Referencing & Literature

8/17/2019 Referencing & Literature

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Referencing literatureReferencing literature


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Literature ?Your area of study ?


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Using the literature ...Using the literature ... citingciting

referencingreferencing


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Why Reference?Why Reference?

Citing and referencing source material is aCiting and referencing source material is a

crucial aspect of academic writing.crucial aspect of academic writing.

You will probably be aware that plagiarismYou will probably be aware that plagiarism(using someone else’s work as though it(using someone else’s work as though it

were your own) is a serious form ofwere your own) is a serious form of

academic misconduct and it must beacademic misconduct and it must be

aoided at all costs.aoided at all costs.


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Referencing accurately and consistently isReferencing accurately and consistently is

an important part of ensuring thean important part of ensuring the

distinction is clear between your wordsdistinction is clear between your words

and the words and ideas of others in yourand the words and ideas of others in your

assignmentsassignments

Why Reference?Why Reference?


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WHAT IS A CITATION?WHAT IS A CITATION?

When you use another person’s work inWhen you use another person’s work in

your own work! either by referring to theiryour own work! either by referring to their

ideas!ideas!

or by including a direct "uotation! youor by including a direct "uotation! you

must acknowledge this in the te#t of yourmust acknowledge this in the te#t of your

work.work.

$his acknowledgement is called a citation.$his acknowledgement is called a citation.


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%n&te#t citation%n&te#t citation

is included in the body of your te#t and isis included in the body of your te#t and is

there to directly show the reader where anthere to directly show the reader where an

idea! piece of information! and' or aidea! piece of information! and' or a

"uotation is from."uotation is from.


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$he reader will then be able to match the$he reader will then be able to match the

source cited in the te#t to the full referencesource cited in the te#t to the full reference

gien in your bibliography' reference listgien in your bibliography' reference list

where full details of the publication arewhere full details of the publication are

presented.presented.

%n&te#t citation%n&te#t citation


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cite the sourcecite the source

%nclude data from your reading (eg tables!%nclude data from your reading (eg tables!

statistics! diagrams)statistics! diagrams)

..escribe or discuss a theory! model or..escribe or discuss a theory! model or

practice from a particular writerpractice from a particular writer


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..Want to add credibility to your argument..Want to add credibility to your argument

by bringing in the ideas of another writer by bringing in the ideas of another writer

for or againstfor or against

..*roide "uotations or definitions in your..*roide "uotations or definitions in your

essay+essay+

..*araphrase or summarise information..*araphrase or summarise information

which is not common knowledge.which is not common knowledge.

cite the sourcecite the source


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,-$/$%0 1$Y23,-$/$%0 1$Y23

4/R5/R 1$Y234/R5/R 1$Y23

5/0C-53R 1$Y235/0C-53R 1$Y23


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2iterature type2iterature type

• TextbookTextbook• JournalJournal• ResearchResearch

• Disertation / ThesisDisertation / Thesis


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hen ?acade!ic "riting


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Using ...?Using ...?

#n acade!ic "riting it is essential#n acade!ic "riting it is essential →→ $eo$le%s ideas.$eo$le%s ideas.

→→

"here you ha&e got infor!ation"here you ha&e got infor!ationfro!fro!


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here ?here ?•Library•#nternet


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2iterature 6anagement2iterature 6anagement

rgani7e informationrgani7e information

%dentify controersy%dentify controersy

eelop "uestions for further researcheelop "uestions for further research1ynthesi7e results1ynthesi7e results →→ a summarya summary


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'eutral re$orting ('eutral re$orting (

'eutral introductions'eutral introductions →→ o"n o$inionso"n o$inions) #n an article by *!ith (#n an article by *!ith (

) *!ith re$orts that(*!ith re$orts that() *!ith concludes(*!ith concludes(

) *!ith%s o$inion is that(*!ith%s o$inion is that(


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8enefit ?8enefit ?

9ocus9ocus

CredibilityCredibility

RespectfulRespectful

riginalriginal


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+ "ays of using the+ "ays of using the

literatureliterature

Directly fro! a sourceDirectly fro! a source,y re$orting,y re$orting →→ another "riteranother "riterhas "rittenhas "ritten


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-uotations fro! sources...-uotations fro! sources...

ccurateccurate

o!$letedo!$leted

on&entionalon&entional

"riting 0"riting 0) 1ar&ard1ar&ard

) 2ancou&er2ancou&er


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Referencing:Referencing:Referencing scholarly ;ournal papers:Referencing scholarly ;ournal papers: /uthor name(s)! year of publication! full title of paper! name of /uthor name(s)! year of publication! full title of paper! name of

;ournal! olume! number! page numbers. ;ournal! olume! number! page numbers.

Referencing academic books:Referencing academic books: /uthor name(s)! year of publicaton! title of the book! publishing /uthor name(s)! year of publicaton! title of the book! publishing

company (name and geographical location)company (name and geographical location)

Referencing one chapter in an edited book (collection of papers):Referencing one chapter in an edited book (collection of papers): /uthor name(s)! year of publication! full title of chapter! in: /uthor name(s)! year of publication! full title of chapter! in:

editors name(s)! title of the book! publishing company (nameeditors name(s)! title of the book! publishing company (nameand geographical location).and geographical location).

Referencing other works: popular press! mass media! computerReferencing other works: popular press! mass media! computerindustry maga7ines!industry maga7ines!

/uthor'source! title! details on publication date and in which /uthor'source! title! details on publication date and in whichmediamedia

Referencing %nternet resources:Referencing %nternet resources: /uthor'source! title! date of publication (if it is there). 6inimum: /uthor'source! title! date of publication (if it is there). 6inimum:

include the -R2 and include a statement like


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3#amples of the 4arard 1tyle3#amples of the 4arard 1tyle

8ook (one author):8ook (one author):

In-text: (Becker, 2007)In-text: (Becker, 2007)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:8ecker! 4. 1. (=>>).8ecker! 4. 1. (=>>). riting for socialriting for social

scientists: ho! to start an" finish yourscientists: ho! to start an" finish your

thesis, book, or article# 2n" e"n# $on"on:thesis, book, or article# 2n" e"n# $on"on:%he &ni'ersity of hicago ress#%he &ni'ersity of hicago ress#


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8ook (two or three authors):8ook (two or three authors):

In-text: (eck an" oyle, 200*)In-text: (eck an" oyle, 200*)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:

*eck! @. and Coyle! 6. (=>>A).*eck! @. and Coyle! 6. (=>>A). %he%he

stu"ent+s gui"e to !riting# Basingstoke:stu"ent+s gui"e to !riting# Basingstoke:algra'e acillan#algra'e acillan#


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8ook (four or more authors):8ook (four or more authors):

In-text: (oore et al#, 20.0)In-text: (oore et al#, 20.0)


6oore! 1.! 0eille! C.! 6urphy! 6.! and6oore! 1.! 0eille! C.! 6urphy! 6.! and

Connolly! C. (=>B>).Connolly! C. (=>B>). %he ultiate stu"y%he ultiate stu"yskills han"book# ai"enhea": penskills han"book# ai"enhea": pen

&ni'ersity ress#&ni'ersity ress#


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R:R:

6oore! 1.! et al. (=>B>).6oore! 1.! et al. (=>B>). %he ultiate%he ultiate

stu"y skills han"book# ai"enhea": penstu"y skills han"book# ai"enhea": pen

&ni'ersity ress#&ni'ersity ress#


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in an edited book:in an edited book:

In-text: (obel, 200*)In-text: (obel, 200*)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:obel! @. *. (=>>A). *ublic managementobel! @. *. (=>>A). *ublic management

as ethics. %n 3. 9erlie! 2.3. 2ynn @r! and C.as ethics. %n 3. 9erlie! 2.3. 2ynn @r! and C.

*ollitt! (3ds.).*ollitt! (3ds.). %he xfor" han"book of%he xfor" han"book of public anageent# xfor": xfor" public anageent# xfor": xfor"

&ni'ersity ress, pp# .*1-..#&ni'ersity ress, pp# .*1-..#


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@ournal article:@ournal article:

In-text: (3elan, 20.2)In-text: (3elan, 20.2)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:1elman! *. (=>B=). $he global decline of1elman! *. (=>B=). $he global decline of

intercountry adoption: what lies ahead?intercountry adoption: what lies ahead?

3ocial olicy an" 3ociety, ..(04), 4.-3ocial olicy an" 3ociety, ..(04), 4.-457#457#


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@ournal article (electronic):@ournal article (electronic):

In-text: (6uill, 20.2)In-text: (6uill, 20.2)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:Yuill! C. (=>B=). $he 0orth 2aine: a isualYuill! C. (=>B=). $he 0orth 2aine: a isual

essay.essay. 3ociological esearch nline,3ociological esearch nline,

.7(.)# 8nline9# 'ailable at:.7(.)# 8nline9# 'ailable at:http://!!!#socresonline#org#http://!!!#socresonline#org#

uk/.7/./;#htl 8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#uk/.7/./;#htl 8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#


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@ournal article (electronic):@ournal article (electronic):

In-text: (6uill, 20.2)In-text: (6uill, 20.2)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:Yuill! C. (=>B=). $he 0orth 2aine: a isualYuill! C. (=>B=). $he 0orth 2aine: a isual

essay.essay. 3ociological esearch nline,3ociological esearch nline,

.7(.)# 8nline9# 'ailable at:.7(.)# 8nline9# 'ailable at:http://!!!#socresonline#org#http://!!!#socresonline#org#

uk/.7/./;#htl 8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#uk/.7/./;#htl 8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#


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0ewspaper article (with author):0ewspaper article (with author):

In-text: (Bra"y an" utta, 20.2)In-text: (Bra"y an" utta, 20.2)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:8rady! 8. and utta! . (=>B=). DA!>>>8rady! 8. and utta! . (=>B=). DA!>>>

caught cheating at 8ritain’s uniersities.caught cheating at 8ritain’s uniersities.

In"epen"ent on 3un"ay, .. arch 20.2,In"epen"ent on 3un"ay, .. arch 20.2, pp# ;-*# pp# ;-*#


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0ewspaper article (with no author):0ewspaper article (with no author):

In-text: (%he B=). 3ditorial:$he Euardian. (=>B=). 3ditorial: =rench=rench

elections# Bitter-s!eet 'ictory for the left,elections# Bitter-s!eet 'ictory for the left,

24 pril 20.2, p# 21#24 pril 20.2, p# 21#


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Website with author:Website with author:

In-text: (B=). riting a list ofriting a list of

references 8nline9# 'ailable atreferences 8nline9# 'ailable at

http://!!!#uefap#co/ !riting/!ritfra#hthttp://!!!#uefap#co/ !riting/!ritfra#ht8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#


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Website with no author:Website with no author:

In-text: (BB, 20..)In-text: (BB, 20..)

Bibliography/ reference list:Bibliography/ reference list:88C (=>BB).88C (=>BB). orking in nursing an" care#orking in nursing an" care#

8nline9# 'ailable at:8nline9# 'ailable at:

http://!!!#bbc#co#uk/http://!!!#bbc#co#uk/skills!ise/factsheet/>o05care-e4-f-!orking-skills!ise/factsheet/>o05care-e4-f-!orking-

in 8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#in 8ccesse" .2 pril 20.29#


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1econdary referencing:1econdary referencing:

In-text: apell (.571) highlighte"? (asIn-text: apell (.571) highlighte"? (as

cite" in Becker, 2007, p#.7)cite" in Becker, 2007, p#.7)


8ecker! 4. 1. (=>>).8ecker! 4. 1. (=>>). riting for socialriting for social

scientists: ho! to start an" finish yourscientists: ho! to start an" finish yourthesis, book, or article# 2n" e"n# $on"on:thesis, book, or article# 2n" e"n# $on"on:

%he &ni'ersity of hicago ress#%he &ni'ersity of hicago ress#


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1econdary referencing:1econdary referencing:

In-text: apell (.571) highlighte"? (asIn-text: apell (.571) highlighte"? (as

cite" in Becker, 2007, p#.7)cite" in Becker, 2007, p#.7)


8ecker! 4. 1. (=>>).8ecker! 4. 1. (=>>). riting for socialriting for social

scientists: ho! to start an" finish yourscientists: ho! to start an" finish yourthesis, book, or article# 2n" e"n# $on"on:thesis, book, or article# 2n" e"n# $on"on:

%he &ni'ersity of hicago ress#%he &ni'ersity of hicago ress#


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THE VANCOUVER STYLETHE VANCOUVER STYLE

Citing one author Citing one author

Recent research (B) indicates that theRecent research (B) indicates that the

number of duplicate papers beingnumber of duplicate papers being

published is increasing.published is increasing.

or or

Recent researchB indicates that theRecent researchB indicates that thenumber of duplicate papers beingnumber of duplicate papers being

published is increasing.published is increasing.


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Citing more than one piece of or! atCiting more than one piece of or! at

the "ame timethe "ame time

1eeral studies (FG! BH! BA) hae1eeral studies (FG! BH! BA) hae

e#amined the effect of congestione#amined the effect of congestion

charging in urban areas.charging in urban areas.


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Citing the author#" name in $our te%tCiting the author#" name in $our te%t

/s emphasised by Watkins (=) carers of /s emphasised by Watkins (=) carers ofdiabetes sufferers Ire"uire perseerancediabetes sufferers Ire"uire perseerance

and an understanding of humanity’ (p.B).and an understanding of humanity’ (p.B).


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Citing more than one author#" name inCiting more than one author#" name in

$our te%t$our te%t

1imons et al (H) state that the principle of1imons et al (H) state that the principle of

effectie stress is Iimperfectly known andeffectie stress is Iimperfectly known and

understood by many practising engineers’understood by many practising engineers’

(p.D).(p.D).


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Citing or!" &$ the "ame authorCiting or!" &$ the "ame author

ritten in the "ame $ear ritten in the "ame $ear

Communication of science in the mediaCommunication of science in the media

has increasingly come under focus!has increasingly come under focus!

particularly where reporting of facts andparticularly where reporting of facts and

research is inaccurate (D! A).research is inaccurate (D! A).


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Citing from or!" ith no o&'iou" author Citing from or!" ith no o&'iou" author

$he epartment of 4ealth (F) adocates a$he epartment of 4ealth (F) adocates a

national strategy for creating a framework tonational strategy for creating a framework to

drie improements in dementia serices.drie improements in dementia serices.

or or

/ national strategy is creating a framework to / national strategy is creating a framework to

drie improements in dementia serices (F).drie improements in dementia serices (F).


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Citing from chapter" ritten &$Citing from chapter" ritten &$

(ifferent author"(ifferent author"

1ome books may contain chapters written1ome books may contain chapters written

by different authors. When citing workby different authors. When citing work

from such a book! the author who wrotefrom such a book! the author who wrote

the chapter should be cited! not the editorthe chapter should be cited! not the editor

of the book.of the book.


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Secon(ar$ referencingSecon(ar$ referencing

/ccording to Collu77i and *appagallo as /ccording to Collu77i and *appagallo as

cited by 4olding et al () most patientscited by 4olding et al () most patients

gien opiates do not become addicted togien opiates do not become addicted to

such drugs.such drugs.


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Citing a (irect )uotationCiting a (irect )uotation

%f a direct "uote from a book! article! etc.!%f a direct "uote from a book! article! etc.!

is used you must:is used you must:

** U"e "ing+e )uotation mar!" ,(ou&+eU"e "ing+e )uotation mar!" ,(ou&+e

)uotation mar!" are u"ua++$ u"e( for)uotation mar!" are u"ua++$ u"e( for

"uoting direct speech)"uoting direct speech)

** State the page num&er State the page num&er


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Citing an image - i++u"tration - ta&+e -Citing an image - i++u"tration - ta&+e -

(iagram - photograph - figure - picture(iagram - photograph - figure - picture

$able illustrating checklist of information$able illustrating checklist of information

for common sources (J: p.==).for common sources (J: p.==).

or or

IIEeological map of the easternmost regionEeological map of the easternmost region

of 1Ko 0icolau’ (G: p.AH=).of 1Ko 0icolau’ (G: p.AH=).

E.A/0LE O1 A RE1ERENCEE.A/0LE O1 A RE1ERENCE


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E.A/0LE O1 A RE1ERENCEE.A/0LE O1 A RE1ERENCE

LIST IN VANCOUVER STYLELIST IN VANCOUVER STYLE(B) /rrami 6! Earner 4. / tale of two(B) /rrami 6! Earner 4. / tale of two

citations. 0ature. =>>J+ DAB(B):HGHGG.citations. 0ature. =>>J+ DAB(B):HGHGG.

(=) Watkins *@. /8C of iabetes. Ath ed.(=) Watkins *@. /8C of iabetes. Ath ed.

2ondon: 8lackwell *ublishing+ =>>H.2ondon: 8lackwell *ublishing+ =>>H.

(H) 1imons 03! 6en7ies 8! 6atthews 6. /(H) 1imons 03! 6en7ies 8! 6atthews 6. /

1hort Course in 1oil and Rock 1lope1hort Course in 1oil and Rock 1lope

3ngineering. 2ondon: $homas $elford3ngineering. 2ondon: $homas $elford*ublishing+ =>>B.*ublishing+ =>>B.


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(D) Eoldacre 8. ore the media’s(D) Eoldacre 8. ore the media’s

miracle cure for dysle#ia. 8ad 1cience.miracle cure for dysle#ia. 8ad 1cience.

Weblog. /ailable from:Weblog. /ailable from:

http:''www.badscience.net'=>>J'>A'dore&thttp:''www.badscience.net'=>>J'>A'dore&t

he&medias&miracle&cure&for&dysle#ia'Lmor he&medias&miracle&cure&for&dysle#ia'Lmor e&>Ae&>A M/ccessed BGth @une =>BAN.M/ccessed BGth @une =>BAN.

http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/


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(A) Eoldacre 8. $riial isputes. 8ad(A) Eoldacre 8. $riial isputes. 8ad

1cience. Weblog. /ailable from:1cience. Weblog. /ailable from:

http:''www.badscience.net'=>>J'>='triial&http:''www.badscience.net'=>>J'>='triial&

disputes&=' M/ccessed BGth @une =>BAN.disputes&=' M/ccessed BGth @une =>BAN.


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83R6/09//$83R6/09//$

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