Redox flow battery - Power Sector

Report on Redox Flow Batteries – Power sector

June 2014

Future demand assesment & emerging trends

Report by Mr. Irish Pereira

Redox Flow Battery – Brief introduction

Global demand for Redox Flow Batteries - Snapshot

RFB in Power sector - Region wise demand -Japan, China, US & EuropeS

Way forward…

Bibliography

Table of Contents

2

RFB being a modular and highly flexible technology with very rapid response, little environmental impact…

3

A flow battery is an electrochemical device thatconverts the chemical energy in the electro-activematerials directly to electrical energy and is similar to aconventional battery and fuel cells

The electro-active materials in a flow battery howeverare stored mostly externally in an electrolyte and areintroduced into the device only during operation

Flow batteries are classified into redox flow batteriesand hybrid flow batteries

In Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) - two liquid electrolytedissolutions containing dissolved metal ions as activemasses are pumped to the opposite sides of theelectrochemical cell e.g. Vanadium-vanadium,Vanadium-bromine, Polysulfid-bromine, Iron-chrome

In a hybrid flow battery (HFB) - one of the activemasses is internally stored within the electrochemicalcell, whereas the other remains in the liquid electrolyteand is stored externally in a tank. E.g. Zinc-bromine,Zinc-cerium, Lead-acid

Of various types of flow batteries, Vanadium and zincflow batteries are mostly adopted technologies

Source: Flow Batteries report by by Trung Nguyen and Robert F. Savinell &Redox Flow Battery by FRAUNHoFER-INSTITUT FÜR CHEmISCHE TECHNologIE ICT Report tIled „Status and Potential of Redox Flow Batteries”

Schematic of a redox flow battery system

… huge potential for cutting costs and hence are emerging as a very promising option for stationary storage in general…

4

Vanadium redox battery (VRB) offers significant benefits over Lithium-ion battery which is currently

the most used storage battery worldwide Independent system design for power and capacity

Output Power Range: kW -- MW;

Energy Storage Capacity : kWh -- 10MWh

High efficiency (>75%)

Long lifetime

Deep discharge ability, Low self-- discharge, fastresponse

Environmental friendly

Operation safety

Advantages of Redox Flow Battery

Source: DICP CAS report titled “Redox Flow Battery Technology for Electricity Storage “ &Energy & Capital report

Poor electrolyte stability and less solubility lead to lowenergy density

Low selectivity to the vanadium ions lead to theUnbalance of vanadium ions and water , and thecapacity degradation after long operation time

Low rated operation current density lead to highmaterial cost

High cost of the ion exchange membrane

Challenges of VRB for commercialization

…and for renewable applications in particular

55

UPS

Load balancing

Power conversion

Stand-alone power system

Electric vehicles

Major Applicatons –Redox Flow

Battery

Where the battery isconnected to an electricalgrid to store excess electricalpower during off-peak hoursand release electrical powerduring peak demandperiods.

Storing energy fromrenewable sources such aswind or solar for dischargeduring periods of peakdemand

As flow batteries can berapidly "recharged" byreplacing the electrolyte,they can be used forapplications where thevehicle needs to take onenergy as fast as acombustion engine vehicle

Currently used in telecomindustry for use in cellphonebase stations where there isno grid power available.

The battery can be usedalongside solar or windpower sources tocompensate for theirfluctuating power levels andalongside a generator tomake the most efficient useof it to save fuel

As the voltage of the batteryis proportional to thenumber of cells used thebattery can therefore act as avery powerful DC/DCconverter. In addition, if thenumber of cells iscontinuously changed (onthe input and/or output side)power conversion can alsobe AC/DC, AC/AC, or DC/ACwith the frequency limitedby that of the switching gear

Source: Wikipedia and others

where the battery is used if the main power fails to provide an uninterrupted supply



RFB in Power sector - Region wise demand -Japan, China, US & Europe

Way forward…

Bibliography

Table of Contents

6

With a humble beginning of adoption since late 2000’s, the flow battery technology…

Source: International Energy Agency Report titled “Energy Storage Technology Roadmap - Technology Annex ” dated 19 March 2014

International Energy Agency (IEA) positions the Flow Battery Technology at Early “Demonstration to deployment” phase in their Energy Storage technology maturity curve

Mat

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… is expected to be significantly adopted technology by 2025

8

In ESS (Energy Storage System) technologies, flow battery technology shows high potential and is expected to be applied in various application markets in the future

Source: Sino-report ESS market Research Center Report titled “Analysis of ESS Business - Flow Battery Tech. & Market” dated May 2014

About 85 flow batteries (small-scalebatteries excluded) were installed in theworld until 2012 which is above 343MWhin capacity

The installation market for flow battery isbecoming more active in recent years.Flow batteries are mainly used for

Load levelling,

Renewable capacity firming,

Micro grid system,

UPS

Frequency regulation

In 2012 the flow battery (redox flowbatteries and hybrid flow batteries)occupied approximately 0.5% of the ESSmarket however Sino-report expects themarket to increase to 25% by 2020

Flow Battery Market Demand Forecast (MWh)



RFB in Power sector -Region wise demand -Japan, China, US & Europe

Way forward…

Bibliography

Table of Contents

9

Lithium-ion batteries which dominated the power applications market till 2012…

10

Lux research predicts increased adoption of Redox Flow Batteries in grid-scale energy storage till 2017 namely vanadium redox batteries (VRB) and zinc bromine flow batteries in particular

Global Grid-scale batteries Market Demand Forecast

33%

19%15%

19%

13%

1%Vanadium RedoxBatteries

Sodium Sulfur

Sodium Nickel Chloride

Zinc Bromine FlowBatteries

Li- ion Batteries

Flywheel Batteries

Lux Research report predicts that annualglobal demand for grid-scale energystorage will reach an astounding 185.4gigawatt- hours (GWh) by 2017 andrepresent a $113.5 billion market

Li-ion batteries for power applicationsaccount for around 80% of the market in2012 are expected to quickly fade ascheaper molten-salt and flow batteriesbecome available in the ensuing years

Currently, Li-ion batteries are sought-afterdue to their availability and provenperformance.

Flow batteries and molten salt batteries,both of which perform well for longerdischarge applications, have showncomparable performance to Li-ionbatteries at a fraction of the cost and arecurrently limited by their availability andproven reliability

Source: Lux Research Report titled “"Grid Storage under the Microscope: Using Local Knowledge to Forecast Global Demand” dated 2012

…is expected to lose its share to Vanadium Redox Batteries till 2017

11

Redox flow battery – Applications in grid-storage (Power sector)

Source: Springer Report titled “Redox flow batteries: a review” dated July 2011

Sumitomo Redox battery - Japan

Enervault Redox battery - US



RFB in Power sector -Region wise demand -Japan, China, US & Europe

Way forward…

Bibliography

Table of Contents

12

Lux Research report 2012 states that Japan, China…

13

Japan – Current & Planned Redox Flow Batteries

China – Current & Planned Redox Flow Batteries

Sr. No Project Name Technology TypeRated Power

(kW)Status Application/ Usage City State/Province Ownership Model

1Sumitomo Densetsu Office

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 3000 Operational Electric Bill Management

Osaka Kansai Customer-Owned

2 Yokohama Works Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 1000 Operational

Onsite Renewable Generation Shifting, Electric Supply

Capacity Yokohama Kanagawa Customer-Owned

3 Tomamae Wind Farm Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 4000 Operational Electric Energy Time Shift

Totomamae Hokkaido Prefecture Utility-Owned

4Minami HayakitaSubstation Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 15000 Announced

Renewables Capacity Firming, Renewables Energy Time Shift,

Voltage Support

Abira Hokkaido Utility-Owned

Sr. No Project Name Technology TypeRated

Power (kW)Status Application/ Usage City State/Province Ownership Model

1

Zhangbei National Wind and Solar Energy Storage and Transmission

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

2000 Operational Renewables Energy Time Shift, Renewables Capacity Firming,

Frequency Regulation, Ramping

Zhangbei Hebei Utility-Owned

2

Prudent Energy Corporation/CEPRI Vanadium Redox Battery Energy Storage System


500 OperationalRenewables Energy Time Shift, Renewables Capacity Firming,

Load Following (Tertiary Balancing), Voltage Support

Zhangbei Hebei Utility-Owned

Source: DOE Global Energy Storage Database

…State of Arizona – United States along with the United Kingdom…

14

US – Current & Planned Redox Flow Batteries

Sr. No Project Name Technology TypeRated Power

(kW)Status Application/ Usage City State/Province Ownership Model

1 Prudent Energy VRB-ESS® - Gills Onions, California


600 Operational Grid-Connected Commercial (Reliability & Quality)

Oxnard California Third-Party-Owned

2Primus Power Corporation Wind Firming EnergyFarm™

Zinc Chlorine Redox Flow

Battery25000

Under Construction

Renewables Capacity FirmingModesto California Utility-Owned

3

National Grid Distributed Energy Storage Systems Demonstration, Everette, MA

Zinc Bromine Redox Flow

Battery500 Contracted

Electric Energy Time Shift

Everett Massachusetts Utility-Owned

4

City of Painesville Municipal Power Vanadium Redox Battery Demonstration


1080 ContractedLoad Following (Tertiary Balancing)

Painesville Ohio Utility-Owned

5Fort Sill - U.S. Army

Zinc Bromide Flow Battery

250 De-CommissionedRenewables Capacity Firming

Fort Sill Oklahoma Customer-Owned

6Illinois Institute of Technology RDSI Perfect Power Demonstration


250Under

ConstructionBlack Start

Chicago Illinois Customer-Owned

7Port Hueneme Naval Facility


25Under

Construction Renewables Capacity FirmingPort Hueneme California Customer-Owned

8Pualani Manor


60 OperationalRenewables Capacity Firming

Honolulu Hawaii Customer-Owned

9San Nicholas Island Naval Facility


500Under

Construction Renewables Capacity FirmingSan Nicholas

IslandCalifornia Customer-Owned

10St. Petersburg Solar Parks Project


25Under

ConstructionElectric Bill Management with Renewables

St. Petersburg Florida Customer-Owned

11 EnerVault Redox Flow Battery Demo Project

Iron Chromium Redox Flow

Battery250 Operational

Electric Energy Time ShiftTurlock California Third-Party-Owned

12UC San Diego ZBB / Sunpower Energy Storage CSI 2


100Under

ConstructionElectric Bill Management

San Diego California Customer-Owned


…and Germany will be the top five regions for grid storage and…

15

US Continued…

13Premium Power DESS, SMUD HQ

Zinc Bromine Redox Flow Battery

500Under

Construction Electric Supply CapacitySacramento California Utility-Owned

14

National Grid Distributed Energy Storage Systems Demonstration, Worcester, MA


500 Contracted

Renewables Energy Time Shift

Worcester Massachusetts Utility-Owned

15UEP CCNY Demonstration

Zinc-Nickel Oxide Redox Flow Battery

100 OperationalElectric Bill Management

New York New York Third-Party-Owned

16

DOD Marine Corps Air Station Miramar Microgrid Energy Storage System


250Under

ConstructionRenewables Capacity Firming

San Diego California Customer-Owned

17Crescent Valley Project


250 OperationalElectric Energy Time Shift

Moab Utah Utility-Owned

18PV and EV Charging Systems at Sporting Venue


25Under

ConstructionOnsite Renewable Generation Shifting

Phoenix Arizona Customer-Owned

19

Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam(JBPHH) U.S. Military Base


125Under

ConstructionBlack Start

Honolulu Hawaii Customer-Owned

20VISA (Data Processing Center)


25 OperationalOn-Site Power

Ashburg Virginia Customer-Owned

21 Bainbridge Island Storage Project


500 ContractedStationary Transmission/Distribution Upgrade Deferral

Bainbridge Island Washington Utility-Owned

22MCAS Miramar Microgrid

Zinc Bromide Redox Flow Battery

250 AnnouncedElectric Bill Management with Renewables

San Diego California Third-Party-Owned

23Wind-Firming Energy Farm


28000 AnnouncedRenewables Capacity Firming

Modesto California Third-Party-Owned

24Energy Storage for Demand Response (Seattle)


500 AnnouncedTransportable Transmission/Distribution Upgrade Deferral

Seattle Washington Utility-Owned


…collectively account for about 58% of global demand in 2017

16

US Continued…

Europe – Current & Planned Redox Flow Batteries

25American Vanadium Corp. MTA CellCubeInstallation


90Under

ConstructionGrid-Connected Commercial (Reliability & Quality)

New York New York Customer-Owned

26

Premium Power DESS, SMUD Anatolia SolarSmart Homes Project


500Under

ConstructionRenewables Energy Time Shift

Rancho Cordova California Utility-Owned

Sr. No Project Name Technology TypeRated Power (kW)

Status Application/ Usage City Country Ownership Model

1CENER VRB


50 OperationalElectric Energy Time Shift

Sarriguren Spain Customer-Owned

2RISO Syslab Redox Flow Battery



Kongens Lyngby Denmark Third-Party-Owned

3PVCROPS EvoraDemonstration Flow Battery Project



Valverde Portugal Customer-Owned

4Gigha Wind Farm Battery Project


100 AnnouncedRenewables Energy Time Shift

Gigha United Kingdom Customer-Owned

5ENEL Vanadium Redox Battery Testing Station



Livorno Italy Third-Party-Owned

6Tetiaroa Brando Resort


1000Under

Construction Renewables Capacity FirmingTetiaroa French Polynesia Customer-Owned

7SmartRegion Pellworm(Vanadium Redox Flow)


200 OperationalRenewables Energy Time Shift

Island Pellworm Germany Utility-Owned

8Fotonenboer 't SpiekerDairy Farm


10 OperationalOn-Site Power

Vierakker Netherlands Customer-Owned

9Swiss Dual-Circuit Redox Flow Battery


10Under

Construction Renewables Energy Time ShiftMartigny Switzerland Customer-Owned





Way forward…

Bibliography

Table of Contents

17

Innovations in chemistry, design and engineering could decrease costs further making all future grid-scale energy storage to adopt redox flow

18

The redox flow batteries market is currently dominated by vanadiumredox flow batteries

US based Prudent Energy dominates the redox flow battery field forlarger projects and largest operational facility is currently a mere4MW

The Redox flow projects are getting ambitious in terms of capacity andchemistry. Two large projects -28MW project has been announced inModesto California US & Minami Hayakita Hokkaido Japan is planning15MW storage. Both projects are using Zinc as key electrolyte

Focus is on developing alternative to Vanadium due scarce supply andmonopolistic ownership with China

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed a batterythat used laminar flow to keep its electrolytes separate, thus avoidingthe need for a membrane, which is often the most costly part of aredox flow system thereby increasing its adoption

Vanadium dominates Redox

Batteries currently

Key Technology Vendor

Increasing Redox flow batteries

capacities

Alternative to Vanadium

Membrane Free system to avoid

costRe

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Source: Energy Storage Report dated 11 June 2014




Way forward…

Bibliography

Table of Contents

19

Bibliography

Databases/Reports

Flow Batteries report- https://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/fal/fal10/fal10_p054-056.pdf

FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUTE - http://www.ict.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ict/en/documents/brochures/Redox-flow-battery.pdf

Energy & Capital website - http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/the-best-thing-since-lithium/1531

DICP CAS report - http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/releases/pdf/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences/Huamin_Zhang.pdf

Sino – Report - http://www.sino-report.com/b/dianzi/dianchijiyuanliao/20130407/1236.html

IEA Report - http://www.iea.org/media/freepublications/technologyroadmaps/AnnexA_TechnologyAnnexforweb.pdf

Energy Storage Report - http://energystoragereport.info/redox-flow-batteries-for-energy-storage/

Springer report - http://ecpower.utk.edu/Publications/docs/Redox%20flow%20batteries%20a%20review.pdf

Websites

Lux Research -http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/2012/04/gridscale_energy_storage_lux_predicts_1135_billion_in_global_demand_by_2017.html

DOE Global Energy Storage Database http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

Enervault - http://www.nanalyze.com/2014/06/worlds-largest-iron-chromium-flow-battery-from-enervault/

Sumitomo - http://global-sei.com/president_blog/2012/08/completion_of_demonstration_fa.html

20

http://ecpower.utk.edu/Publications/docs/Redox flow batteries a review.pdf

http://www.nanalyze.com/2014/06/worlds-largest-iron-chromium-flow-battery-from-enervault/

http://global-sei.com/president_blog/2012/08/completion_of_demonstration_fa.html

Date post:	16-Jan-2017
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Redox flow battery - Power Sector

Engineering