Reporte Comparative Study of Electoral Systems CIDE-CSES

8/9/2019 Reporte Comparative Study of Electoral Systems CIDE-CSES

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h`jgkh`c jkh th l`rfdh nd drrkr 2(? }`r` th hgudc nd jkheg`hq` 74$( /U`zd `}`r~`nk GG zkbrd c` ld~knkckf` ndcdz~tngk'(

0(0]RK]ZG^K W KBAD^GUKZDc }rk}zg~k nd c` }rdzdh~d dhjtdz~` dz jkl}rdhndr ckz dedj~kz nd ckz ngudrzkz `rrdfckz ghz~g~tjgkh`cdz dh dcjkl}kr~`lgdh~k dcdj~kr`c w c`z }drz}dj~gu`z zkbrd dc ethjgkh`lgdh~k nd c` ndlkjr`jg`( Zd o`h ghjctgnk }rdfth~`z zkbrd`j~g~tndz }kc~gj`z w }drjd}jgkhdz bzgj`z jklk c` ndjgzgh dcdj~kr`c ndc uk~`h~d# c` gndh~gegj`jgh }`r~gngz~` k dc}kzgjgkh`lgdh~k gndkcfgjk }drjgbgnk }kr dc dcdj~kr nd j`n` }`r~gnk }kc~gjk# `z jklk ckz gndh~gegj`nkrdzzkjgkndlkfregjkz nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz nd l`hdr` dz~`hn`rgq`n`(

^`lbgh zd ghn`f zkbrd ckz hgudcdz nd z`~gze`jjgh nd ckz uk~`h~dz jkh c` ndlkjr`jg`# c` du`ct`jgh ndc }rkjdzkdcdj~kr`c# c` }drjd}jgh zkbrd c` degj`jg` }kc~gj` ndc zgz~dl` w ckz hgudcdz nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`( K~rk ~g}k nd}rdfth~`z zd rdegdrd ` c` du`ct`jgh nd c` zg~t`jgh djkhlgj` ndc }`z w dc `jtdrnk jkh c` ekrl` nd fkbdrh`r ndc]rdzgndh~d(

]`r` dz~` dngjgh nd c` dhjtdz~` }kz~dcdj~kr`c JGND,JZDZ zd ghjctw th lntck dz}djg`c dh dc ptd zd du`c` c` k}ghghnd ckz jgtn`n`hkz zkbrd dc }`}dc ndc Ghz~g~t~k Edndr`c Dcdj~kr`c /GED' ntr`h~d dc }rkjdzk dcdj~kr`c 2==71 }rdugk ` c`akrh`n` dcdj~kr`c# ntr`h~d dc n` nd c` dcdjjgh w }kz~drgkr ` dcc`( @zglgzlk# zd ghjctwd th lntck zkbrd dedj~kz nd

ldngkz hk~gjgkzkz w }tbcgjg~`rgkz# w zkbrd dc }`}dc nd c`z rdndz zkjg`cdz( Dh fdhdr`c# zd o` gh~dh~`nk jtbrgr og}~dzgz`l}cg`z zkbrd c`z lk~gu`jgkhdz ghngugnt`cdz nd c` ndjgzgh dcdj~kr`c nd ckz uk~`h~dz(

Kbad~guk fdhdr`c1

N`r zdftglgdh~k `c }rkwdj~k jkc`bkr`~guk ndc Jkl}`r`~gud Z~tnw ke Dcdj~kr`c Zwz~dlz ptd }rd~dhnd gr jrd`hnk zdrgdzptd jkh dc ~gdl}k zd jkhz~g~tw`h dh c` b`zd nd dz~tngkz ng`jrhgjkz# `z jklk gh~rkntjgr ~dl`z nd gh~drz }`r` c`jklthgn`n `j`nlgj` w c` zkjgdn`n dh fdhdr`c(

Kbad~gukz dz}djegjkz1

Du`ct`r dc }kzgjgkh`lgdh~k }bcgjk ndc Ghz~g~t~k Edndr`c Dcdj~kr`c dh~rd ckz jgtn`n`hkz w du`ct`r c` k}ghgh zkbrd dc~r`b`ak ptd rd`cgq ntr`h~d dc }rkjdzk dcdj~kr`c 2==7 /}rdugk ` c` akrh`n` dcdj~kr`c# ntr`h~d dc n` nd c` uk~`jgh w}kz~drgkr c` lgzl`'(

Ghn`f`r c` k}ghgh nd ckz jgtn`n`hkz zkbrd dc ethjgkh`lgdh~k nd c` ndlkjr`jg`# c`z j`l}``z dcdj~kr`cdz w ckz }`r~gnkz}kc~gjkz(


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N`r zdftglgdh~k c` jdrj`h` nd ckz dcdj~krdz jkh ckz }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz# zt }drjd}jgh zkbrd c` degj`jg` ndc uk~k w c`rd}rdzdh~`jgh(

Ghn`f`r zkbrd dc ~dl` nd rdndz zkjg`cdz# dc gl}`j~k nd c` }tbcgjgn`n w c` ~dhjgh ldngkz nd jklthgj`jgh(

0(2]RKJDZKZ ND @HCGZGZ DL]CD@NKZ DH DC DZ^TNGK

hngjd nd ghekrl`jgh ]kc~gj`# lkndckz nd `zkjg`jgh w jrtjdz nd u`rg`bcdz(

@ egh nd }kndr dz~`bcdjdr }kzgbcdz dx}cgj`jgkhdz nd ckz rdztc~`nkz lz rdcdu`h~dz ndc dz~tngk# ` ~r`uz nd lkndckz ndrdfrdzgh ckfz~gj` zd nd~drlgh`rkh ckz }rghjg}`cdz e`j~krdz `zkjg`nkz jkh c` k}ghgh }kzg~gu` zkbrd dc Ghz~g~t~k Edndr`cDcdj~kr`c /u`zd dc `hcgzgz nd rdztc~`nkz dh dc rdztldh dadjt~guk'(

@zglgzlk# zd rd`cgq`rkh jrtjdz nd u`rg`bcdz nd ckz }rghjg}`cdz ghngj`nkrdz }kr dc hngjd nd ghekrl`jgh ]kc~gj` /GG]' w}rghjg}`cdz n`~kz zkjgkndlkfregjkz /zdxk# dzjkc`rgn`n# dn`n d ghfrdzk'( Zd dx}khdh c`z ngedrdhjg`z nd k}ghgh jt`hnk

zd`h rdcdu`h~dz w dz~`nz~gj`ldh~d zgfhgegj`~gu`z(Dc hngjd nd Ghekrl`jgh ]kc~gj` /GG]' zd kb~gdhd nd c`z rdz}tdz~`z jkrrdj~`z ` c`z }rdfth~`z1 jth~kz `kz ntr` thng}t~`nk dh zt j`rfk;# jtcdz zkh c`z jl`r`z ptd ~gdhd dc Jkhfrdzk nd Lxgjk; w jtc dz dc hklbrd ndc fkbdrh`nkr`j~t`c nd zt dz~`nk; Dz~d hngjd btzj` dz~`bcdjdr ckz }`rld~rkz zkbrd c` ngz}kzgjgh nd c` }kbc`jgh ` rdjgbgrghekrl`jgh nd j`rj~dr }bcgjk# dz th}rkxwnd dx}kzgjgh dh ldngkz( Zd dz~`bcdjdh jt`~rk hgudcdz1 htck# b`ak# ldngkw `c~k# w jkh z~kz zd zdfldh~` ` c` }kbc`jgh(


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GG( LD^KNKCKF@

`' J`r`j~drz~gj`z ndc dz~tngk

Dhjtdz~` h`jgkh`c dh ugugdhn`z /j`r` ` j`r`' nd 2#>== dh~rdugz~`z dedj~gu`z rd`cgq`n`z ` ckz jgtn`n`hkz nd c` Rd}bcgj`Ldxgj`h` dh ckz n`z }kz~drgkrdz ` c` dcdjjgh edndr`c ndc 4 nd atcgk /0: ` 2> nd atcgk'( C` dhjtdz~` zd rd`cgq }`r~gdhnknd th` ltdz~r` }rkb`bgcz~gj` ngz~rgbtgn` dh 2>= zdjjgkhdz dcdj~kr cdz `}cgj`hnk 0= dh~rdugz~`z }kr zdjjgh( N`nk ptdc` jkhjtrrdhjg` nd dcdjjgkhdz ckj`cdz dz th edhldhk ptd }tdnd ghjgngr dh c` }`r~gjg}`jgh dcdj~kr`c# dh c` dhjtdz~` zdghjctwdrkh ~rdz nklghgkz nd dz~tngk1

Dz~`nkz dh nkhnd otbk dcdjjgkhdz nd fkbdrh`nkr /J`l}djod# Jkcgl`# Htduk Cdh# Ptdr~`rk# Z`h Ctgz ]k~kz wZkhkr`'#

Dz~`nkz jkh dcdjjgkhdz nd cdfgzc`~tr`z ckj`cdz /N(E(# Ft`hàt`~k# A`cgzjk# Dz~`nk nd Lxgjk w Lkrdckz' w Dz~`nkz dh nkhnd hk otbk dcdjjgkhdz jkhjtrrdh~dz /ckz 20 dz~`nkz rdz~`h~dz'(

Dz }dr~ghdh~d zd`c`r ptd c` dhjtdz~` btzj jtbrgr th` f`l` `l}cg` nd ~dl`z# ck ptd rdztc~ dh th jtdz~gkh`rgkndl`zg`nk dx~dhzk gl}kzgbcd nd rd`cgq`r dh j`l}k( ]`r` ztbz`h`r dz~k# zd ngzd`rkh zdgz jtdz~gkh`rgkz ptd zd `}cgj`rkh` ztbltdz~r`z( Dh dz~kz jtdz~gkh`rgkz zd l`h~gdhd th jkhath~k nd u`rg`bcdz bzgj`z w dc rdz~k btzj` thgn`n ~dl~gj`

ndc jtdz~gkh`rgk(

GG' Ngzdk ltdz~r`c

Dc l`rjk nd ltdz~rdk ptd zd t~gcgq dh c` zdcdjjgh nd c` ltdz~r` dz dc cgz~`nk nd zdjjgkhdz dcdj~kr`cdz nd c` Rd}bcgj`Ldxgj`h`( Jkh dz~d l`rjk zd f`r`h~gq` th` ngugzgh dxo`tz~gu` w dxjctwdh~d nd c` }kbc`jgh bàk dz~tngk( C`z zdjjgkhdzekrl`h jkhfckldr`nkz nd ghngugntkz }kr ck ptd dc ltdz~rdk jkrrdz}khnd ` th ltdz~rdk }kcgd~}gjk nd jkhfckldr`nkz#

dh nkhnd c` thgn`n }rgl`rg` nd ltdz~rdk dz c` zdjjgh# c` thgn`n zdjthn`rg` dz c` l`hq`h`# c` ~drjdr` thgn`n dz cùgugdhn` w c` thgn`n egh`c nd ltdz~rdk dz dc dh~rdugz~`nk(

N`nk dc ngzdk nd ltdz~rdk dz hdjdz`rgk t~gcgq`r e`j~krdz nd dx}`hzgh# ckz jt`cdz zd j`cjtc`h jklk dc ghudrzk nd c`}rkb`bgcgn`n nd zdcdjjgh ndc dh~rdugz~`nk( Th` udq odjok dc cdu`h~`lgdh~k nd c` dhjtdz~` zd j`cjtc`rkh e`j~krdz ndàtz~d }kr hk rdz}tdz~` w }kr ndzug`jgkhdz nd ckz }`rld~rkz }kbc`jgkh`cdz nd zdxk w dn`n(

Dc ~`l`k w dc ngzdk nd ltdz~r` f`r`h~gq`h }`r` th hgudc nd jkheg`hq` ndc 74$ th l`rfdh nd drrkr ~drgjk nd 2(?

}th~kz dh zt jkhath~k(


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]@H jkh 4(7 w dc Udrnd jkh 4(2( Dc rdz~k nd ckz }`r~gnkz rdfgz~r`h dh }rkldngk j`cgegj`jgkhdz }kjk z`~gze`j~krg`z1 ]RN />(?'#]^ /:(?'# Htdu` @cg`hq` /:(?'# Jkhudrfdhjg` /:(4' w dc ]ZN /:(:'(

]kr k~r` }`r~d# 4?$ nd c` }kbc`jgh `zdftr`r ptd `cfthk nd ckz }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz rd}rdzdh~` r`qkh`bcdldh~d bgdh ztz}th~kz nd ugz~ ( Dh dz~d ~dl` ndz~`j` ptd ngjo` k}ghgh zd dx}rdz` dh l`wkr ldngn` dh~rd c`z }kbc`jgh jkh `c~k fr`nknd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`(

@c rdz}dj~k# dh~rd ptgdhdz rdegdrdh ptd cfh }`r~gnk rd}rdzdh~` r`qkh`bcdldh~d bgdh ztz }th~kz nd ugz~`# dc 42$ tbgj` c]RG# 24$ tbgj` c ]@H w th 02$ c ]RN( Dc Udrnd kb~gdhd dc 4$ nd c`z ldhjgkhdz(

^`lbgh dc ]RG dz ugz~k jklk dc }`r~gnk ptd dz~ ldakrj`}`jg~`nk }`r` dherdh~`r ckz }rkbcdl`z ptd dherdh~` dc }`z

/:6$'( Cd zgftd dc ]@H jkh 06$ w dc ]RN jkh dc 7$(

Gndh~gn`n }`r~gngz~`1 45$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz zgl}`~gq` jkh `cfh }`r~gnk }kc~gjk />:$ hk zgl}`~gq`'( Dh dz~d ~dl`ndz~`j` ptd c` }kbc`jgh jkh `c~k fr`nk nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gjk w ckz oklbrdz ~gdhndh ` zgl}`~gq`r dh l`wkr ldngn` jkh}kr ck ldhkz th }`r~gnk( ]kr dc jkh~r`rgk# c` }kbc`jgh lz akudh /0? ` 24 kz' zgl}`~gq` dh ldhkr ldngn`(

Dh~rd ptgdhdz zgl}`~gq`h jkh `cfh }`r~gnk }kc~gjk# dc >:$ dx}rdz` zgl}`~` jkh dc ]RG# 20$ jkh dc ]@H# 0>$ jkh dc ]RN w0=$ jkh dc Udrnd(

@okr` bgdh# dh~rd dc zdfldh~k nd c` }kbc`jgh ptd `zdftr` ptd hk zgl}`~gq` jkh `cfh }`r~gnk# `c ghzgz~gr# thk ndj`n` jt`~rk dh~rdugz~`nkz dx}rdz` th }kjk nd zgl}`~` }kr `cfh }`r~gnk1 >?$ }kr dc ]RG# 26$ }kr dc ]@H# 02$}kr dc ]RN w 6$ }kr dc Udrnd(

Dh~rd c`z }drzkh`z ptd dx}rdz`h zgl}`~` jkh `cfh }`r~gnk }kc~gjk# th ~drjg dx}rdz` ltjo` jdrj`h`# >=$b`z~`h~d jdrj`h` w dc 26$ }kj` jdrj`h`( Ndz~`j` ptd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz jkh `c~k hgudc nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`

~gdhndh dx}rdz`r lz jdrj`h` jkh dc }`r~gnk ptd zgl}`~gq`h( Cndrdz }kc~gjkz1 c` lg~`n nd c` }kbc`jgh dx}rdz` ptd `cfh cndr }kc~gjk rd}rdzdh~` r`qkh`bcdldh~d bgdh ztz }th~kz

nd ugz~`( Dh~rd ngjok zdfldh~k nd c` }kbc`jgh# dc >:$ tbgj` dz}kh~hd`ldh~d ` Dhrgptd ]d` Hgd~k# 26$ `c }rdzgndh~dEdcg}d J`cndrh# 02$ ` @hnrz L`htdc C}dq Kbr`nkr w 4$ ` L`rjdck Dbr`rn# jklk ckz cndrdz ptd ldakr rd}rdzdh~`h ckptd }gdhz`h(

Zkbrd ngjokz cndrdz }kc~gjkz zd ghn`f zt fr`nk nd `eghgn`n jkh c` }kbc`jgh dh th` dzj`c` ndc = ` 0= nkhnd =

zgfhgegj` ptd hk cd ftz~` h`n` w 0= cd ftz~` ltjok( Dhrgptd ]d` Hgd~k rdjgbd dc }rkldngk lz `c~k /5(7' w cd


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Ndz~`j` ptd dh ckz dz~`nkz nkhnd otbgdrkh dcdjjgkhdz jkhjtrrdh~dz ~gdhnd ` zdr th }kjk lz `c~k c` `~dhjgh `ckz `hthjgkz nd dcdjjgkhdz ckj`cdz /25$' ptd ndc }rkjdzk dcdj~kr`c edndr`c /0:$9 `lbkz :0$ w hghfthk 0?$'( Hkkbz~`h~d# hg ckz `hthjgkz nd dcdjjgkhdz ckj`cdz hg ckz nd edndr`cdz ndz~`j`h }kr }rkukj`r ftz~k dh~rd c`}kbc`jgh( :4$ rdegdrd ptd hk cd ftz~`rkh hghfthk nd ckz `hthjgkz# 2:$ jg~` ` `lbkz# 22$ ckz `hthjgkz nd ckz

}rkjdzkz ckj`cdz w 7$ nd c` dcdjjgh nd ng}t~`nk edndr`c(

Dh fdhdr`c zd }drjgbd th` `~dhjgh rdftc`r ` ckz `hthjgkz nd ckz }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz dh ~dcdugzgh( :=$ `cfk# ::$}kj`# 07$ hghfth` w `}dh`z 02$ ltjo` `~dhjgh(

]@H1 ckz `hthjgkz nd c` ctjo` dh jkh~r` ndc h`rjk~regjk+ndcghjtdhjg` zkh ckz `hthjgkz lz rdjkrn`nkz }kr c`

}kbc`jgh /22$ hk ugk hghfh `hthjgk w 27$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( C` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]@H ~gdhd th dedj~k }kzg~gukdh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h />0$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdh c` gl`fdh ndc ]@H uz :2$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

]RG1 hk o`w th ~dl` ptd zd rdjtdrnd ndz~`j`n`ldh~d( Zd rdegdrdh dc ~dl` nd c` jrd`jgh nd dl}cdkz# th }`r~gnkrdhku`nk# j`hngn`~kz }gngdhnk dc uk~k# d~j( /24$ hk ugk hghfh `hthjgk w 26$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( Hk kbz~`h~dck `h~drgkr# c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]RG ~gdhd th dedj~k }kzg~guk dh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h /4?$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdhc` gl`fdh ndc }`r~gnk uz 07$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

]RN1 ckz jkldrjg`cdz nd L`rg`hg~` zkh ckz `hthjgkz lz rdjkrn`nkz }kr c` }kbc`jgh />0$ hk ugk hghfh`hthjgk w 07$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( @ ngedrdhjg` nd ckz j`zkz `h~drgkrdz# c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]RN ~gdhd th dedj~khdf`~guk dh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h /:2$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdh c` gl`fdh ndc }`r~gnk uz >2$ dl}dkr+gft`c ndl`c'(

Udrnd1 ckz jkldrjg`cdz zkbrd c` }dh` nd ltdr~d zkh ckz `hthjgkz lz rdjkrn`nkz }kr c` }kbc`jgh /:2$ hk ugkhghfh `hthjgk w 07$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( C` }tbcgjgn`n ndc Udrnd ~gdhd th dedj~k }kzg~guk dh~rd ptgdhdz c`rdjtdrn`h />7$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdh c` gl`fdh ndc }`r~gnk uz 24$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

]^1 ckz jkldrjg`cdz nd @hnrz L`htdc C}dq Kbr`nkr zkh ckz `hthjgkz lz rdjkrn`nkz }kr c` }kbc`jgh /45$ hkugk hghfh `hthjgk w 0:$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( C` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]^ ~gdhd th dedj~k ghndeghgnk dh~rd ckz }kjkz c`rdjtdrn`h /20$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdh c` gl`fdh ndc }`r~gnk uz 27$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c9 4=$ hk z`bd+hkjkh~dz~'(

Jkhudrfdhjg`1 Hk ckfr`h rdjkrn`jgh zgfhgegj`~gu` dh~rd c` }kbc`jgh /55$ hk ugk hghfh `hthjgk w 25$ hk

z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'(


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Htdu` @cg`hq`1 Hk ckfr`h rdjkrn`jgh zgfhgegj`~gu` dh~rd c` }kbc`jgh /5:$ hk ugk hghfh `hthjgk w 22$ hkz`bd+hk jkh~dz~'(

]ZN1 Hk ckfr`h rdjkrn`jgh zgfhgegj`~gu` dh~rd c` }kbc`jgh /60$ hk ugk hghfh `hthjgk w 20$ hk z`bd+hkjkh~dz~'(

]tbcgjgn`n ndc fkbgdrhk edndr`c w nd ckz fkbgdrhkz dz~`~`cdz1 dc jklb`~d `c h`rjk~regjk dz dc ~dl` lzrdjkrn`nk nd th jkldrjg`c nd c` ]rdzgndhjg` nd c` Rd}bcgj`# dh ~`h~k ptd c`z kbr`z nd gher`dz~rtj~tr` dz dc~dl` lz rdjkrn`nk nd ckz fkbgdrhkz dz~`~`cdz /`frdf`nk h`jgkh`c'(

]tbcgjgn`n ndc Ghz~g~t~k Edndr`c Dcdj~kr`c1 c` }tbcgjgn`n ptd ghug~`b` ` uk~`r dc 4 nd atcgk# dc uk~k dz cgbrd w

zdjrd~k w c` ndlkjr`jg` jrdjd w jrdjdlkz ~knkz zkh ckz ldhz`adz lz rdjkrn`nkz }kr c` }kbc`jgh nd c`}tbcgjgn`n ndc GED(

]tbcgjgn`n dh dx~drgkrdz1 c` }tbcgjgn`n dh b`rn`z# cd~rdrkz w l`h~`z dh c`z j`ccdz ndc ]@H /4?$' w ndc ]RG /44$'dz c` lz rdjkrn`n` dh~rd c` }kbc`jgh( Cd zgftdh c`z ndc ]RN /:7$' w dc Udrnd /:2$'( Dh ~`h~k ptd zd rdjtdrn`}kjk c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]^ /0>$'# Htdu` @cg`hq` /0:$'# Jkhudrfdhjg` /00$' w ]ZN /6$'(

]@H1 c` }tbcgjgn`n nkhnd `}`rdjdh ckz j`hngn`~kz ndc ]@H dz c` lz rdjkrn`n` nd c` }kbc`jgh /20$ hk z`bd+hkjkh~dz~'( C` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr ~gdhd th dedj~k }kzg~guk dh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h />5$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdhc` gl`fdh ndc }`r~gnk uz 26$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

]RG1 c` }tbcgjgn`n nkhnd `}`rdjdh ckz j`hngn`~kz ndc ]RG dz c` lz rdjkrn`n` nd c` }kbc`jgh /6$ hk z`bd+hkjkh~dz~'( C` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr ~gdhd th dedj~k }kzg~guk dh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h /5:$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdhc` gl`fdh ndc }`r~gnk uz 06$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

]RN1 @z# z f`h` c` fdh~d dz dc ldhz`ad lz rdjkrn`nk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr /07$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( C`}tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr ~gdhd th dedj~k `lbgu`cdh~d dh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h />=$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdh c` gl`fdhndc }`r~gnk uz :4$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

Udrnd1 c` }dh` nd ltdr~d dz dc ~dl` lz rdjkrn`nk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr /0=$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'( C`}tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr ~gdhd th dedj~k }kzg~guk dh~rd ptgdhdz c` rdjtdrn`h /50$ ldakr+gft`c nd bgdh c` gl`fdh ndc}`r~gnk uz 20$ dl}dkr+gft`c nd l`c'(

]^1 c` gl`fdh nd C}dq Kbr`nkr dz ck lz rdjkrn`nk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr /::$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'(


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Jkhudrfdhjg`1 C}dq Kbr`nkr w ckz jkckrdz ndc }`r~gnk dz ck lz rdjkrn`nk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr /:?$ hkz`bd+hk jkh~dz~'(

Htdu` @cg`hq`1 Akrfd I`vo`fg w dc Bdj`~h dz ck lz rdjkrn`nk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr /26$ hk z`bd+hkjkh~dz~'(

]ZN1 C` cdf`cgq`jgh nd c`z nrkf`z dz dc ~dl` lz jg~`nk dh~rd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz dh ~krhk ` c` }tbcgjgn`n dx~drgkr/>0$ hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~'(

Jkh~`j~k ngrdj~k jkh dc dcdj~kr`nk

J`r~`z k }rk}`f`hn`( :?$ nd c` }kbc`jgh rdjgbg `cfth` j`r~` k }rk}`f`hn` nd `cfh j`hngn`~k k }`r~gnk}kc~gjk# dz}djg`cldh~d ndc ]RG /?0$'(

Cc`l`n`z ~dcdehgj`z( 0>$ nd c` }kbc`jgh rdjtdrn` o`bdr rdjgbgnk `cfth` cc`l`n` nd `cfh }`r~gnk }kc~gjk dh ztj`z`# dz}djg`cldh~d ndc ]RG /4?$'( Cd zgftdh dc ]@H /:5$'# Udrnd /:>$' w ]RN /24$'(

Ldhzàdz nd ~dx~k( Zck dc >$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdjtdrn` o`bdr rdjgbgnk th ldhzàd nd }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz

ntr`h~d c` j`l}`` dcdj~kr`c(

Rdf`ck1 05$ `zdftr` o`bdr rdjgbgnk rdf`ckz nd }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz# dz}djg`cldh~d ndc ]RG /5=$' w ndc ]@H /46$'(Ndz~`j` ptd }rj~gj`ldh~d c` ~k~`cgn`n nd ptgdhdz ègrl`h o`bdr rdjgbgnk rdf`ckz /7:$' hk zd zgh~gdrkhghjcgh`nkz ` uk~`r }kr dzd }`r~gnk k j`hngn`~k(

4( DEDJ^K ND LDNGKZ

Dh dz~` zdjjgh zd jkherkh~`rkh `cfthkz nd ckz rdztc~`nkz kb~dhgnkz dh c` }rdzdh~d dhjtdz~` jkh n`~kz zkbrd c``tngdhjg` nd c` }tbcgjgn`n nd ckz }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz dh ~dcdugzgh /r`~ghf< FR]z'( @ jkh~ght`jgh zd ltdz~r`h `cfthkz ndckz o`cc`qfkz lz gh~drdz`h~dz(

Rdjkrn`jgh nd c` }tbcgjgn`n uz @tngdhjg`1 @ }dz`r nd rdfgz~r`r c` ldhkr `tngdhjg` /FR]mz r`~ghf' w c` ldhkr}`t~` jkl}`r`nk jkh dc ]RG# ]@H w ]RN, dc Udrnd ~tuk c` }tbcgjgn`n lz rdjkrn`n` ath~k jkh dc ]RN( Ck ptdzt}khd ptd hk o`w th` rdc`jgh ngrdj~` dz~rgj~` dh~rd th` l`wkr }`t~` dh ldngkz /l`wkr `tngdhjg` dh ldngkz' w

th` l`wkr rdjkrn`jgh dh~rd c` }kbc`jgh(


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@~dhjgh ` hk~gjg`z zkbrd j`l}``z dcdj~kr`cdz dh }drgngjkz1 Thk nd j`n` ~rdz dh~rdugz~`nkz dz~tugdrkh`~dh~kz ` `cfth` hk~gjg` zkbrd c`z j`l}``z dcdj~kr`cdz dh c` }rdhz` dzjrg~`( Dh~rd ngjok zdfldh~k# 4?$ rdegdrdptd ugk ltjo`z+`cfth`z hk~gjg`z# >0$}kj`z( W cd }tzgdrkh ltjo`+`cfk nd `~dhjgh ` ngjo`z hk~gjg`z /46$'# ::$

}kj`( C` rdn nd }drgngjkz ndc Zkc nd Lxgjk dh ~knk dc }`z dz c` lz ldhjgkh`n` jklk c` ptd cdd c` }kbc`jghjkh lz erdjtdhjg`(

@~dhjgh ` hk~gjg`z zkbrd j`l}``z dcdj~kr`cdz dh gh~drhd~1 Zck dc 02$ nd c` }kbc`jgh dz~tuk `~dh~k ` `cfth`hk~gjg` zkbrd c`z j`l}``z dcdj~kr`cdz dh gh~drhd~(

6( LNTCK ND RDNDZ

Dh dz~d lntck zd rdfgz~r` c` gh~dr`jjgh nd ckz dcdj~krdz jkh zt jklthgn`n /dh zt okf`r# etdr` nd zt okf`r w dh ztjkckhg`' w zd ghn`f` zkbrd c`z }rdedrdhjg`z dcdj~kr`cdz ptd jrdd dc dh~rdugz~`nk ~gdhdh ztz rdndz zkjg`cdz(

RDNDZ1 }drzkh`z ptd ugudh dh zt okf`r1 c` lg~`n nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz o`bc nd }kc~gj` jkh `cfth` }drzkh` ptdugud dh zt okf`r dh ckz c~glkz zgd~d n`z }rdugk ` c` dhjtdz~`( @c ghn`f`r zkbrd dc }`r~gnk }kc~gjk lz }rdedrgnk}kr ngjo` rdn zkjg`c /c`z }drzkh`z ptd ugudh dh zt okf`r'# dc ]RG zd tbgj` ` c` j`bdq` />0$' zdftgnk }kr dc ]@H/05$' w dc ]RN /05$'( Hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~ 07$(

RDNDZ1 }drzkh`z ptd ugudh etdr` nd zt okf`r1 c` lg~`n nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz o`bc nd }kc~gj` jkh `cfth`}drzkh` ptd ugud etdr` nd zt okf`r dh ckz c~glkz zgd~d n`z }rdugk ` c` dhjtdz~`( @c ghn`f`r zkbrd dc }`r~gnk}kc~gjk lz }rdedrgnk }kr ngjo` rdn zkjg`c# dc ]RG zd tbgj` ` c` j`bdq` /:6$' zdftgnk }kr dc ]@H /02$' w dc ]RN/?$'( Hk z`bd+hk jkh~dz~ :>$(

RDNDZ1 }drzkh`z ptd ugudh etdr` dh zt jkckhg`1 th ~drjgk nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz o`bc nd }kc~gj` jkh `cfth`}drzkh` ptd ugud dh zt jkckhg` dh ckz c~glkz zgd~d n`z }rdugk ` c` dhjtdz~`( @c ghn`f`r zkbrd dc }`r~gnk }kc~gjklz }rdedrgnk }kr ngjo` rdn zkjg`c dc ]RG zd tbgj` ` c` j`bdq` /:4$' zdftgnk }kr dc ]@H /02$' w dc ]RN /?$'( Hkz`bd+hk jkh~dz~ :5$(

?( LNTCK ND ]RDEDRDHJG@Z DCDJ^KR@CDZ

]kr c` h`~tr`cdq` nd th` dhjtdz~` }kz~dcdj~kr`c# c`z }rdedrdhjg`z dcdj~kr`cdz zkh zck th` `}rkxgl`jgh nd ck ptd

ztjdng dc n` nd c` dcdjjgh dh ~rlghkz nd }`r~gjg}`jgh w zdh~gnk ndc uk~k( Ck `h~drgkr }krptd dc }`r~gnk f`h`nkr ndc` dcdjjgh ztdcd zdr zkbrddz~gl`nk w` ptd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz `egrl`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc }`r~gnk f`h`nkr# jt`hnk hk


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Uk~k dh c` dcdjjgh nd ng}t~`nkz edndr`cdz ndc 2==5 dh rd~rkz}dj~gu`1 57$ ngjd o`bdr uk~`nk }`r` ng}t~`nkzedndr`cdz dh 2==5( Dh~rd dz~d zdfldh~k nd c` }kbc`jgh# >:$ rdegdrd ptd uk~ }kr dc ]RG# 25$ }kr dc ]@H w 05$}kr dc ]RN( Dh dz~d rtbrk ndz~`j` dc gl}kr~`h~d `tldh~k nd }drzkh`z ptd `zdftr`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]RG#jt`hnk dh rd`cgn`n dh dz` dcdjjgh ~tuk thk nd ckz }krjdh~àdz nd uk~k lz bàkz nd zt ogz~krg`

Uk~k dh c` dcdjjgh nd zdh`nkrdz ndc 2==5 dh rd~rkz}dj~gu`1 56$ ngjd o`bdr uk~`nk }`r` zdh`nkrdz dh 2==5(Dh~rd dz~d zdfldh~k nd c` }kbc`jgh# >0$ rdegdrd ptd uk~ }kr dc ]RG# 25$ }kr dc ]@H w 05$ }kr dc ]RN( Dh dz~drtbrk ndz~`j` dc gl}kr~`h~d `tldh~k nd }drzkh`z ptd `zdftr`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]RG w c` ngzlghtjgh ndc ]@Hw ]RN(

Uk~k dh ckz dz~`nkz jkh }rkjdzkz dcdj~kr`cdz jkhjtrrdh~dz

Ptdr~`rk1 6?$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdegdrd ptd z etdrkh ` uk~`r }`r` fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk ( C` l`wkr` nd ckzdh~rdugz~`nkz `zdftr` o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]@H# ck jt`c zt}khd ptd c` ndrrk~` dh dz` dcdjjgh nd dzd }`r~gnk}tnk zdr ghectgn` }kr th` bà` }`r~gjg}`jgh nd ztz dcdj~krdz( Dh~rd ckz ptd hk etdrkh ` uk~`r# zd rdfgz~r` th`l`wkr ghjcgh`jgh }kr dc ]RG(

Htduk Cdh1 67$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdegdrd ptd z etdrkh ` uk~`r }`r` fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk( C` l`wkr` nd ckzdh~rdugz~`nkz `zdftr` o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]RG /45$'# th }krjdh~àd l`wkr nd ck ptd dh rd`cgn`n kb~tuk dh ngjo`

dcdjjgh# ptd# jklk w` zd o` dz~`bcdjgnk# ztdcd kjtrrgr dh dadrjgjgkz }kz~dcdj~kr`cdz w` ptd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkzztdcdh rdz}`cn`r `c }`r~gnk f`h`nkr ` }dz`r nd ptd dh rd`cgn`n hk o`w`h uk~`nk hdjdz`rg`ldh~d }kr dzd }`r~gnk(Dh~rd ckz ptd hk etdrkh ` uk~`r# zd rdfgz~r` th` l`wkr ghjcgh`jgh }kr dc ]RG(

Jkcgl`1 ?4$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdegdrd ptd z etdrkh ` uk~`r }`r` fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk( C` l`wkr` nd ckzdh~rdugz~`nkz `zdftr`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]RG /4>$'( Dh~rd ckz ptd hk etdrkh ` uk~`r# zd rdfgz~r` th` l`wkrghjcgh`jgh }kr dc ]RG(

Zkhkr`1 ?>$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdegdrd ptd z etdrkh ` uk~`r }`r` fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk ( C` l`wkr` nd ckzdh~rdugz~`nkz `zdftr`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]@H /40$'( Dh~rd ckz ptd hk etdrkh ` uk~`r# zd rdfgz~r` th` l`wkrghjcgh`jgh }kr dc ]@H(

J`l}djod1 54$ nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdegdrd ptd z etdrkh ` uk~`r }`r` fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk( C` l`wkr` nd ckzdh~rdugz~`nkz `zdftr`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]RG /55$'( Dh~rd ckz ptd hk etdrkh ` uk~`r# zd rdfgz~r` th` l`wkrghjcgh`jgh }kr dc ]RG(


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Z`h Ctgz ]k~kz1 ?>$nd ckz dh~rdugz~`nkz rdegdrd ptd z etdrkh ` uk~`r }`r` fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk( C` l`wkr` ndckz dh~rdugz~`nkz `zdftr`h o`bdr uk~`nk }kr dc ]RG />5$'( Dh~rd ckz ptd hk etdrkh ` uk~`r# zd rdfgz~r` th` l`wkrghjcgh`jgh }kr dc ]@H( Ck ptd }knr` zt}khdr ptd th lk~guk nd c` ndrrk~` ndc ]@H }tnk zdr c` bà` lkugcgq`jghnd ztz dcdj~krdz(

7( ]RGHJG]@C ]RKBCDL@ NDC ]@Z# ZG^T@JGH DJKHLGJ@ W DU@CT@JGH ND @T^KRGN@NDZ

]rghjg}`c }rkbcdl` ndc }`z1 Ckz ~dl`z djkhlgjkz zkh ckz lz ldhjgkh`nkz jklk }rghjg}`c }rkbcdl` ndc }`z1jrgzgz djkhlgj` 22$# ndzdl}cdk 2=$# }kbrdq` 6$# djkhkl` 5$# ghec`jgh 2$< 46$( Dh ~`h~k ptd c` ghzdftrgn`nzd dhjtdh~r` dh dc zdfthnk ctf`r jkh dc 22$ nd c`z ldhjgkhdz(

@t~krgn`n ptd }tdnd rdzkcudr dc }rghjg}`c }rkbcdl`1 Dc ]rdzgndh~d nd c` Rd}bcgj` dz c` `t~krgn`n ptd }tdndrdzkcudr dc }rghjg}`c }rkbcdl` ndc }`z }`r` jt`~rk nd j`n` ngdq dh~rdugz~`nkz(

Zg~t`jgh djkhlgj` ndc }`z1 Zd kbzdru` th dzjdh`rgk }dzglgz~` nd c` zg~t`jgh djkhlgj` `j~t`c ndc }`z( Nkznd j`n` ~rdz dh~rdugz~`nkz c` j`cgegj`h jklk l`c` k ltw l`c`( 05$ jrdd ptd hk dz btdh` hg l`c` w k~rk 05$ jrddptd dz btdh` k ltw btdh`(

Ugzgh rd~rkz}dj~gu` ndc dz~`nk nd c` djkhkl` h`jgkh`c1 ~`lbgh zd }drjgbd th dzjdh`rgk b`z~`h~d hdf`~guk(

Nkz nd j`n` ~rdz dh~rdugz~`nkz jkhzgndr` ptd c` djkhkl` o` dl}dkr`nk dh ckz c~glkz nkjd ldzdz( Dh~rd dz~dzdfldh~k zd }drjgbd l`wkrg~`rg`ldh~d ptd o` dl}dkr`nk ltjok dc dz~`nk nd c` djkhkl`( @ndlz th 20$ jrddptd o` }drl`hdjgnk gft`c nd l`c /~k~`c< ?>$'( Dh ~`h~k ptd th l`rfgh`c ?$ jrdd ptd o` }drl`hdjgnk gft`c ndbgdh w th 5$ ptd o` ldakr`nk(

@jtdrnk jkh c` ekrl` nd fkbdrh`r ndc ]rdzgndh~d w ndc fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk1 dc ~r`bàk ndc }rdzgndh~dEdcg}d J`cndrh dz du`ct`nk }kzg~gu`ldh~d }tdz 4=$ jkhzgndr` ptd dc ]rdzgndh~d o` rd`cgq`nk th ltw btdh+btdh

~r`bàk# 06$ rdftc`rw :0$ ltw l`c+l`c( Dh dzd zdh~gnk# 5=$ dz~ nd `jtdrnk jkh c` ekrl` dh ptd fkbgdrh` /uz:6$ ptd hk dz~ nd `jtdrnk'( Dh ~`h~k ptd dc fkbdrh`nkr ndc Dz~`nk rdfgz~r` th `jtdrnk ndc 6=$ /`frdf`nkh`jgkh`c'(

0=( LNTCK ZDFTGLGDH^K JGND JZDZ LD_GJK

Dh dz~d lntck zd `h`cgq`h ckz n`~kz nd c`z ngedrdh~dz dngjgkhdz ndc JGND JZDZ Lxgjk( Dz hdjdz`rgk zd`c`r ptd ltjo`z}rdfth~`z# d ghjctzgud lntckz jkl}cd~kz# etdrkh ghjctgn`z dh nd~drlgh`nkz `kz# }drk dh k~rkz hk( ]kr ck `h~drgkr# c`z


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Dc uk~k ghectwd dh ck ptd ztjdnd dh dc }`z1 Zd l`h~gdhd zgh j`lbgkz zgfhgegj`~gukz c` `l}cg` }drjd}jgh nd ptddc uk~k ghectwd dh ck ptd ztjdnd dh dc }`z />(41 6:$'(

Ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj` , Jl`r`z dh dc Jkhfrdzk nd Lxgjk1 Dh dz~` dngjgh zd nd~gdhd dc `tldh~k ptd~r`ngjgkh`cldh~d zd rdfgz~r`b` dh dc jkhkjglgdh~k nd ptd nkz Jl`r`z gh~dfr`h `c Jkhfrdzk nd c` Thgh( @c gft`cptd dh 2==5# 4>$ nd c` }kbc`jgh jkh~dz~ jkrrdj~`ldh~d c` }rdfth~`(

Ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj` , `kz ptd ntr` th ng}t~`nk dh zt j`rfk1 Dh ~`h~k ptd `tldh~` l`rfgh`cldh~d dc}krjdh~àd nd }drzkh z ptd z`bd ptd th ng}t~`nk ntr` : `kz dh zt j`rfk /46$ jkrrdj~k'(

Ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`1 hklbrd ndc `j~t`c fkbdrh`nkr1 ^`l}kjk `tldh~`# rdz}dj~k nd 2==5# dc }krjdh~àd nd}drzkh`z ptd jkhkjdh dc hklbrd ndc fkbdrh`nkr nd zt dz~`nk /6?$'(

hngjd nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`1 @c jkhz~rtgr dc hngjd nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`# ztl` nd c`z ~rdz }rdfth~`z`h~drgkrdz# ndz~`j` dc `tldh~k l`rfgh`c ndc zdfldh~k nd }drzkh`z jkh th hgudc `c~k nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`/}`z` nd >=$ ` >2$'( Dc hgudc ldngk nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj` zd l`h~gdhd dh 2>$# bàk dh 22$ w htck dh 02$(

Zg~t`jgh djkhlgj` ndc }`z1 Zd kbzdru` th nd~drgkrk dh c` }drjd}jgh zkbrd c` zg~t`jgh djkhlgj` ndc }`z(

Nd odjok# òkr` nkz nd j`n` ~rdz }drzkh`z jkhzgndr`h ptd dz~ ltw l`c+l`c /dh 2==51 :7$1 dh 2==:1 44$9 dh2===1 >2$ w dh 07761 >7$'(

Zg~t`jgh djkhlgj` ndc }`z dh ckz c~glkz nkjd ldzdz1 Lgzl` ~dhndhjg` zkbrd dc dz~`nk nd c` djkhkl` dhckz c~glkz nkjd ldzdz( ?>$ jkhzgndr` ptd dz~}dkr k gft`c nd l`c /dh 2==51 >7$9 dh 2==:1 52$ w dh 2===1 50$'(

@jtdrnk jkh c` ekrl` nd fkbdrh`r ndc }rdzgndh~d1 Dc `jtdrnk jkh dc ]rdzgndh~d dh ~trhk hk dx}drgldh~`l`wkrdz j`lbgkz }tdz zdgz nd j`n` ngdq dh~rdugz~`nkz dz~h nd `jtdrnk jkh zt ekrl` nd fkbdrh`r(

]kz~tr`z `h~d dc rgdzfk1 ngzlghtwd dc }krjdh~àd nd }drzkh`z ptd zkh ~kl`nkrdz nd rgdzfk /dc ptd hk `rrgdzf`#hk f`h`# 00 }th~kz ldhkz ptd o`jd ~rdz `kz# }`z` nd >6$ ` :5$'( Lgdh~r`z ptd dc }krjdh~àd nd }drzkh`z`nudrz`z `c rgdzfk }drl`hdjd zgh j`lbgkz zgfhgegj`~gukz /lz u`cd l`ck }kr jkhkjgnk ptd btdhk }kr jkhkjdr#27$'( Th jrdjgdh~d 22$ hk zd gndh~gegj` jkh `cfth` nd c`z er`zdz(


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@HD_K FREGJK

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Ghz~g~t~k Edndr`c Dcdj~kr`c

^rgbth`c Dcdj~kr`c ndc ]kndrAtngjg`c nd c` Edndr`jgh

Ltjo` Rdftc`r ]kj` H`n`

Pt ~`h~` jkheg`hq` ~gdhd tz~dn dh c`z zgftgdh~dz ghz~g~tjgkhdz#ltjo`# rdftc`r# }kj` k h`n` nd jkheg`hq`;

Ztl`hnk "HZ+Hj"


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Dh `cfthkz }`zdz# c` fdh~d }gdhz` ptd ztz dcdjjgkhdz zkh cgl}g`z( Dh k~rkz }`zdz# c` fdh~d }gdhz` ptd ztzdcdjjgkhdz hk zkh cgl}g`z( Tz`hnk c` dzj`c` ptd `}`rdjd dh dz~` ~`rad~ # nkhnd THK zgfhge gj` ptd c`z dcdjjgkhdz HKetdrkh cgl}g`z w JGHJK ptd c`z dcdjjgkhdz Z etdrkh c gl}g z# nhnd tbgj`r` tz~dn ` c`z }`z`n`z dcdjjgkhdz ndc 2

nd atcgk nd 2==5;

Hk etdrkh cgl}g`z Z etdrkh cgl}g`z

Tbgj`jgh }rkldngk < :(?

"Hz+Hj


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Rdjgdh~dldh~d # o` odjok `cfh ~rlg~d `h~d dc GED jklk j`lbg`r

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Ltw btdh` + Btdh`#55$

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35/173

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42/173

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44/173

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45/173

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47/173

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49/173

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52/173

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54/173


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56/173

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57/173

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58/173

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59/173

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60/173

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Dz~`nkz Thgnkz /2==>'Dz}`` /2==>'

Ngh`l`rj` /2==0'Lxgjk /2==7'

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Ztdjg` /2==2'Gzc`hng`/2==:'

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dh ck ptd ztjdnd `c }`z

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62/173

52

f p w f # p }

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Hk gl}kr~` jtc }`r~gnk dz dc

ptd fkbgdrh`

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ngedrdhjg`

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63/173

5:

nd ckz uk~`h~dz;

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Jogcd /2==4'@cb`hg` /2==4'

G~`cg` /2==5'Gzr`dc /2==:'

Eghc`hng` /2==:']kckhg` /2==0'

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Htdu` Qdc`hn` /2==2'Gzc`hng`/2==:'

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]`zdz B`akz /2==2'Okhf Ikhf /2==>'

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Ngh`l`rj` /2==0'

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64/173

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gq`/2==:'

^gdhd Gndh~gn`n ]`r~gngz~`(


65/173

54

=(== =(0= =(2= =(:= =(>= =(4= =(5= =(6= =(?= =(7= 0(==

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DT@ 2==>

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Dz}` /2==>'


66/173

55

=$ 0=$ 2=$ :=$ >=$ 4=$ 5=$ 6=$ ?=$ 7=$ 0==$

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A`}h /2==>']dr /2==5'

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Okhf Ikhf /2==>'

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Rtl`hg /2==>'Grc`hn` /2==2'Bcfgj` /2==:'Dz}` /2==>'

Ltjok B`z~`h~d ]kjk


67/173

56

Fr`nk nd gndh~gn`n }`r~gngz~`( /=1 Zgh GN# 01 GN b`a`# 21GN ldng`# :1 GN `c~`('

=(= =(2 =(> =(5 =(? 0(= 0(2 0(> 0(5 0(? 2(=

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Ngh`l`rj` 2==0

Fr`nk nd ]GN

T n c c c = g geg g g n 0= n o n n bg ~ n;


68/173

5?

Tz`hnk c` dzj`c` dh c` ptd = zgfhgegj` gqptgdrn` w 0= ndrdjo`# nhnd zd tbgj`r` tz~dn;

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Rtzg` /2==>'

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69/173

57

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tcf`rg`/2==0'

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R

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/Ztl`hnk L`c + Ltw l`c ~r`b`ak < 0==$'


70/173

6=

=$ 0=$ 2=$ :=$ >=$ 4=$ 5=$ 6=$

]kckhg` /2==0'

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Gzc`hng`/2==:'


Lxgjk /2==7'

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Grc`hn` /2==2'

hngjd nd ghekrl`jgh }kc~gj`( /= Btdh`z , : btdh`z'

Tjr`hg` 077?

Jogcd 2==4

Jkrd` 2==>


71/173

60

0(= 0(4 2(= 2(4 :(=

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>( LNTCK ND ]TBCGJGN@N NTR@H^D C@ J@L]@@ DCDJ^KR@C

> 0


72/173

62

>(0 C@ ]TBCGJGN@N ND CKZ ]@R^GNKZ NTR@H^D C@ J@L]@@ DCDJ^KR@C

>

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20

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Cd ftz~`rkh ltjok

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Cd ngzftz~`rkh `cfk

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73/173

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26

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Ztl`hnk "Hz+Hj"


74/173

6>

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Ztl`hnk Hz+Hj


75/173

64

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Dh dxjdzk

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ztz }rk}tdz~`z k }`r` jrg~gj`r ` ztz jkh~rghj`h~dz;

>(2 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N ND ]@R^GNKZ ]KC^GJKZ


76/173

65

Hk rdjtdrn`:?$

Hz+Hj 2$

Z rdjtdrn`5=$

Rdjtdrn` o`bdr ugz~k dh c`z c~gl`z zdl`h`z dh c` ~dcdugzgh`cfh jkldrjg`c nd `cfh }`r~gnk }kc~gjk k hk;

65

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W nf`ld# jtcdz `hthjgkz cd ftz~`rkh lz1 ckz nd c`z dcdjjgkhdz}`r` ng}t~`nk k ckz nd c`z dcdjjgkhdz ckj`cdz /}`r` fkbdrh`nkr


77/173

66

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nd c`z d cdjjgkhdz ckj`cdz /}`r` fkbdrh`nkr k }`r` }rdzgndh~d lthgjg}`c';

7

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k }`r` }rdzgndh~d lthgjg}`c';


78/173

6?

0

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Ltjozgl`

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W nf`ld# pt ~`h~` `~dhjgh cd }tzk ` ckz `hthjgkznd ckz }`r~gnkz }kc~gjkz dh c` ~dcdugzgh;

Ztl`hnk "Hz+Hj"(:(0 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N NDC ]@H

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]@H;


79/173

67

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Ctjo` jkh~r` dc hrjk~r`egjk

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Hz+Hj

Ztl`hnk "K~rkz" < 0==$

Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]@H zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc >7 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]@H


80/173

?=

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2>2:

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Ldakr Gft`c nd bgdh Gft c nd l`c Dl}dkr Hz+Hj

$ ndc ~k~`c1 ? 02 00 >

>(:(2 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N NDC ]RG

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RG;


81/173

?0

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26

4

Jrd`jgh nd dl}cdkz

Th htduk ]RG+}`r~gnk rdhku`nk+j`lbg dc ]RG

J`hngn ~kz z`cdh }gngdhnk dc uk~k

]rgldrk Lxgjk# }rgldrk dc ]RG

Dx}drgdhjg` }`r` fkbdrh`r

Ptd c` }kc~gj` hk ngugn` ` Lxgjk+ hk u`h ` j`dr dh }rkukj`jgkhdz

Th }`z lz zdftrk+ ldhkz ndcghjtdhjg`

Uk~`r }kr dc ]RG

@}kwkz+ @wtn` c` fdh~d

Ldakr nd zdrugjgkz

Th jogjk ~gr`hnk th }dh`c~g

]rk}tdz~`z

Ldakr`r c` djkhkl`

@}kwk ` c` dntj jgh

]rkldz`z jtl}cgn`z+ Dc ]RG zg jtl}cd

Hk u hghfh `hthjgk nd dzd }`r~gnk

Hz+HjZtl`hnk "K~rkz" < 0==$

Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RG zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc >?$ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RG


82/173

?2

27 27

0:

5

2:

Ldakr Gft`c nd bgdh Gft`c nd l`c Dl}dkr Hz+Hj

$ ndc ~k~`c1 0> 0> 5 :

>(:(: RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N NDC ]RN

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RN;


83/173

?:

07

6

>

:

2

2

0

:2

07

5

Jkldrjg`cdz nd L`rg`h`

@z# z f`h` c` fdh~d

Dl}cdk+ Jkldrjg`c ndc~k ndzdl}cd`nk

Adzz Kr~df`

Gl`fdh ndc ]RN

@}kwk dl}rdz z w}rkntj~kz ldxgj`hkz

J`hngn ~kz w ztz]rk}tdz~`z

C}dq Kbr`nkr

Hk u hghfh hthjgk nddzd }`r~gnk

Hj+Hz


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RN zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc >7 $ ptd rdjkrn cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RN


84/173

?>

0>

0?

2?

0>

25


$ ndc ~k~`c1 6 7 0> 6 02

>(:(> RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N NDC ]@R^GNK UDRND

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk Udrnd;


85/173

?4

04

5

:

2

2

0

>0

07

>

]dh` nd ltdr~d

U`cd }`r` ldngjgh`z

@r~gz~`z o`jdh }rk}tdz~`zndc udrnd

Z`cd L`g~d ]drrkhg+ L`g~d]drrkhg o`jd }rk}tdz~`z ndc

Udrnd

Bkhk }`r` dz~tng`r ghfcz+jkl}t~`jgh

]rk}tdz~`z ldngk lbgdh~d+djkckf`

Z`cd R`c @r`gq`+R`c@r`gq o`jd }rk}tdz~`z ndc

Udrnd

Hk u hghfh `hthjgk nd dzd}`r~gnk

Hz+Hj


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk Udrnd zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc >=$ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk Udrnd


86/173

?5

25

2:

04

0=

25

Ldakr Gft`c nd bgdh Gft c nd l`c Dl}dkr Hz+Hj

$ ndc ~k~`c1 0= 7 5 4 0=

>(:(4 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N NDC ]^

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk ndc ^r`b`ak /]^';


87/173

?6

27

2

0:

45

C}dq Kbr`nkr

K~rkz

Hk u hghfh `hthjgknd dzd }`r~gnk

Hz+Hj

Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]^zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc :0 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]^


88/173

??

00 0=

07

0=

4=


$ ndc ~k~`c1 : : 5 : 05

>(:(5 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N ND JKHUDRFDHJG@


89/173

?7

:

2

2

55

25

0

C}dq Kbr`nkr

Jkckrdz+Ckfk~g}k+J`hjgh

]rk}tdz~`z

K~rkz

Hk u hghfh `hthjgk nddzd }`r~gnk

Hz+Hj

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz nd Jkhudrfdhjg`;

Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz nd Jkhudrfdhjg` zt k}ghgh


90/173

7=

600

04

4

52


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz nd Jkhudrfdhjg` zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;Ndc ?$ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc Jkhudrfdhjg`

$ ndc ~k~`c1 , , 0 , 4

>(:(6RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N ND HTDU@ @CG@HQ@


91/173

70

5

>

0

0

5:

22

:

Bdj`z

@ Akrfd I`ov`fg

]rk}tdz~`z zkbrddntj`jgh

Dc hgk ptd zk`b` jkhzdr `b`hndr`nk

K~rkz


Hz+Hj

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz hthjgkz nd Htdu` @cg`hq`;

Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz nd Htdu` @cg`hq` zt k}ghgh


92/173

72

0> 0402

6

42


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz nd zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc 04 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc Htdu` @cg`hq`

$ ndc ~k~`c1 2 2 2 0 ?

>(:(? RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N NDC ]@R^GNK ZKJG@CNDLJR@^@


93/173

7:

>

0

2

60

20

0

Cdf`cgq`r c` nrkf`

]gdhz` cgbrd+ Uk~` cgbrd

C`z j kz`z hk zdzkctjgkh`h ` b`c`qkz

K~rkz


Hz+Hj

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk Zkjg`cndljr`~`;

Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk Zkjg`cndljr`~` zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk ldakr k dl}dkr;


94/173

7>

4?

0> 0>

47


} }zkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc ?$ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]`r~gnk Zkjg`cndljr`~`

$ ndc ~k~`c1 , 0 0 0 4

>(> RDJKRN@JGHNDC@]TBCGJGN@NNDCFKBGDRHKEDNDR@CWFKBGDRHKZDZ^@^@CDZ


95/173

74

04

>

2

2

2

2

4

24

2?

:

2

Jklb`~d `c h`rjk~regjk

Jklb`~d ` c` ndcghjtdhjg`

]rklkjgh ndc uk~k

Dc Fkbgdrhk Edndr`c ~r`bà` }`r` ~g

^r`bà`lkz }kr ~t zdftrgn`n

@}kwkz+ ]rkfr l`z zkjg`cdz

Kbr`z+ ]tdh~dz+ ]ùgldh~`jgh

Hk u hghfh `hthjgk ndc FkbgdrhkDz~`~`c

Hk ud ~dcdugzgh

Hk rdjtdrn`+Hz

H+J

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd `cfh jkldrjg`c nd ~dcdugzghndc Fkbgdrhk Edndr`c /]rdzgndhjg` nd c` Rd}bcgj`';

Ztl hnk "K~rkz" < 0==$

4J`rrd~dr`z+ ]tdh~dz+ U`znd jklthgj`jgh

W# pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd `cfh jkldrjg`c nd ~dcdugzghndc Fkbgdrhk Dz~`~`c;


96/173

75

:

2

2

0

0

0

4

2?

:6

:

:

@}kwkz+ ]rkfr`l`zzkjg`cdz

Kbr`z }bcgj`z rd`c gq`n`z

Jklb`~d `c h`rjk~regjk+ghzdftrgn`n

Ckfrkz dh dc dz~`nk

]rklkjgh ndc uk~k

Dz~`lkz ~r`b`a`hnk

Fdhdr`jgh nd dl}cdkz

Hk u hghfh `hthjgk ndcFkbgdrhk Dz~`~`c

Hk ud ~dcdugzgh

Hk rdjtdrn`+Hz

H+J


>(4 RDJKRN@JGHNDC@]TBCGJGN@NNDCGHZ^G^T^KEDNDR@CDCDJ^KR@C/GED'

0?@jtnd ` uk~`r dz~d 4 nd atcgk

Dc GED ~`lbgh ngethng ltjokz `hthjgkz dh c` j`l}``# pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn`nd `cfh jkldrjg`c nd r`ngk w ~dcdugzgh ndc Ghz~g~t~k Edndr`c Dcdj~kr`c /GED';


97/173

76

0?

00

4

>

:

2

2

2

2

2

4

0>

0?

:

5

@jtnd ` uk~`r dz~d 4 nd atcgk

Dc uk~k dz cbrd w zdjrd~k+ uk~` cgbrdldh~d

C` ndlkjr`jg` jrdjd w jrdjdlkz ~knkz

]`r~gjg}`jgh jgtn`n`h`

Dc ltjo`jok ptd u` ` jkh~`r ckz uk~kz

Dc uk~k dz th ndrdjok w th` kbcgf`jgh

Dc uk~k hk zd udhnd

Dcdjjgkhdz cgl}g`z w ~r`hz}`rdh~dz

Rdhtdu` ~t jrdndhjg`c+ @j~t`cq`c`

]drzkh`z udz~gn`z nd bc`hjk o`jgdhnk egftr`z

^t uk~k jtdh~`

Hk ud ~dcdugzgh

Hk u hghfh `hthjgk ndc GED

Hk rdjtdrn`+Hz

H+J


>(5LNTCKND]TBCGJGN@NDHD_^DRGKRDZ/@HTHJGKZ DH B@RN@Z# DZ]DJ^@JTC@RDZ K CD^RDRKZ DH C@J@CCD'

Rdjtdrn` tz~dn o`bdr ugz~k ntr`h~d c`z j`l}``z `cfh `hthjgk# cd~rdrk#


98/173

7?

4?

44

:7

:2

0>

00

0:

6

]@H

]RG

]RN

]UDL

]

Jkhudrfdhjg`

Htdu` @cg`hq`

] r~gnk Zkjg`cndljr`~`

} f # #l`h~`# b`rn`# k j`lgkhdz dh c`z j`ccdz w `udhgn`z jkh }tbcgjgn`n ndc;

Z rdjtdrn`h


>(5(0 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ NDC ]@H

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]@H;

Ndc 4? $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]@H


99/173

77

20

5

4

4

4

:

:

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

0

0

0

20

4

J`hngn ~kz ndc ]@H+ Glfdhdz+ Hklbrdz

Ctjo` uz c` ndcghjtdhjg`+ lz zdftrgn`n

Zckf`hz+ er`zdz nd j`l}``

Ckfk~g}k ndc }`r~gnk+Jkckrdz+ Dzjtnk

Er`zd1 "@jjgh rdz}khz`bcd"

Ldn cc gz~` dlb`r`q`n`+ Grgng` Z`c`q`r

B`rn`z }gh~`n`z+]kz~drz+J`r~dcdz+]`hj`r~`z

Ptd uk~`r` }kr zt }`r~gnk+ Ugugr ~r`hptgckz uk~` ]@H+ Uk~` ]@H

Lz w ldakrdz dl}cdkz+ lz dl}cdk

@u`hq`lkz }kr ~g+ Bdhdegjgkz }`r` ~g

U`lkz }kr lz+ Jkh~gfk u`lkz }kr lz

C`z }rk}tdz~`z

Ckj`cdz

@}kw r c ]rdzgndh~d

@wtn`z+ @}kwkz

Ctjo` uz dc h`rjk~regjk

Dc Lz~gjk+ Th Ctjo`nkr

Ng}t~`nkz+ Ndcdf`nkz

Hz+Hj


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]@H zt k}ghgh


100/173

0==

Ldakr# 06

Gft`c nd bgdh# 27

Gft`c nd l`c# 20

Dl}dkr# 5

Hz+Hj# 26

zkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;Ndc 4? $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]@H

>(5(2 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ NDC ]RG

25J`hngn`~kz+ng}t~`nkz z`cdh }gngdhnk dc uk~k

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]RG;Ndc 44 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]RG


101/173

0=0

00

>

>

>

>

:

:

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

0

6

6

]rgldrk Lxgjk+ ]rgldrk c` e`lgcg`+ ]rgldrk ]RG

Jrd`jgh nd dl}ckz

Uk~`r }kr dc ]RG

Th }`z lz zdftrk+lz zdftrgn`n

Ckfk ndc ]RG+jkckrdz

Glfdhdz ndc Fkbdrh`nkr+ Ng}t~`nk+ J`hngn`~k

Ldakr`r c` z`ctn

Th htduk ]RG+}`r~gnk rdhku`nk+j`lbg dc ]RG

]rk}tdz~`z+jkl}rklgzkz

Dx}drgdhjg` }`r` fkbdrh`r+dx}drgdhjg` }rkb`n

Ldakr dntj`jgh+ Bdj`z

Jkh dc ]RG f`h`lkz+u`lkz ` ldakr`r

Ptd c` }kc~gj` hk ngugn` ` Lxgjk+ Hk u`h ` j`dr dh }rkukj`jgkhdz

@}kwk ` j`l}dzghkz+j`l}k

@}kwkz+ @wtn`z

Ckj`cdz

U`lkz }kr lz+~dhdlkz ukcth~`n+ dc ]RG u` ` f`h`r

Th jogjk ~gr`hnk th }dh`c

Ghztegjgdh~dldh~d dz}djgegj`nk


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RG zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc 44 $ ptd rdjkrn cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]RG


102/173

0=2

Ldakr# 2?

Gft`c nd bgdh# :4

Gft`c nd l`c# 0>

Dl}dkr# :

Hz+Hj# 2=

>(5(: RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ NDC ]RN

20@z# z f`h` c` fdh~d

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]RN;Ndc :7 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]RN


103/173

0=:

0?

00

>

:

2

2

0

0

07

02

J`hngn ~kz w zt}rk}tdz~`z

@hthjgkz nd c` hg`+L`rg`hg~`

Ckfk~g}k w jkckrdz

Dl}cdk + Jkldrjg`c ndc~k ndzdl}cd`nk

@wtn`z+ @}kwkz

@LCK

Adzz Kr~df`

Lz zdftrgn`n

Lz gft`cn`n

Hz+Hj


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]RN zt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakrk k dl}dkrk;

Ndc :7 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]RN


104/173

0=>

Ldakr# 0?

Gft`c nd bgdh# 22

Gft`c nd l`c# 26

Dl}dkr# ?

Hz+Hj# 24

Ztl`hnk "Hz+Hj"(5(> RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ NDC ]UDL

:5]dh` nd ltdr~d

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]`r~gnk Udrnd/]UDL';Ndc :2 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]`r~gnk Udrnd


105/173

0=4

?

6

6

5

:

:

2

2

2

0=

?

U`cd }`r` ldngjgh`

Z`cd L`g~d ]drrkhg

Z`cdh `r~gz~`z+`r~gz~`z o`jdh

}rk}tdz~`z ndc Udrnd

]rk}tdz~`z zkbrd ldngk`lbgdh~d+djkckf`+h`~tr`cdq`

Bkhk dntj`~guk

Z`cd R`c @r`gq`

Ckfk~g}k+ tjh

Jrjdc }`r `zdzghkz wzdjtdz~r`nkrdz

J`hngn`~kz

]rk}tdz~`z

Hz+Hj


Ndz}tz nd udr ckz `hthjgkz ndc ]UDLzt k}ghghzkbrd dz~d }`r~gnk# ldakr k dl}dkr;

Ndc :2 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]UDL


106/173

0=5

Ldakr# :0

Gft`c nd bgdh# :=

Gft`c nd l`c# 0:

Dl}dkr# ?

Hz+Hj# 0?

Ztl hnk "Hz+Hj"(5(4 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ NDC ]^

27C}dq Kbr`nkr

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]`r~gnk ndc ^r`b`ak/]^';Ndc 0> $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]^


107/173

0=6

6

5

>

:

2

::

6

Lz dl}cdkz

Glfdhdz ndj`hngn`~kz+ Ng}t~`nkz

Ckfk~g}k w jkckrdz

Z`cudlkz ` Lxgjk

Jc`r` Brtf`n`

@hthjgkz }df`nkz dhrbkcdz w }kz~dz

Hz+Hj


>(5(5 RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ ND JKHUDRFDHJG@

0:C}dq Kbr`nkr

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]`r~gnk Jkhudrfdhjg`;Ndc 00 $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]`r~gnk Jkhudrfdhjg`


108/173

0=?

00

4

4

:

06

:?

7

Ckfk~g}k w jkckrdz

Glfdhdz ndj`hngn`~kz+ Ng}t~`nkz

J`hjghh`r`ha`#h`r`ha`

Er`zd1 "jtdh~` jkhhkzk~rkz+uk~`jkhudrfdhjg`"

]kz~drz+ L`h~`z

K~rkz

Hz+Hj

>(5(6RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ ND HTDU@ @CG@HQ@

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]`r~gnk Htdu` @cg`hq`;Ndc 0: $ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]`r~gnk Htdu` @cg hq`


109/173

0=7

:=

04

>

>

2

0=

26

?

@ Akrfd I`ov`fg+bdj`~h

Ldakr r + @}kwk `

dz~tng`h~dz

]rk}tdz~`z ` e`ukr ndc`z ltadrdz

Glfdhdz ndj`hngn`~kz

Dzjtnk+ Ckfk~g}k+Jkckrdz+

B`rn`z }gh~`n`zj+jkckrdz ndc }`r~gnk whklbrdz j`hngn`~kz

K~rkz

Hz+Hj

>(5(? RDJKRN@JGH ND C@ ]TBCGJGN@N DH D_^DRGKRDZ NDC ]@R^GNK ZKJG@CNDLJR@^@

Pt dz ck ptd lz rdjtdrn` nd dzd `hthjgk(((ndc ]`r~gnk Zkjg`cndljr`~`;Ndc 6$ ptd rdjkrn `cfk nd c` }tbcgjgn`n ndc ]`r~gnk Zkjg`cndljr`~`


110/173

00=

02

?

5

4

2

0?

>0

?

Cdf`cgq`r nrkf`z

]gdhz` cgbrd+ Uk~` cgbrd

@hthjgkz nd j`hngn`~kz

Hk ` c` ftdrr`+ hk ` c`ugkcdhjg`

Ckfk~g}k+ jkckrdz+zckf`h

Akudh ~r`~`hnk ndnd~dhdr th ~`hptd

K~rkz

Hz+Hj

>(6 ]TBCGJGN@NNDCKZ]@R^GNKZ1JKH^@J^KNGRDJ^KJKHDCDCDJ^KR@NK

>(6(0 J@R^@Z K ]RK]@F@HN@


111/173

000

Z# :?Hk # 50

Hz+Hj# 0

@cfthkz nd ckz dptg}kz nd j`l}`` nd `cfh j`hngn`~kk }`r~gnk }kc~gjk cd dhug j`r~`z k }rk}`f`hn`;

6

?0

>6

:>

2=

05

06

?

:

]@H

]RG

]RN

]UDL

]^

Jkhudrfdhjg`

Htdu` @cg`hq`

]`r~gnkZkjg`cndljr`~`

K~rkz

Nd pt }`r~gnkz rdjgbg j`r~`z k }rk}`f`hn`/ukc`h~dz# ~r}~gjkz# ekccd~kz';

Z ldhjgh


>(6(2 CC@L@N@Z ^DCDEHGJ@Z


112/173

002

Z# 0>

Hk # ?>

Hz+Hj# 2

@okr`# cd }gnk }kr e`ukr ptd rdjtdrnd zg dh dz~`z j`l}``zrdjgbg k hk `cfth` cc`l`n` dh zt j`z` nd `cfh }`r~gnk }kc~gjk

:5

4?

24

:>

7

7

6

4

4

]@H

]RG

]RN

]UDL

]^

Jkhudrfdhjg`

Htdu` @cg`hq`

]`r~gnk

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126/173

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