ReconstructionReconstruction1863-18771863-1877

Three ElementsThree Elements1. Political

2. Economic

3. Social

Three PhasesThree Phases1. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln 1863-’65

2. Presidential Reconstruction Johnson ‘65-’67

3. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction ‘67-’77

Lincoln’s 10% PlanA state can be re-admitted if

10% of those who voted in 1860 pledge loyalty to the Union.

Isaac Murphy

Arkansas governor

1864-1868

Andrew Johnson, 17th President

Trial of Andrew Johnson

Ku Klux Klan1868

First buildings at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville ; 1872

Old Main was the first permanent building on the Arkansas Industrial University campus. Its exterior was finished in 1875. It is the only building built in the 19th century still standing.

Elisha Baxter

governor 1872-1874

Joseph Brooks

Brooks-Baxter War

Battle of Palarm, a skirmish of the Brooks-Baxter War in 1874. Pictured is the Baxter steamboat Hallie, which was captured by Brooks’s forces on the Arkansas River near the mouth of Palarm Creek. (Painting by James M. Fortenbury)

“Lady Baxter,” a Civil War–era sixty-four-pound cannon used by the backers of Elisha Baxter during the Brooks-Baxter War. The cannon is displayed at the Old State House in Little Rock

• Five Generations of an African-American Family, 1862.

Interior View of the First African Baptist Church in Richmond.(Harper's Weekly, June 27, 1874)

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section2/section2_11c.html

Sharecropping in the South, 1880

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section3/section3_01b.html

Children of sharecropper, near West Memphis, Arkansas, 1935.

Sharecropper’s child suffering from rickets and malnutritionPhoto by Arthur Rothstein, Aug., 1935

• William Fishback• “The Great Repudiator”

Judge Isaac C. Parker, circa 1875.

PopulismPopulism1870s-1890s

Agrarian revolt

or

The rise of the angry farmer

THE AGRICULTURAL WHEELCome all ye sunburnt sons of toil, Arise from thine oppression;'Tis true we till the stubborn soil, But a highway to progression,Which enemies cannot conceal, Is opened by this mighty Wheel.

Come, Let us join our hearts and hands, And set this Wheel a-going;Perhaps 'twill roll to other lands, Its seeds of fortunate sowing,'Till all the world its power may feel, And let's bless the Agriculture Wheel.

Heed not the idle words of those Who would our march to freedom stay.They get their money, food and clothes From us who labor day by day;And if they could, I guess they'd steal The power and glory of the Wheel.

• Black leaders from Helena around 1880. Seated center with hat is A. H. Miller, former slave turned businessman and state representative. Standing far right in the back row is J. T. White, founder of Second Baptist Church and veteran state legislator.

Mifflin Gibbs of Little Rock

First black municipal judge in U.S. history

• Black Arkansas legislators (B. F. Adair, George W. Bell and S. H. Dawson) featured in an 1891 issues of the Freeman, a national African-American publication.

African-American Population distribution in 1890

Jeff Davis

• Governor, 1901-1907

• Senator, 1907-1913

George Donagheygovernor, 1909-1913

Arkansas’s firstProgressive governor• State capitol• Initiative and referendum• Education• Ended convict lease

Senate chamber

House chamber

Old Supreme Court Chamber

Joseph Taylor Robinsongovernor, 1913

senator, 1913-1937

Dem. Candidate for vice-president, 1928

• Charles Broughgovernor, 1917-1921

Some Notable Arkansas Women

Carrie Nation leader in Prohibition Movement

She would march into a bar and sing and pray, while smashing bar fixtures and bottles with a hatchet. Between 1900 and 1910, she was arrested some 30 times for "hatchetations," as she called them. Nation paid her jail fines from lecture-tour fees and sales of souvenir hatchets. Later in life, she lived in Eureka Springs.

Ida Jo Brooks

Leader in Education and Medicine

Elaine Race Riot, 1919

Scipio Jones

Thomas McRae

governor, 1921-1925

Three ongoing issues in state government, 1920s-today

1. Roads

2. Schools

3. Taxes

• John E. Martineaugovernor 1927-1928

Conservative victories in the Culture Wars of the 1920s

• Prohibition

• Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan

• Anti-evolution

• Two Natural Disasters– Flood of 1927– Drought of 1930

• One Man-Made Disaster– The Great Depression

Flood of 1927

Harvey Parnell

governor, 1928-1933

Drought of 1930 and“England Food Riot”

• Junius Futrellgovernor, 1933-1937

Cotton hoers loading at Memphis, Tennessee for the day's work in Arkansas. June 1937.

Ozark family in Depression

• Ozark family home

Sharecropper’s family in Washington County, Arkansas

Boone Co., Arkansas

• Negroes waiting for food in the Forrest City, Arkansas, concentration camp; 1937

• Evicted sharecroppers

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal

• FDIC• AAA• CCC – Devil’s Den; Petit

Jean• CWA and WPA• REA• Social Security

Devil’s Den State Park

• Dedication of University of Arkansas stadium; built by WPA in 1938

1934

• CCC; planting trees

Jerome Relocation Camp

1942, Osceola, Arkansas

Figure 1. Machine Harvested Cotton as a Percentage of the Total Cotton Crop, Arkansas, California, South Carolina, and U.S. Average, 1949-1972

Sidney McMathgov. 1949-53

Harry Truman and Sid McMath

September 23, 1957

Who's Who in the Central High School Crisis

Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Pattillo, Gloria Ray, Terrance Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Carlotta Walls: The nine black students who were able to attend Central High School.

Daisy Bates: President of the Arkansas NAACP and coordinator of the plan to enroll nine black students at Central High.    

Virgil T. Blossom: Superintendent of Little Rock's public schools since 1953 and chief architect of the system's gradual desegregation plan.      

Dwight D. Eisenhower: president of the United States     

Orval E. Faubus: Governor of Arkansas, serving the second of his six two-year terms.     

Amis Guthridge: Lawyer of strongly segregationist views and a leader of the Capital Citizens Council of Little Rock.     

Brooks Hays: Democratic congressman, considered a racial moderate, who tried to mediate between Eisenhower and Faubus.      

Jim Johnson: Loser of the 1956 Democratic gubernatorial primary as an outspoken segregationist, to be elected in 1958 as an associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court.     

Thurgood Marshall: NAACP chief counsel.

1997 - Daisy Bates, Governor Mike Huckabee, Mayor Jim Dailey, and the Principal of Central High.

• J. William Fulbright1939-1942 president of Univ. of Ark.1943-1945, U.S. congressman1945-1974, U.S. senator from

Arkansas– 1943 Fulbright Resolution,

putting the House on record as favoring U.S. participation in U.N.

– 1946 Fulbright Program, establishing an educational exchange program for scholars between the U. S. and foreign countries.

– 1959-1974, chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee

– Critic of Vietnam War

December 2, 1966

Dale Bumpers

• Governor, 1971-1975

• Senator, 1975-1999

David Pryor

• Governor, 1975-1979

• Senator, 1979-1997

• Father of Mark Pryor

Bill Clinton

• Governor 1979-1981 &1983-1992

• President 1993-2001

Bill Clinton

• Frank White

Jim Guy Tucker

Governor, 1993-1996

Mike Huckabee, 1996-2007

Gov. Mike Beebe Sen. Blanche Lincoln Sen. Mark Pryor

• Population today is 2.75 million

• Racially, Arkansas is:– 79% White non-Hispanic – 16% Black – 3% Hispanic – 1% Asian

Growth in Sun Belt, 1940-1980

Arkansas’s Workforce

Total workforce 1,330,000 32% Services (includes health care, teaching, repair)

24% wholesale or retail trade

22% manufacturing

7% percent in transportation or public utilities

5% percent in construction

4% percent in finance, insurance, or real estate

4% government

1% farming, forestry, or fishing

Only 5% of the state’s workers are members of a union.

Religion in Arkansas• Christian – 86%

– Protestant – 78% • Baptist – 39% • Methodist – 9% • Pentecostal – 6% • Churches of Christ – 6% • Assemblies of God – 3% • Other Protestant – 15%

– Roman Catholic – 7% – Other Christian – 1%

• Other Religions – <1% • Non-Religious – 14%