

44

14

80

971

20

83

27

56

17

–2008

499

60

65

–2

33

38

–6

56

54

–4

42

85

46

39

15

82

27

55

18

84

38

46

16

Cay

man

isl

ands

1990

26

100

96

–4

–N

AN

AN

AN

A96

–4

––

37

––

NA

NA

NA

NA

–37

––

2000

40

100

96

–4

–N

AN

AN

AN

A96

–4

–28

93

67

26

7N

AN

AN

AN

A93

67

26

7–

2008

56

100

96

–4

–N

AN

AN

AN

A96

–4

–95

92

35

NA

NA

NA

NA

95

92

35

Cen

tral

afr

ican

r

epub

lic

1990

2 9

28

37

21

12

57

10

52

44

49

11

648

35

78

870

22

47

047

53

58

355

42

2000

3 7

46

38

32

18

44

616

836

40

22

12

39

27

1 1

53

85

778

15

49

049

51

63

360

37

1 2

09

2008

4 3

39

39

43

24

30

328

14

27

31

34

18

28

20

92

686

851

051

49

67

265

33

Cha

d1990

6 1

05

21

20

16

38

26

22

393

65

10

79

48

10

38

52

36

036

64

38

236

62

2000

8 4

02

23

22

18

40

20

34

687

77

15

71

616

60

14

46

40

41

041

59

45

342

55

3 1

37

2008

10 9

14

27

23

19

42

16

45

883

99

17

65

67

17

50

33

44

143

56

50

545

50

Chi

le1990

13 1

91

83

91

–4

548

–45

784

–11

599

97

21

48

22

26

52

90

84

610

2000

15 4

19

86

96

–2

271

–25

492

–6

25 0

52

99

98

11

66

39

27

34

94

90

46

4 2

60

2008

16 8

04

88

98

–1

183

–15

296

–3

199

99

01

75

47

28

25

96

93

34

Chi

na1990

1 1

42 0

90

27

48

25

24

338

647

941

11

41

797

86

11

356

42

14

44

67

54

13

33

2000

1 2

66 9

54

36

55

28

12

546

741

649

15

30

6267 3

19

98

92

62

70

59

11

30

80

71

920

425 0

96

2008

1 3

37 4

11

43

58

30

66

52

838

255

17

24

498

96

22

82

73

918

89

83

611

Col

ombia

1990

33 2

04

68

80

14

24

43

411

42

68

11

516

98

98

02

68

59

932

88

86

212

2000

39 7

73

72

80

14

42

50

515

30

72

11

710

10 7

30

99

95

41

71

57

14

29

91

84

79

12 1

92

2008

45 0

12

74

81

15

22

55

518

22

74

12

77

99

94

51

73

56

17

27

92

84

88

Com

oros

1990

438

28

34

264

011

186

217

181

198

31

67

283

10

73

17

87

16

71

13

2000

552

28

42

256

023

274

128

269

1163

93

45

48

792

17

75

892

25

67

8247

2008

661

28

50

346

130

268

036

262

091

53

38

997

21

76

395

30

65

5

Con

go1990

2 4

46

54

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

3 0

36

58

31

31

36

229

16

37

18

30

25

36

9–

95

43

52

534

331

66

70

26

44

30

–2008

3 6

15

61

31

31

36

229

16

37

18

30

25

37

895

43

52

534

331

66

71

28

44

29

Coo

k is

land

s1990

18

57

100

–0

091

–9

–96

–4

–99

––

187

––

13

94

––

6

2000

18

65

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

03

99

––

187

––

13

95

––

5–

2008

20

71

100

–0

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–0

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–0

098

––

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––

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–

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Year



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ural

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improved

uni

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improved

uni

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improved

uni

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ved

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ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

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unimproved

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shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

Cos

ta r

ica

1990

3 0

78

51

94

41

191

41

493

41

299

92

71

86

71

15

14

93

82

11

72000

3 9

31

59

95

40

194

40

295

40

11 4

30

99

97

21

89

81

811

95

90

55

1 5

21

2008

4 5

19

63

95

41

096

40

095

41

0100

100

00

91

89

29

97

96

13

Côt

e d’i

voir

e1990

12 6

10

40

38

25

31

68

828

56

20

15

29

36

90

49

41

10

67

562

33

76

22

54

24

2000

17 2

81

44

37

24

33

610

10

28

52

22

16

30

32

2 2

14

92

59

33

867

10

57

33

78

31

47

22

6 8

89

2008

20 5

91

49

36

24

35

511

12

29

48

23

18

32

27

93

67

26

768

14

54

32

80

40

40

20

Cro

atia

1990

4 5

17

54

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

4 5

05

56

99

10

098

10

199

10

0–

100

96

40

97

77

20

399

88

11

1–

2008

4 4

23

57

99

10

098

10

199

10

0100

96

40

97

77

20

399

88

11

1

Cub

a1990

10 5

87

73

86

58

164

10

20

680

612

293

77

16

753

30

23

47

82

64

18

18

2000

11 0

87

76

90

54

173

12

10

586

75

21 7

27

95

80

15

573

44

29

27

90

71

19

10

1 8

51

2008

11 2

05

76

94

51

081

13

42

91

72

096

82

14

489

54

35

11

94

75

19

6

Cyp

rus

1990

681

67

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

787

69

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0182

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

182

2008

862

70

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

Cze

ch r

epub

lic

1990

10 3

03

75

100

00

098

20

0100

00

0100

97

30

100

––

0100

––

02000

10 2

24

74

99

10

097

30

098

20

0n

a*

100

97

30

100

91

90

100

95

50

16

2008

10 3

19

73

99

10

097

30

098

20

0100

97

30

100

91

90

100

95

50

dem

ocra

tic

Peo

ple

’s r

epub

lic

of k

orea

1990

20 1

43

58

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

––

0100

––

0100

––

02000

22 8

59

60

58

–42

–60

–40

–59

–41

––

100

81

19

0100

71

29

0100

77

23

03 6

76

2008

23 8

19

63

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––

––

––

––

100

––

0100

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––

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rati

c

rep

ubli

c of

th

e C

ongo

1990

37 0

16

28

23

33

39

54

469

23

912

61

18

90

51

39

10

27

027

73

45

14

30

55

2000

50 8

29

30

23

33

40

413

13

56

18

16

19

51

14

11 4

48

85

38

47

15

27

126

73

44

12

32

56

12 9

01

2008

64 2

57

34

23

33

42

223

22

41

14

23

26

41

10

80

23

57

20

28

226

72

46

937

54

den

mar

k1990

5 1

40

85

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

5 3

35

85

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0318

100

––

0100

100

00

100

––

0318

2008

5 4

58

87

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

––

0100

100

00

100

––

0

dji

bou

ti1990

560

76

73

610

11

45

62

47

66

68

20

80

69

11

20

69

19

50

31

77

57

20

23

2000

730

83

69

520

630

413

53

63

518

14

106

88

75

13

12

61

12

49

39

84

65

19

16

350

2008

849

87

63

532

010

128

61

56

432

898

82

16

252

349

48

92

72

20

8

dom

inic

a1990

69

68

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

68

71

80

–2

18

84

–2

14

81

–2

17

–96

78

18

492

49

43

895

70

25

5–

2008

67

73

––

––

––

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––

––

––

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dom

inic

an

rep

ubli

c

1990

7 3

74

55

83

95

361

11

820

73

10

611

98

94

42

76

46

30

24

88

73

15

12

2000

8 8

30

62

85

10

23

69

12

613

79

11

37

2 8

78

92

86

68

80

50

30

20

87

72

15

13

2 0

71

2008

9 9

53

69

87

10

12

74

13

67

83

11

24

87

80

713

84

54

30

16

86

72

14

14

ecu

ador

1990

10 2

78

55

86

25

748

211

39

69

28

21

81

66

15

19

62

24

38

38

72

47

25

28

2000

12 3

10

60

92

32

370

35

22

83

33

11

5 3

11

91

85

69

78

55

23

22

86

73

13

14

5 2

72

2008

13 4

81

66

96

31

084

43

992

32

397

96

13

88

74

14

12

94

88

66

egyp

t1990

57 7

85

43

91

32

457

422

17

72

413

11

96

90

64

86

39

47

14

90

61

29

10

2000

70 1

74

43

95

30

279

59

786

45

535 0

30

99

95

41

93

65

28

796

78

18

428 7

06

2008

81 5

27

43

97

30

092

62

094

51

0100

99

10

98

87

11

299

92

71

el

sal

vador

1990

5 3

30

49

88

81

362

31

34

75

51

19

90

72

18

10

58

14

44

42

74

43

31

26

2000

5 9

45

58

89

80

374

40

22

83

60

11

1 3

39

92

76

16

868

29

39

32

82

56

26

18

1 3

93

2008

6 1

34

61

89

81

283

50

12

87

70

694

80

14

676

42

34

24

87

65

22

13



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uni

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uni

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unimproved

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shared


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shared


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total improved

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other improved

total improved

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other improved

total improved

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other improved

equa

tori

al g

uine

a1990

379

35

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––

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––

2000

529

39

60

––

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16

29

55

42

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58

43

637

57

–2008

659

39

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eri

trea

1990

3 1

58

16

58

–10

32

0–

0100

9–

289

62

40

22

38

39

039

61

43

637

57

2000

3 6

57

18

54

–8

38

2–

197

11

–2

87

406

70

42

28

30

50

050

50

54

747

46

1 6

47

2008

4 9

27

21

52

–7

41

4–

096

14

–1

85

74

42

32

26

57

057

43

61

952

39

est

onia

1990

1 5

67

71

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––

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––

99

92

71

97

51

46

398

80

18

22000

1 3

70

69

96

40

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60

095

50

0–

99

95

41

97

65

32

398

86

12

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a*

2008

1 3

41

69

96

40

094

60

095

50

099

97

21

97

75

22

398

90

82

eth

iopia

1990

48 2

92

13

21

25

747

10

099

43

192

77

10

67

23

80

892

17

116

83

2000

65 5

15

15

26

30

18

26

51

886

85

10

77

7 7

54

88

26

62

12

18

018

82

28

424

72

22 4

61

2008

80 7

13

17

29

34

29

88

219

71

12

721

60

98

40

58

226

026

74

38

731

62

fiji

1990

724

42

92

–8

––

––

––

––

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––

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––

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––

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802

48

96

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32

61

7–

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––

19

––

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844

52

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finl

and

1990

4 9

86

61

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

96

40

100

85

15

0100

92

80

2000

5 1

73

61

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0318

100

99

10

100

92

80

100

96

40

318

2008

5 3

04

63

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

––

0100

––

0

fran

ce1990

56 8

42

74

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

95

50

100

99

10

2000

59 1

28

76

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

05 1

94

100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

5 1

94

2008

62 0

36

77

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

fren

ch g

uian

a1990

116

75

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2000

165

75

85

–15

–57

–43

–78

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88

83

512

71

65

629

84

79

516

–2008

220

76

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fren

ch P

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esia

1990

195

56

99

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–97

–3

–98

–2

–100

99

10

100

96

40

100

98

20

2000

236

52

99

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–98

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–69

100

99

10

100

96

40

100

98

20

70

2008

266

52

99

–1

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–3

–98

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99

10

100

96

40

100

98

20

gab

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926

69

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––

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2000

1 2

33

80

37

40

21

230

24

41

536

37

24

3–

95

52

43

547

839

53

85

43

42

15

–2008

1 4

48

85

33

36

30

130

25

43

233

34

32

195

49

46

541

10

31

59

87

43

44

13

gam

bia

1990

896

38

––

––

––

––

––

––

85

24

61

15

67

067

33

74

965

26

2000

1 3

02

49

65

25

91

61

13

17

963

19

13

5–

91

41

50

977

374

23

84

22

62

16

865

2008

1 6

60

57

68

27

41

65

14

14

767

21

84

96

55

41

486

581

14

92

33

59

8

geo

rgia

1990

5 4

60

55

97

30

095

12

296

21

194

81

13

666

19

47

34

81

53

28

19

2000

4 7

45

53

96

31

094

13

295

22

1n

a*

97

86

11

380

34

46

20

89

61

28

11

na

*2008

4 3

07

53

96

31

093

14

295

22

1100

92

80

96

51

45

498

73

25

2

ger

man

y1990

79 4

33

73

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

97

30

100

99

10

2000

82 0

75

73

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

02 8

31

100

100

00

100

97

30

100

99

10

2 8

31

2008

82 2

64

74

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

97

30

100

99

10

gha

na1990

14 9

68

36

11

44

34

11

421

47

28

729

42

22

84

41

43

16

37

235

63

54

16

38

46

2000

19 5

29

44

15

58

18

95

31

33

31

943

27

21

1 9

88

88

35

53

12

58

355

42

71

17

54

29

11 0

65

2008

23 3

51

50

18

70

57

738

21

34

13

54

13

20

90

30

60

10

74

371

26

82

17

65

18

gre

ece

1990

10 1

61

59

100

–0

092

–0

897

–0

399

99

01

92

82

10

896

92

44

2000

10 9

42

60

99

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59

100

100

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98

95

32

99

98

11

1 3

83

2008

11 1

37

61

99

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100

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other improved

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other improved

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nada

1990

96

32

96

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–97

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–3

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101

31

96

–4

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97

93

43

93

75

18

794

81

13

6–

2008

104

31

96

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1990

386

99

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98

98

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2000

429

98

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98

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93

75

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2008

464

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134

91

99

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155

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2008

176

93

99

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0

gua

tem

ala

1990

8 9

10

41

84

74

551

212

35

65

48

23

91

68

23

975

35

40

25

82

49

33

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2000

11 2

31

45

87

73

363

213

22

74

49

13

5 2

94

95

83

12

584

53

31

16

89

67

22

11

5 5

59

2008

13 6

86

49

89

72

273

214

11

81

48

798

95

32

90

68

22

10

94

81

13

6

gui

nea

1990

6 1

47

28

18

23

53

66

436

54

99

41

41

87

21

66

13

38

038

62

52

646

48

2000

8 3

84

31

27

33

37

39

544

42

15

14

41

30

1 3

15

88

24

64

12

51

051

49

62

755

38

3 7

85

2008

9 8

33

34

34

42

23

111

650

33

19

18

41

22

89

26

63

11

61

160

39

71

10

61

29

gui

nea-

Bis

sau

1990

1 0

22

28

––

––

––

––

––

––

–6

––

37

037

63

–2

––

2000

1 3

04

30

43

746

47

040

53

18

242

38

–79

18

61

21

45

045

55

55

550

45

–2008

1 5

75

30

49

841

29

048

43

21

246

31

83

27

56

17

51

150

49

61

952

39

guy

ana

1990

749

30

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

756

29

85

10

41

77

814

179

911

1–

93

75

18

787

54

33

13

89

60

29

11

–2008

763

28

85

10

50

80

810

281

99

198

76

22

293

63

30

794

67

27

6

Hai

ti1990

7 1

08

29

44

45

110

19

12

762

26

21

647

62

27

35

38

41

239

59

47

938

53

2000

8 6

48

36

34

35

21

10

15

920

56

22

18

20

40

-169

67

24

43

33

49

346

51

55

10

45

45

2 8

81

2008

9 8

76

47

24

24

43

910

635

49

17

14

39

30

71

21

50

29

55

451

45

63

12

51

37

Hon

dur

as1990

4 9

01

40

68

912

11

28

212

58

44

512

39

91

82

99

59

42

17

41

72

58

14

28

2000

6 2

30

44

75

10

96

47

411

38

59

710

24

3 0

40

93

89

47

69

59

10

31

80

72

820

2 7

65

2008

7 3

19

48

80

11

72

62

511

22

71

89

12

95

94

15

77

72

523

86

83

314

Hun

gary

1990

10 3

65

66

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

098

94

42

91

72

19

996

86

10

42000

10 2

15

65

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0n

a*

100

95

50

98

86

12

299

92

71

62

2008

10 0

12

68

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

95

50

100

93

70

100

94

60

icel

and

1990

255

91

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

281

92

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

061

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

61

2008

315

92

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

india

1990

862 1

62

26

49

19

428

71

290

18

62

74

90

52

38

10

66

858

34

72

19

53

28

2000

1 0

42 5

90

28

52

20

622

14

34

79

25

84

63

211 0

49

93

50

43

776

967

24

81

20

61

19

418 8

86

2008

1 1

81 4

12

29

54

21

718

21

46

69

31

96

54

96

48

48

484

11

73

16

88

22

66

12

indon

esia

1990

177 3

85

31

58

816

18

22

723

48

33

721

39

92

24

68

862

260

38

71

962

29

2000

205 2

80

42

63

812

17

30

919

42

44

916

31

59 6

82

90

31

59

10

67

562

33

77

16

61

23

55 9

33

2008

227 3

45

52

67

98

16

36

11

17

36

52

10

12

26

89

37

52

11

71

863

29

80

23

57

20

iran

(is

lam

ic

rep

ubli

c of

)

1990

56 7

33

56

86

–14

–78

–22

–83

–17

–98

96

22

83

69

14

17

91

84

79

2000

66 9

03

64

86

–14

–78

–22

–83

–17

––

98

96

22

83

69

14

17

93

86

77

–2008

73 3

12

68

––

––

––

––

––

––

98

96

22

––

––

––

––

iraq

1990

18 0

79

70

––

––

––

––

––

––

97

––

344

––

56

81

––

19

2000

24 6

52

68

76

19

50

54

10

21

15

69

16

10

5–

95

92

35

49

37

12

51

80

74

620

9 1

32

2008

30 0

96

67

76

19

50

66

12

17

573

17

82

91

90

19

55

49

645

79

76

321



Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

Pu

lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

irel

and

1990

3 5

15

57

100

–0

098

–2

099

–1

0100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

2000

3 8

04

59

100

–0

098

–2

099

–1

0913

100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

922

2008

4 4

37

61

100

–0

098

–2

099

–1

0100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

isra

el1990

4 5

14

90

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

2000

6 0

84

91

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

02 5

38

100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

2 5

38

2008

7 0

51

92

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

ital

y1990

56 9

98

67

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

100

00

100

96

40

100

99

10

2000

57 1

16

67

––

––

––

––

––

––

–100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2 6

06

2008

59 6

04

68

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

Jam

aica

1990

2 3

64

49

82

16

11

83

12

50

83

14

30

98

89

92

88

33

55

12

93

61

32

72000

2 5

68

52

82

16

20

83

12

50

82

14

40

285

98

90

82

88

41

47

12

93

66

27

7347

2008

2 7

08

53

82

16

20

84

12

31

83

14

30

98

91

72

89

47

42

11

94

70

24

6

Japan

1990

123 1

91

63

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

97

30

100

86

14

0100

93

70

2000

126 7

06

65

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

04 1

02

100

98

20

100

91

90

100

96

40

4 1

02

2008

127 2

93

66

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

99

10

100

95

50

100

98

20

Jord

an1990

3 2

54

72

98

20

0–

––

––

––

–99

98

11

91

87

49

97

95

23

2000

4 8

53

78

98

20

096

11

298

20

0–

98

96

22

91

82

99

96

93

34

2 7

34

2008

6 1

36

78

98

20

097

12

098

20

098

94

42

91

79

12

996

91

54

kaz

akhs

tan

1990

16 5

30

56

96

31

097

10

296

21

199

91

81

92

28

64

896

63

33

42000

14 9

57

56

97

30

097

11

197

21

0n

a*

99

87

12

191

26

65

996

60

36

4n

a*

2008

15 5

21

58

97

30

098

11

097

21

099

82

17

190

24

66

10

95

58

37

5

ken

ya1990

23 4

33

18

24

45

28

327

15

41

17

26

20

40

14

91

57

34

932

10

22

68

43

19

24

57

2000

31 4

41

20

26

48

23

330

16

36

18

29

22

34

15

5 9

25

87

49

38

13

43

11

32

57

52

18

34

48

12 7

95

2008

38 7

65

22

27

51

20

232

18

32

18

31

25

29

15

83

44

39

17

52

12

40

48

59

19

40

41

kir

ibat

i1990

72

35

36

716

41

21

212

65

26

413

57

76

46

30

24

33

13

20

67

48

25

23

52

2000

84

43

47

93

41

22

221

55

33

513

49

–77

48

29

23

50

21

29

50

62

33

29

38

–2008

97

50

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

kuw

ait

1990

2 1

43

98

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

099

––

199

––

199

––

12000

2 2

28

98

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0776

99

––

199

––

199

––

1768

2008

2 9

19

98

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

099

––

199

––

199

––

1

kyr

gyz

stan

1990

4 3

95

38

94

51

0–

––

––

––

–98

75

23

2–

25

––

–44

––

2000

4 9

55

35

94

51

093

25

093

34

0–

98

82

16

273

30

43

27

82

48

34

18

–2008

5 4

14

36

94

51

093

25

093

34

099

89

10

185

34

51

15

90

54

36

10

lao

Peo

ple

’s

dem

ocra

tic

r

epub

lic

1990

4 2

07

15

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

5 4

03

22

62

48

26

16

18

75

26

28

64

–77

35

42

23

40

535

60

48

12

36

52

–2008

6 2

05

31

86

53

638

28

52

53

36

38

72

55

17

28

51

447

49

57

20

37

43

latv

ia1990

2 6

63

69

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

––

096

––

499

––

12000

2 3

74

68

82

13

50

71

326

078

10

12

0–

100

93

70

96

59

37

499

82

17

1n

a*

2008

2 2

59

68

82

13

50

71

326

078

10

12

0100

93

70

96

59

37

499

82

17

1

leban

on1990

2 9

74

83

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

–100

100

00

100

––

0100

––

02000

3 7

72

86

100

–0

087

–13

–98

–2

––

100

100

00

100

85

15

0100

98

20

1 2

19

2008

4 1

94

87

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

–100

100

00

100

––

0100

––

0

leso

tho

1990

1 6

02

14

29

25

37

932

413

51

32

716

45

88

19

69

12

57

156

43

61

457

39

2000

1 8

89

20

35

30

27

828

417

51

29

920

42

82

92

39

53

869

366

31

74

10

64

26

765

2008

2 0

49

25

40

35

17

825

321

51

29

11

20

40

97

59

38

381

576

19

85

19

66

15

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Year



us

e o

f s

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ved

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shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

liber

ia1990

2 1

67

45

21

21

43

15

311

18

68

11

16

29

44

86

21

65

14

34

331

66

58

11

47

42

2000

2 8

24

54

23

24

30

23

411

12

73

14

18

22

46

407

82

11

71

18

44

242

56

65

758

35

1 3

23

2008

3 7

93

60

25

25

20

30

412

777

17

20

14

49

79

376

21

51

051

49

68

266

32

liby

an a

rab

Jam

ahir

iya

1990

4 3

65

76

97

–3

–96

–4

–97

–3

–54

––

46

55

––

45

54

––

46

2000

5 3

46

76

97

–3

–96

–4

–97

–3

–1 8

72

54

––

46

55

––

45

54

––

46

–2008

6 2

94

78

97

–3

–96

–4

–97

–3

––

––

––

––

––

––

–

lith

uani

a1990

3 6

98

68

––

––

––

––

––

––

–89

––

–49

––

–76

––

2000

3 5

01

67

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

92

––

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––

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––

–2008

3 3

21

67

––

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––

luxe

mbou

rg1990

382

81

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

2000

437

84

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

099

100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

99

2008

481

82

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

mad

agas

car

1990

11 2

73

24

14

26

35

25

69

877

813

14

65

78

25

53

22

16

016

84

31

625

69

2000

15 2

75

27

15

27

37

21

814

24

54

10

18

27

45

1 2

00

73

19

54

27

24

222

76

37

730

63

4 3

41

2008

19 1

11

29

15

28

39

18

10

17

35

38

11

20

37

32

71

14

57

29

29

425

71

41

734

59

mal

awi

1990

9 4

51

12

50

41

54

41

17

735

42

20

731

90

45

45

10

33

231

67

40

733

60

2000

11 8

31

15

51

42

43

50

21

722

50

24

719

4 3

44

93

34

59

758

256

42

63

756

37

8 0

96

2008

14 8

46

19

51

42

52

57

24

811

56

27

89

95

26

69

577

275

23

80

773

20

mal

aysi

a1990

18 1

03

50

88

47

181

37

984

38

594

86

86

82

59

23

18

88

72

16

12

2000

23 2

74

62

94

41

190

42

492

42

210 7

27

99

95

41

93

80

13

797

89

83

11 0

83

2008

27 0

14

70

96

40

095

40

196

40

0100

99

10

99

91

81

100

97

30

mal

div

es1990

216

26

100

–0

058

–12

30

69

–9

22

100

47

53

087

087

13

90

12

78

10

2000

272

28

100

–0

074

–7

19

81

–5

14

150

100

68

32

087

087

13

91

19

72

984

2008

305

38

100

–0

096

–0

498

–0

299

95

41

86

284

14

91

37

54

9

mal

i1990

8 6

55

23

36

20

40

423

10

31

36

26

12

33

29

54

17

37

46

22

022

78

29

425

71

2000

10 5

23

28

41

23

32

428

12

32

28

32

15

32

21

2 3

24

69

26

43

31

34

133

66

44

836

56

4 6

05

2008

12 7

06

32

45

25

26

432

14

33

21

36

18

30

16

81

34

47

19

44

143

56

56

12

44

44

mal

ta1990

360

90

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

98

98

02

100

100

00

2000

389

92

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

047

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

47

2008

407

94

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

mar

shal

l is

land

s1990

47

65

77

11

––

41

9–

–64

10

26

–94

––

697

––

395

––

52000

52

66

80

12

––

48

11

––

69

12

19

–13

93

––

798

––

295

––

512

2008

61

68

83

12

14

53

12

035

73

12

114

92

191

899

099

194

193

6

mar

tini

que

1990

359

98

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

99

10

––

––

––

––

2000

385

98

94

–6

––

––

––

––

––

100

99

10

––

––

––

––

–2008

403

98

95

–5

––

––

––

––

–100

99

10

––

––

––

––

mau

rita

nia

1990

1 9

88

40

29

10

38

23

83

31

58

16

634

44

36

15

21

64

26

026

74

30

624

70

2000

2 6

04

40

38

14

28

20

94

19

68

21

822

49

518

45

26

19

55

37

829

63

40

15

25

60

979

2008

3 2

15

41

50

18

16

16

94

879

26

10

11

53

52

34

18

48

47

14

33

53

49

22

27

51

mau

riti

us1990

1 0

56

44

93

70

090

73

091

72

0100

100

00

99

99

01

99

99

01

2000

1 1

95

43

93

70

090

73

091

72

0203

100

100

00

99

99

01

99

99

01

221

2008

1 2

80

42

93

70

090

73

091

72

0100

100

00

99

99

01

99

99

01

mex

ico

1990

83 4

04

71

80

64

10

30

79

54

66

65

23

94

88

66

64

50

14

36

85

77

815

2000

99 5

31

75

85

72

651

12

631

76

84

12

37 2

26

95

90

55

77

62

15

23

90

83

710

31 1

49

2008

108 5

55

77

90

71

268

16

412

85

92

496

92

44

87

72

15

13

94

87

76



Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

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tag

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f P

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ula

tio

n)



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e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

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es

(P

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Ce

nta

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of

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lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

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ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

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ved

unimproved

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open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

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other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

mic

rone

sia

(fed

erat

ed

sta

tes

of)

1990

96

26

55

–45

–20

–80

–29

–71

–93

––

787

––

13

89

––

11

2000

107

22

59

–41

–16

–84

–26

–74

––

94

––

692

––

892

––

8–

2008

110

22

––

––

––

––

––

––

95

––

5–

––

––

––

–

mon

aco

1990

29

100

100

–0

0N

AN

AN

AN

A100

–0

0100

100

00

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

100

00

2000

32

100

100

–0

0N

AN

AN

AN

A100

–0

03

100

100

00

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

100

00

32008

33

100

100

–0

0N

AN

AN

AN

A100

–0

0100

100

00

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

100

00

mon

goli

a1990

2 2

16

57

––

––

––

––

––

––

81

52

29

19

27

027

73

58

30

28

42

2000

2 3

89

57

66

32

20

26

20

18

36

49

27

816

–88

42

46

12

37

136

63

66

24

42

34

722

2008

2 6

41

57

64

31

23

32

24

18

26

50

28

913

97

32

65

349

247

51

76

19

57

24

mon

tene

gro

1990

587

48

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

661

59

96

31

086

310

192

35

0–

100

98

20

96

66

30

498

85

13

2–

2008

622

60

96

31

086

310

192

35

0100

98

20

96

66

30

498

85

13

2

mon

tser

rat

1990

11

13

96

–4

–96

–4

–96

–4

–100

98

20

100

0100

0100

12

88

02000

511

96

–4

–96

–4

–96

–4

–n

a*

100

98

20

100

0100

0100

11

89

0n

a*

2008

615

96

–4

–96

–4

–96

–4

–100

98

20

100

0100

0100

15

85

0

mor

occo

1990

24 8

08

48

81

14

05

27

31

69

53

81

38

94

74

20

655

550

45

74

38

35

26

2000

28 8

27

53

82

14

22

43

52

50

64

10

224

8 6

60

96

82

14

458

13

45

42

78

50

28

22

7 2

43

2008

31 6

06

56

83

14

30

52

64

38

69

10

417

98

88

10

260

19

41

40

81

58

23

19

moz

ambiq

ue1990

13 5

43

21

36

725

32

41

21

74

11

222

65

73

22

51

27

26

125

74

36

531

64

2000

18 2

49

31

37

731

25

41

27

68

14

328

55

2 3

15

75

21

54

25

27

126

73

42

735

58

5 6

44

2008

22 3

83

37

38

741

14

41

36

59

17

338

42

77

20

57

23

29

128

71

47

839

53

mya

nmar

1990

40 8

44

25

––

––

––

––

––

––

87

19

68

13

47

146

53

57

552

43

2000

46 6

10

28

81

10

81

59

819

14

65

916

10

–80

17

63

20

60

258

40

66

660

34

11 9

08

2008

49 5

63

33

86

10

40

79

11

91

81

11

71

75

15

60

25

69

267

31

71

665

29

nam

ibia

1990

1 4

17

28

66

18

511

92

683

25

66

63

99

82

17

151

14

37

49

64

33

31

36

2000

1 8

24

32

63

17

515

13

37

77

29

86

57

349

99

77

22

172

21

51

28

81

39

42

19

1 0

53

2008

2 1

30

37

60

17

518

17

46

73

33

95

53

99

72

27

188

27

61

12

92

44

48

8

nau

ru1990

9100

––

––

NA

NA

NA

NA

––

––

––

––

NA

NA

NA

NA

––

––

2000

10

100

––

––

NA

NA

NA

NA

––

––

––

––

–N

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AN

AN

A–

––

––

2008

10

100

50

23

26

1N

AN

AN

AN

A50

23

26

190

––

10

NA

NA

NA

NA

90

––

10

nep

al1990

19 1

05

941

24

530

82

585

11

45

80

96

43

53

474

569

26

76

868

24

2000

24 4

32

13

47

27

422

19

55

71

23

85

64

6 8

29

94

48

46

681

873

19

83

13

70

17

10 8

33

2008

28 8

10

17

51

30

415

27

76

60

31

11

652

93

52

41

787

10

77

13

88

17

71

12

net

herl

ands

1990

14 9

53

69

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

95

50

100

98

20

2000

15 9

15

77

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

01 5

75

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

1 5

75

2008

16 5

28

82

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

new

Zea

land

1990

3 3

86

85

––

––

88

–12

––

––

–100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

3 8

68

86

––

––

––

––

––

––

–100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

844

2008

4 2

30

87

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

nic

arag

ua1990

4 1

38

52

59

829

426

426

44

43

628

23

92

83

98

54

18

36

46

74

52

22

26

2000

5 1

01

55

61

827

432

532

31

48

729

16

1 1

68

95

86

95

62

23

39

38

80

57

23

20

1 7

55

2008

5 6

67

57

63

924

437

636

21

52

829

11

98

88

10

268

27

41

32

85

62

23

15

nig

er1990

7 9

04

15

19

14

41

26

21

295

53

884

57

21

36

43

31

031

69

35

332

65

2000

11 0

31

16

27

20

31

22

31

393

74

782

928

78

30

48

22

35

134

65

42

636

58

4 2

92

2008

14 7

04

16

34

25

21

20

42

391

96

679

96

37

59

439

138

61

48

741

52

4 7


Year



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e o

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uni

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shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

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other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

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other improved

nig

eria

1990

97 3

38

35

39

42

11

836

18

12

34

37

26

12

25

79

32

47

21

30

426

70

47

14

33

53

2000

124 8

42

43

37

40

13

10

32

16

20

32

34

26

17

23

12 3

73

77

20

57

23

36

234

64

53

10

43

47

41 9

54

2008

151 2

12

48

36

38

14

12

28

14

27

31

32

26

20

22

75

11

64

25

42

240

58

58

652

42

niu

e1990

231

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

02000

234

100

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a*

100

––

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80

20

0100

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a2008

240

100

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0100

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0100

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0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

0

nor

ther

n m

aria

na

isla

nds

1990

44

90

85

–15

–78

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––

2100

––

098

––

22000

69

93

92

–8

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––

98

––

297

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398

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241

2008

85

93

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96

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––

297

––

398

––

2

nor

way

1990

4 2

41

72

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

4 4

84

76

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0525

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

525

2008

4 7

67

77

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

om

an1990

1 8

43

66

97

–1

261

–7

32

85

–3

12

84

29

55

16

72

666

28

80

21

59

20

2000

2 4

02

72

97

–1

261

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32

87

–2

11

–87

46

41

13

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11

63

26

83

36

47

17

977

2008

2 7

85

72

97

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––

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–92

68

24

877

18

59

23

88

54

34

12

Pak

ista

n1990

115 7

76

31

73

614

78

120

71

28

318

51

96

57

39

481

972

19

86

24

62

14

2000

148 1

32

33

72

616

620

323

54

37

421

38

47 2

11

95

56

39

585

15

70

15

88

29

59

12

59 6

90

2008

176 9

52

36

72

617

529

526

40

45

523

27

95

55

40

587

20

67

13

90

33

57

10

Pal

au1990

15

70

76

–24

–54

–46

–69

–31

–73

––

27

98

––

281

––

19

2000

19

70

92

–8

–52

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78

––

22

95

––

583

––

17

–2008

20

70

96

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–

Pan

ama

1990

2 4

13

54

73

11

15

140

431

25

58

822

12

99

97

21

66

60

634

84

80

416

2000

2 9

51

66

74

11

13

247

432

17

65

919

7946

97

95

23

77

72

523

90

87

310

1 1

34

2008

3 3

99

73

75

11

12

251

531

13

69

917

597

93

43

83

79

417

93

89

47

Pap

ua n

ew

gui

nea

1990

4 1

31

15

78

–19

342

–42

16

47

–39

14

89

61

28

11

32

428

68

41

13

28

59

2000

5 3

88

13

75

–21

442

–41

17

46

–39

15

1 0

18

88

59

29

12

32

329

68

39

10

29

61

1 0

03

2008

6 5

77

12

71

–24

541

–41

18

45

–39

16

87

57

30

13

33

330

67

40

10

30

60

Par

agua

y1990

4 2

50

49

61

335

115

081

437

159

381

59

22

19

25

025

75

52

29

23

48

2000

5 3

50

55

79

416

131

067

258

239

12 7

94

92

75

17

851

21

30

49

74

51

23

26

3 1

55

2008

6 2

38

60

90

45

140

158

170

326

199

85

14

166

35

31

34

86

65

21

14

Per

u1990

21 7

76

69

71

85

16

16

19

74

54

66

34

88

73

15

12

45

15

30

55

75

55

20

25

2000

26 0

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71

77

87

827

221

50

62

612

20

7 8

50

90

79

11

10

54

26

28

46

79

63

16

21

7 3

14

2008

28 8

37

71

81

99

136

330

31

68

715

10

90

84

610

61

35

26

39

82

70

12

18

Phi

lippin

es1990

62 4

27

49

70

14

88

46

922

23

58

11

15

16

93

40

53

776

868

24

84

24

60

16

2000

77 6

89

59

76

15

36

59

12

11

18

69

14

611

32 4

57

93

51

42

782

18

64

18

88

37

51

12

29 7

78

2008

90 3

48

65

80

16

04

69

14

314

76

15

18

93

60

33

787

25

62

13

91

48

43

9

Pol

and

1990

38 1

11

61

96

–4

––

––

––

––

–100

97

30

100

73

27

0100

88

12

02000

38 4

33

62

96

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100

99

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100

89

11

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95

50

na

*2008

38 1

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61

96

–4

–80

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99

10

100

96

40

100

98

20

Por

tuga

l1990

9 9

79

48

97

–1

287

–1

12

92

–1

798

95

32

94

80

14

696

87

94

2000

10 2

26

54

99

–0

196

–0

498

–0

21 4

96

99

98

11

98

95

32

99

97

21

990

2008

10 6

77

59

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

099

99

01

100

100

00

99

99

01

Pue

rto

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3 5

28

72

––

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2000

3 8

19

95

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––

––

––

2008

3 9

65

98

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––



Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

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lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

Qat

ar1990

467

92

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

02000

617

95

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0813

100

––

0100

––

0100

––

0813

2008

1 2

81

96

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

0

rep

ubli

c of

kor

ea1990

42 9

83

74

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

097

96

13

––

––

––

––

2000

46 4

29

80

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

05 1

69

98

97

12

75

46

29

25

93

87

67

–2008

48 1

52

81

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

99

10

88

64

24

12

98

93

52

rep

ubli

c of

m

oldov

a

1990

4 3

64

47

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

4 1

00

45

85

78

074

521

079

615

0–

97

78

19

388

979

12

92

40

52

8–

2008

3 6

33

42

85

78

074

521

079

615

096

79

17

485

13

72

15

90

40

50

10

rom

ania

1990

23 2

07

53

88

39

052

147

071

227

0–

85

––

–3

––

–47

––

2000

22 1

38

53

88

39

054

145

072

226

0n

a*

–88

––

–16

––

–55

––

–2008

21 3

61

54

88

39

054

145

072

226

0–

91

––

–26

––

–61

––

rus

sian

fe

der

atio

n

1990

148 0

65

73

93

–7

–70

–30

–87

–13

–98

87

11

281

45

36

19

93

76

17

72000

146 6

70

73

93

–7

–70

–30

–87

–13

–n

a*

98

90

82

86

42

44

14

95

77

18

5n

a*

2008

141 3

94

73

93

–7

–70

–30

–87

–13

–98

92

62

89

40

49

11

96

78

18

4

rw

anda

1990

7 1

50

535

12

50

322

269

723

367

796

32

64

466

066

34

68

266

32

2000

7 9

58

14

43

15

40

240

451

540

649

53 6

05

85

22

63

15

64

064

36

67

364

33

1 4

56

2008

9 7

21

18

50

18

31

155

636

354

835

377

15

62

23

62

161

38

65

461

35

sai

nt k

itts

and

n

evis

1990

41

35

96

–4

–96

–4

–96

–4

–99

––

199

––

199

––

12000

46

33

96

–4

–96

–4

–96

–4

–10

99

72

27

199

72

27

199

72

27

110

2008

51

35

96

–4

–96

–4

–96

–4

–99

––

199

––

199

––

1

sai

nt l

ucia

1990

138

29

––

––

––

––

––

––

98

––

298

––

298

––

22000

157

28

89

–11

–89

–11

–89

–11

––

98

75

23

298

75

23

298

75

23

231

2008

170

28

––

––

––

––

––

––

98

––

298

––

298

––

2

sai

nt V

ince

nt a

nd

the

gre

nadin

es

1990

107

41

––

––

96

–4

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

–2000

108

44

––

––

96

–4

––

––

––

––

––

93

73

20

7–

––

––

2008

109

47

––

––

96

–4

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

–

sam

oa1990

161

21

100

–0

098

–2

–98

–2

–99

––

189

––

11

91

––

92000

177

22

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

021

92

74

18

888

52

36

12

89

57

32

11

–2008

179

23

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0–

––

––

––

––

––

–

san

mar

ino

1990

24

90

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

27

93

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2008

31

94

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

sao

tom

e an

d

Pri

ncip

e

1990

116

44

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

140

53

27

44

65

15

43

78

21

44

71

–86

31

55

14

70

14

56

30

79

23

56

21

–2008

160

61

30

417

49

19

512

64

26

415

55

89

32

57

11

88

18

70

12

89

26

63

11

sau

di

ara

bia

1990

16 2

59

77

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

–97

97

03

63

60

337

89

88

111

2000

20 8

08

80

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

––

97

97

03

––

––

––

––

–2008

25 2

01

82

100

–0

0–

––

––

––

–97

97

03

––

––

––

––

sen

egal

1990

7 5

38

39

62

17

12

922

614

58

38

10

13

39

88

45

43

12

43

340

57

61

19

42

39

2000

9 9

02

41

66

18

11

531

818

43

45

12

15

28

3 3

63

90

61

29

10

48

840

52

65

30

35

35

3 8

28

2008

12 2

11

42

69

19

10

238

10

21

31

51

14

16

19

92

74

18

852

12

40

48

69

38

31

31

ser

bia

1990

9 5

69

50

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

10 1

34

51

96

31

088

39

092

35

0–

99

97

21

98

63

35

299

80

19

1–

2008

9 8

39

52

96

31

088

39

092

35

099

97

21

98

63

35

299

81

18

1

4 9


Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

Pu

lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

sey

chel

les

1990

72

49

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

81

51

94

–5

1–

––

––

––

––

84

84

016

––

––

––

––

–2008

84

56

97

–2

1–

––

––

––

–100

100

00

––

––

––

––

sie

rra

leon

e1990

4 0

84

33

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

4 2

28

36

21

41

32

65

13

48

34

11

23

42

24

–75

28

47

25

44

242

56

55

11

44

45

–2008

5 5

60

38

24

47

25

46

18

40

36

13

29

34

24

86

15

71

14

26

125

74

49

643

51

sin

gapor

e1990

3 0

16

100

99

–1

–N

AN

AN

AN

A99

–1

–100

100

00

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

100

00

2000

4 0

18

100

100

–0

0N

AN

AN

AN

A100

–0

01 6

29

100

100

00

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

100

00

1 5

99

2008

4 6

15

100

100

–0

0N

AN

AN

AN

A100

–0

0100

100

00

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

100

00

slo

vaki

a1990

5 2

56

56

100

00

0100

00

0100

00

0–

100

––

–89

––

–95

––

2000

5 3

79

56

100

00

0100

00

0100

00

0144

100

96

40

100

92

80

100

94

60

–2008

5 4

00

56

100

00

099

01

0100

00

0100

94

60

100

94

60

100

94

60

slo

veni

a1990

1 9

27

50

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

99

99

01

100

100

00

2000

1 9

85

51

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

088

100

100

00

99

99

01

100

100

00

68

2008

2 0

15

48

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

99

99

01

99

99

01

sol

omon

isl

ands

1990

314

14

98

–2

––

––

––

––

––

76

––

––

––

––

––

2000

416

16

98

–2

–18

–82

–31

–69

––

94

76

18

665

164

35

70

13

57

31

–2008

511

18

98

–2

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

–

som

alia

1990

6 5

96

30

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

7 3

94

33

45

26

16

13

10

99

72

22

15

11

52

–36

927

64

17

017

83

23

320

77

–2008

8 9

26

37

52

30

15

36

65

83

23

15

854

67

51

16

33

90

991

30

19

11

70

sou

th a

fric

a1990

36 7

45

52

80

10

82

58

810

24

69

99

13

98

85

13

266

25

41

34

83

56

27

17

2000

44 8

72

57

82

10

62

61

810

21

73

98

10

12 8

90

98

87

11

271

28

43

29

86

62

24

14

14 6

99

2008

49 6

68

61

84

10

42

65

99

17

77

10

58

99

89

10

178

32

46

22

91

67

24

9

spai

n1990

38 8

39

75

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

99

10

100

100

00

100

99

10

2000

40 2

64

76

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

05 6

47

100

99

10

100

100

00

100

99

10

5 6

47

2008

44 4

86

77

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

99

10

100

100

00

100

99

10

sri

lan

ka1990

17 2

90

17

85

74

467

215

16

70

313

14

91

37

54

962

656

38

67

11

56

33

2000

18 7

67

16

87

73

381

38

882

47

76 1

52

95

53

42

577

15

62

23

80

21

59

20

6 4

70

2008

20 0

61

15

88

73

292

34

191

44

198

65

33

288

22

66

12

90

28

62

10

sud

an1990

27 0

91

27

63

–27

10

23

–29

48

34

–28

38

85

76

915

58

19

39

42

65

34

31

35

2000

34 9

04

36

58

–27

15

20

–26

54

34

–26

40

4 8

47

73

60

13

27

55

16

39

45

61

32

29

39

5 9

59

2008

41 3

48

43

55

–25

20

18

–24

58

34

–25

41

64

47

17

36

52

14

38

48

57

28

29

43

sur

inam

e1990

407

68

90

91

0–

––

––

––

–99

94

51

––

––

––

––

2000

467

72

90

91

065

11

222

83

10

16

–98

91

72

73

49

24

27

91

79

12

9–

2008

515

75

90

91

066

11

320

84

10

15

97

78

19

381

45

36

19

93

70

23

7

sw

azil

and

1990

864

23

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

1 0

80

23

60

31

63

46

18

828

49

21

822

–86

58

28

14

46

13

33

54

55

23

32

45

–2008

1 1

68

25

61

32

52

53

20

621

55

23

616

92

67

25

861

21

40

39

69

32

37

31

sw

eden

1990

8 5

59

83

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

2000

8 8

60

84

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0646

100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

646

2008

9 2

05

85

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

100

00

100

100

00

sw

itze

rlan

d1990

6 7

15

73

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

2000

7 1

84

73

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0827

100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00

827

2008

7 5

41

73

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

0100

100

00

100

99

10

100

100

00



Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

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tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

Pu

lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

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ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

syr

ian

ara

b

rep

ubli

c

1990

12 7

21

49

94

42

072

45

19

83

43

10

96

93

34

75

51

24

25

85

72

13

15

2000

16 5

11

52

95

41

082

53

10

89

42

59 8

19

95

93

25

79

59

20

21

87

77

10

13

8 0

79

2008

21 2

27

54

96

40

095

50

096

40

094

93

16

84

71

13

16

89

83

611

taji

kist

an1990

5 3

03

32

93

43

0–

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

–2000

6 1

73

26

94

42

089

36

290

36

1–

92

78

14

849

20

29

51

60

35

25

40

–2008

6 8

36

26

95

41

094

32

194

32

194

83

11

661

25

36

39

70

40

30

30

tha

ilan

d1990

56 6

73

29

93

50

274

30

23

80

40

16

97

78

19

389

14

75

11

91

33

58

92000

62 3

47

31

94

50

192

40

493

40

319 3

53

98

82

16

295

29

66

596

46

50

414 4

66

2008

67 3

86

33

95

50

096

40

096

40

099

85

14

198

39

59

298

54

44

2the

for

mer

Yu

gosl

av r

epub

lic

of m

aced

onia

1990

1 9

09

58

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

2 0

12

63

92

53

082

710

188

66

0–

100

96

40

99

84

15

1100

92

80

–2008

2 0

41

67

92

53

082

710

189

65

0100

96

40

99

84

15

1100

92

80

tim

or-l

este

1990

740

21

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

815

24

55

420

21

25

122

52

32

222

44

–69

28

41

31

47

11

36

53

52

15

37

48

–2008

1 0

98

27

76

50

19

40

26

52

50

34

43

86

28

58

14

63

11

52

37

69

16

53

31

togo

1990

3 9

26

30

25

46

524

816

274

13

25

359

79

14

65

21

36

036

64

49

445

51

2000

5 2

47

37

24

45

823

510

976

12

23

857

265

83

13

70

17

39

039

61

55

550

45

1 9

51

2008

6 4

59

42

24

44

923

36

13

78

12

22

11

55

87

12

75

13

41

140

59

60

654

40

toke

lau

1990

20

NA

NA

NA

NA

41

–59

–41

–59

–N

AN

AN

AN

A90

––

10

90

––

10

2000

20

NA

NA

NA

NA

63

–37

–63

–37

–0

NA

NA

NA

NA

93

––

793

––

70

2008

10

NA

NA

NA

NA

93

–7

–93

–7

–N

AN

AN

AN

A97

––

397

––

3

tong

a1990

95

23

98

–2

–96

–4

–96

–4

––

––

––

––

––

––

–2000

99

23

98

–2

–96

–4

–96

–4

–9

100

72

28

0100

76

24

0100

75

25

0–

2008

104

25

98

–2

–96

–4

–96

–4

–100

––

0100

––

0100

––

0

trin

idad

and

to

bag

o

1990

1 2

19

993

70

093

70

093

70

092

81

11

888

68

20

12

88

69

19

12

2000

1 2

95

11

92

71

092

71

092

71

093

95

85

10

591

71

20

991

73

18

9181

2008

1 3

33

13

92

71

092

71

092

71

098

88

10

293

74

19

794

76

18

6

tuni

sia

1990

8 2

15

58

95

20

344

64

46

74

41

21

95

89

65

62

22

40

38

81

61

20

19

2000

9 4

52

63

95

22

157

711

25

81

45

10

2 5

65

98

92

62

77

33

44

23

90

70

20

10

2 9

05

2008

10 1

69

67

96

22

064

814

14

85

46

599

94

51

84

39

45

16

94

76

18

6

turk

ey1990

56 0

86

59

96

13

066

227

584

113

294

91

36

73

54

19

27

85

76

915

2000

66 4

60

65

96

22

071

323

387

210

119 4

10

97

95

23

85

74

11

15

93

88

57

25 5

02

2008

73 9

14

69

97

21

075

321

190

28

0100

98

20

96

92

44

99

96

31

turk

men

ista

n1990

3 6

68

45

99

–1

097

–2

198

–1

197

––

3–

––

––

––

–2000

4 5

02

46

99

–1

097

–2

198

–1

11 3

48

97

81

16

372

29

43

28

83

53

30

17

–2008

5 0

44

49

99

–1

097

–2

198

–1

197

––

3–

––

––

––

–

turk

s an

d C

aico

s is

land

s

1990

12

43

98

–2

––

––

––

––

–100

––

0100

––

0100

––

02000

19

43

98

–2

–94

–6

–96

–4

––

100

78

22

0100

60

40

0100

68

32

021

2008

33

47

98

–2

––

––

––

––

–100

––

0100

––

0100

––

0

tuva

lu1990

941

86

–14

–76

–24

–80

–20

–92

––

889

––

11

90

––

10

2000

10

46

87

–13

–79

–21

–83

–17

–1

95

––

593

––

794

––

62

2008

10

49

88

–10

281

–12

784

–11

598

97

12

97

97

03

97

97

03

uga

nda

1990

17 7

31

11

35

52

94

40

18

14

28

39

22

14

25

78

969

22

39

039

61

43

142

57

2000

24 4

33

12

37

54

72

45

20

16

19

44

24

15

17

8 2

80

85

14

71

15

53

053

47

57

255

43

13 5

86

2008

31 6

57

13

38

56

42

49

22

18

11

48

26

16

10

91

19

72

964

163

36

67

364

33

5 1


Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

Pu

lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

ukr

aine

1990

51 5

83

67

97

21

091

45

095

32

099

93

61

––

––

––

––

2000

48 8

70

67

97

21

091

45

095

32

0n

a*

99

92

71

92

50

42

897

78

19

3–

2008

45 9

92

68

97

21

090

46

095

32

098

87

11

297

25

72

398

67

31

2

uni

ted a

rab

em

irat

es

1990

1 8

67

79

98

20

095

50

097

30

0100

––

0100

––

0100

––

02000

3 2

38

78

98

20

095

50

097

30

02 5

39

100

80

20

0100

70

30

0100

78

22

02 6

18

2008

4 4

85

78

98

20

095

50

097

30

0100

80

20

0100

70

30

0100

78

22

0u

nite

d k

ingd

om o

f g

reat

Bri

tain

and

n

orth

ern

irel

and

1990

57 2

37

89

100

–0

–100

–0

–100

–0

–100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

2000

58 9

07

89

100

–0

–100

–0

–100

–0

–3 9

93

100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

3 9

93

2008

61 2

31

90

100

–0

–100

–0

–100

–0

–100

100

00

100

98

20

100

100

00

uni

ted r

epub

lic

of t

anza

nia

1990

25 4

55

19

27

25

45

323

23

44

10

24

23

44

994

34

60

646

145

54

55

748

45

2000

34 1

31

22

29

28

41

222

21

43

14

24

23

42

11

4 0

87

86

28

58

14

45

243

55

54

846

46

8 9

41

2008

42 4

84

25

32

30

36

221

21

41

17

24

23

40

13

80

23

57

20

45

342

55

54

846

46

uni

ted s

tate

s

of a

mer

ica

1990

254 8

65

75

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

–100

97

30

94

46

48

699

84

15

12000

287 8

42

79

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

056 8

01

100

97

30

94

46

48

699

86

13

156 2

33

2008

311 6

66

82

100

–0

099

–1

–100

–0

–100

97

30

94

46

48

699

88

11

1

uru

guay

1990

3 1

10

89

95

01

483

11

15

94

01

598

94

42

79

50

29

21

96

89

74

2000

3 3

21

91

97

01

290

11

896

01

3426

99

96

31

88

73

15

12

98

94

42

364

2008

3 3

49

92

100

00

099

10

0100

00

0100

98

20

100

92

80

100

98

20

uzb

ekis

tan

1990

20 5

15

40

95

–5

076

–24

084

–16

097

86

11

385

37

48

15

90

57

33

10

2000

24 7

76

37

97

–3

087

–13

091

–9

09 9

58

98

86

12

283

32

51

17

89

52

37

11

5 1

93

2008

27 1

91

37

100

–0

0100

–0

0100

–0

098

85

13

281

26

55

19

87

48

39

13

Vanu

atu

1990

149

19

––

––

––

––

––

––

91

79

12

949

27

22

51

57

37

20

43

2000

190

22

57

25

18

036

10

51

341

13

44

2–

93

79

14

766

31

35

34

72

41

31

28

107

2008

234

25

66

29

50

48

13

36

352

17

29

296

79

17

479

33

46

21

83

44

39

17

Vene

zuel

a

(Bol

ivar

ian

r

epub

lic

of)

1990

19 7

41

84

89

–7

445

–14

41

82

–8

10

93

87

67

71

44

27

29

90

80

10

10

2000

24 4

08

90

93

–2

554

–6

40

89

–2

9–

94

89

56

74

50

24

26

92

85

78

–2008

28 1

21

93

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

Vie

t n

am1990

66 2

47

20

61

310

26

29

223

46

35

221

42

88

45

43

12

51

051

49

58

949

42

2000

78 6

63

24

79

47

10

50

322

25

57

319

21

42 1

35

94

51

43

674

569

26

79

16

63

21

43 2

27

2008

87 0

96

28

94

51

067

421

875

415

699

56

43

192

983

894

22

72

6

Wal

lis

and f

utun

a is

land

s

1990

14

0N

AN

AN

AN

A96

–0

496

–0

4N

AN

AN

AN

A100

80

20

0100

80

20

02000

15

0N

AN

AN

AN

A96

–0

496

–0

40

NA

NA

NA

NA

100

80

20

0100

80

20

00

2008

15

0N

AN

AN

AN

A96

–0

496

–0

4N

AN

AN

AN

A100

81

19

0100

81

19

0

Wes

t B

ank

and

gaz

a s

trip

1990

2 1

54

68

––

––

––

––

––

––

100

––

0–

––

––

––

–2000

3 1

49

71

91

–8

184

–14

289

–10

1–

95

88

75

88

64

24

12

93

81

12

7–

2008

4 1

47

72

91

–9

084

–16

089

–11

091

84

79

91

64

27

991

78

13

9

Yem

en1990

12 3

14

21

64

129

66

139

54

18

137

44

––

––

––

––

––

––

2000

18 1

82

26

81

213

421

234

43

37

228

33

9 7

01

82

63

19

18

59

20

39

41

65

31

34

35

–2008

22 9

17

31

94

21

333

329

35

52

320

25

72

54

18

28

57

17

40

43

62

28

34

38

Zam

bia

1990

7 9

10

39

62

24

11

336

814

42

46

14

13

27

89

49

40

11

23

122

77

49

20

29

51

2000

10 4

67

35

60

23

15

240

819

33

47

13

18

22

2 5

45

88

42

46

12

36

135

64

54

15

39

46

3 6

96

2008

12 6

20

35

59

22

17

243

922

26

49

14

19

18

87

37

50

13

46

145

54

60

14

46

40

Zim

bab

we

1990

10 4

61

29

58

41

10

37

15

048

43

23

034

99

94

51

70

763

30

78

32

46

22

2000

12 4

55

34

57

41

11

37

15

543

44

24

329

985

99

91

81

71

665

29

80

35

45

20

2 0

60

2008

12 4

63

37

56

40

22

37

15

939

44

24

725

99

88

11

172

567

28

82

36

46

18



Year



us

e o

f s

an

itat

ion

fa

Cil

itie

s

(Pe

rC

en

tag

e o

f P

oP

ula

tio

n)



us

e o

f d

rin

kin

g-W

ate

r s

ou

rC

es

(P

er

Ce

nta

ge

of

Po

Pu

lat

ion

)



urb

anr

ural

tota

lu

rban

rur

alto

tal

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

improved

uni

mpro

ved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

impro

ved

unimproved

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

shared


open defecation

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

total improved

Piped

other improved

sub

-sah

aran

a

fric

a

1990

517 9

61

28

43

29

17

11

21

10

22

47

28

16

20

36

83

43

40

17

36

432

64

49

15

34

51

2000

674 6

93

33

43

30

17

10

23

11

23

43

29

18

21

32

114 3

44

82

38

44

18

42

438

58

55

15

40

45

237 8

12

2008

822 4

36

37

44

31

17

824

13

25

38

31

20

22

27

83

35

48

17

47

542

53

60

16

44

40

nor

ther

n a

fric

a1990

120 6

75

49

91

60

355

412

29

72

56

17

94

86

86

78

33

45

22

86

58

28

14

2000

144 6

21

51

93

60

172

56

17

83

62

958 8

99

94

89

56

83

51

32

17

89

70

19

11

47 1

00

2008

164 4

66

53

94

60

083

62

989

61

495

91

45

87

68

19

13

92

80

12

8

eas

tern

asi

a1990

1 2

13 5

09

30

53

25

19

339

646

943

12

38

797

87

10

356

42

14

44

69

55

14

31

2000

1 3

45 7

39

38

58

28

95

47

740

651

15

29

5275 8

65

98

92

62

70

59

11

30

81

71

10

19

436 9

81

2008

1 4

19 5

32

45

61

30

36

53

837

256

18

22

498

96

22

82

73

918

89

83

611

sou

ther

n a

sia

1990

1 2

00 0

43

26

56

18

323

13

33

81

25

72

66

91

55

36

969

960

31

75

21

54

25

2000

1 4

62 9

60

29

58

19

518

20

56

69

31

96

54

305 4

67

93

53

40

776

10

66

24

81

22

59

19

547 4

33

2008

1 6

68 7

46

31

57

19

10

14

26

610

58

36

10

10

44

95

51

44

583

11

72

17

87

23

64

13

sou

th e

aste

rn

asi

a

1990

439 5

91

32

69

810

13

36

518

41

46

616

32

92

41

51

863

657

37

72

17

55

28

2000

517 1

93

40

74

97

10

49

715

29

59

812

21

192 9

41

92

47

45

872

11

61

28

80

26

54

20

174 4

42

2008

575 6

26

47

79

10

38

60

812

20

69

98

14

92

52

40

881

16

65

19

86

33

53

14

Wes

tern

asi

a1990

135 8

50

61

96

13

053

226

19

80

210

896

93

34

70

55

15

30

86

78

814

2000

174 3

94

65

93

61

060

421

15

82

57

669 4

78

96

93

44

74

54

20

26

88

79

912

70 2

34

2008

207 9

91

67

94

60

067

518

10

85

57

396

93

34

78

61

17

22

90

82

810

oce

ania

1990

6 4

49

24

85

–15

–46

–37

17

55

–45

14

92

67

25

838

731

62

51

22

29

49

2000

8 1

21

24

85

–15

–43

–40

17

53

–47

14

1 5

35

92

57

35

840

832

60

52

20

32

48

1 5

06

2008

9 6

33

23

81

–19

–45

–37

18

53

–47

14

92

––

837

631

63

50

19

31

50

lati

n a

mer

ica

an

d t

he C

arib

bea

n

1990

442 3

10

71

81

–13

639

612

43

69

–14

17

95

87

85

63

36

27

37

85

72

13

15

2000

521 2

28

75

84

–12

448

714

31

75

–14

11

154 4

09

96

90

64

72

48

24

28

90

80

10

10

161 5

13

2008

576 1

02

79

86

–12

255

916

20

80

–14

697

92

53

80

58

22

20

93

84

97

Com

mon

wea

lth

of i

ndep

enden

t st

ates

1990

280 8

99

65

94

–6

–79

–21

–89

–11

–98

88

10

282

39

43

18

92

71

21

82000

280 9

98

64

93

–7

–80

–20

089

–11

–n

a*

98

89

92

84

37

47

16

93

71

22

7432

2008

276 8

20

64

93

–7

–83

–16

189

–11

–98

90

82

87

33

54

13

94

69

25

6

dev

elop

ed

regi

ons

1990

933 0

73

71

100

–0

097

–2

199

–1

0100

98

20

98

74

24

299

91

81

2000

985 2

73

74

100

–0

096

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099

–1

093 1

66

100

98

20

98

77

21

2100

93

70

97 0

29

2008

1 0

28 5

20

75

100

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98

20

98

81

17

2100

94

60

dev

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regi

ons

1990

4 0

76 3

87

35

65

16

910

28

523

44

41

918

32

93

71

22

760

21

39

40

71

39

32

29

2000

4 8

48 9

48

40

67

18

78

35

720

38

48

11

15

26

1 17

2 93

794

72

22

669

27

42

31

79

45

34

21

1 67

7 02

12008

5 4

44 5

33

44

68

20

57

40

820

32

52

13

14

21

94

73

21

676

31

45

24

84

49

35

16

wo

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1990

5 2

90 3

59

43

77

11

66

36

520

39

54

714

25

95

80

15

564

27

37

36

77

50

27

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2000

6 1

15 2

19

47

77

13

46

41

619

34

58

10

11

21

1 26

3 54

796

80

16

471

31

40

29

83

54

29

17

1 77

4 48

2

2008

6 7

49 8

72

50

76

15

45

45

818

29

61

11

11

17

96

79

17

478

34

44

22

87

57

30

13

mdg regions and the World

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AnnEX B GLoBAL And rEGionAL SAnitAtion LAddErS: urBAn And rurAL

figure B Urban and rural proportion of the population using an improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facility or practising Open defecation, by MDG region, in 1990 and 2008

open defecation unimproved facilities shared improved

5 5

ANNEX C GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DRINKING-WATER LADDERS: URBAN AND RURAL

© World Health Organization and UNICEF 2010

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]).

The World Health Organization and UNICEF welcome requests for permission to reproduce or translate their publications — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to WHO, Office of Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]) or to UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, United States of America (fax: +1 212 303 7985; e-mail: [email protected]).

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

The World Health Organization and UNICEF do not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Printed in France

Design: www.paprika-annecy.com

Photo credit: Cover: iStockphoto/Klaas Lingbeek-van Kranen, WaterAid/Abir Abdullah, WaterAid/Juthika Howlader; pIV: fotolia/TMAX; p3: Rifat Hossain; pp4-5: iStockphoto/Claudia Dewald; p10: iStockphoto/Anantha Vardhan; p11: WaterAid/Abir Abdullah; pp14-15: iStockphoto/Britta Kasholm-Tengve; pp20-21: iStockphoto/Raido Väljamaa; p24: iStockphoto/Gabriela Schaufelberger; pp26-27: iStockphoto/Christoph Achenbach; p29: WHO; p30: iStockphoto/Sean Warren; pp32-33: iStockphoto/Tjui Tjioe; p35: fotolia/Garrett Hoffman; p37: iStockphoto/Bart Coenders; Back cover: Thierry Helsens.

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update.

1. Drinking-water supply. 2. Sanitation. 3. Millennium Development Goals. 4. MDG monitoring. 5. Open defecation.

I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. ISBN 978 92 4 156395 6 (NLM classification: WA 670)

Figure C Urban and rural proportion of the population using a piped water connection, other improved drinking-water sources or an unimproved source, by MDG region, in 1990 and 2008

4335

4048

17 17

4 5

32

42

6453

71 73

22 21

7

2131

39

45

40

24

80 79

15 17

5 4

2734

37

44

36

22

5551

36 44

9 11

60

72

3117

9 56

102

8796

44

18

14

9

42

73

8 8

5140

4152

37

19

57

65

616

4 43 3

93 93

3022

1517

5561

6 5

84

8691

2213

45

19

33

68

3 2

4335

4048

17 17

4 5

32

42

6453

71 73

22 21

7

2131

39

45

40

24

80 79

15 17

5 4

2734

37

44

36

22

5551

36 44

9 11

60

72

3117

9 56

102

8796

44

18

14

9

42

73

8 8

5140

4152

37

19

57

65

616

4 43 3

93 93

3022

1517

5561

6 5

84

8691

2213

45

19

33

68

3 2

Unimproved Other improved Piped into dwelling, plot or yard

2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation

Although 1.3 billion people have gained access • to improved sanitation since 1990, the world is likely to miss the MDG sanitation target by a billion people.

Open defecation rates have decreased from • 25% in 1990 to 17% in 2008. Worldwide, 1.1 billion people practise open defecation, a decline of 167 million since 1990.

With only 45% of the rural population using • improved sanitation, rural areas lag far behind urban areas, where the rate is 76%.

Seven out of ten people without improved • sanitation live in rural areas, but the number of people in urban areas without improved sanitation is increasing because of rapid growth in urban populations.

WITH ONLY FIVE YEARS TO GO UNTIL THE MDG TARGET DATE

884 million people do not use an improved source of drinking-water

The world is on track to meet the MDG • drinking-water target. In developing regions, 84% of the population uses an improved source of drinking-water.

In urban areas the use of improved sources • of drinking-water has been maintained at 96% since 2000, with over 1 billion more people now using such a source than in 1990. However, this increase is barely keeping up with urban population growth.

The number of people living in rural areas who • do not use an improved source of drinking-water is over five times the number living in urban areas.

Worldwide, 37% of people not using an • improved source of drinking-water live in Sub-Saharan Africa.

World Health OrganizationAvenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

United Nation Children’s Fund3 UN PlazaNew York, NY 10017 USA

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