Republic of Peru 2

8/14/2019 Republic of Peru 2

1/41

1

Country Report

of the

Republic of Peru

2012-2013

An Official Document Presented by the

Peruvian National Government

Published: 21 May 2013

Kayla Bynum, Katherine Elston, Jared Flamm, Allison Varga


2/41

2

Table of Contents

Guide to Abbreviations Used in This Report..............................................................................4

Introduction to Peru......................................................................................................................6

Geography..........................................................................................................................6

Politics.................................................................................................................................7

Population...........................................................................................................................7

History.................................................................................................................................8

Economy..............................................................................................................................9

Natural Resources............................................................................................................10

Poverty..........................................................................................................10

Rural Poverty...................................................................................................................11

Electricity Issues...............................................................................................................12

Education..........................................................................................................................13

Conclusory Remarks.......................................................................................................14

Inequality......................................................................................................................................14

Workers Rights................................................................................................................15

Women..............................................................................................................................15

Indigenous People............................................................................................................17


Environment.................................................................................................................................18

Deforestation....................................................................................................................18

Subsistence Farming............................................................................................18

Illegal Mining and Logging.................................................................................19

Mining...............................................................................................................................20

Pollution caused by mining tailings....................................................................20

Climate Change................................................................................................................20


Health............................................................................................................................................22

Sanitation..........................................................................................................................22

Urban Sanitation Access.....................................................................................22

Rural Sanitation Access.......................................................................................22

Child Malnutrition...........................................................................................................23

Maternal Health...............................................................................................................23

Health Coverage...............................................................................................................25


Drug Trafficking..........................................................................................................................26

Consequences of Coca......................................................................................................27Tackling Coca...................................................................................................................27

Shift from Coca to Cacao and other sustainable agroexports.........................27

Drug eradication..................................................................................................27

Education..............................................................................................................28

Why aid is invaluable now..............................................................................................29



3/41

3

Anti-Corruption...........................................................................................................................30

Protecting Democracy.....................................................................................................30

Create fair, open, and protected media.............................................................30

Eliminating high trade Coca plantations...........................................................30

Education..............................................................................................................30

Media.................................................................................................................................31

Drug War..........................................................................................................................31

Education..........................................................................................................................31

Aid Sustainability.............................................................................................................32


Conclusion....................................................................................................................................33

Millenium Development Goals........................................................................................33

Bibliography.................................................................................................................................37

Table of Figures

Figure 1.........................................................................................................................................11

Figure 2.........................................................................................................................................17

Figure 3.........................................................................................................................................24

Figure 4.........................................................................................................................................26


4/41

4

Guide to Abbreviations Used in this Report

! CIDA Canadian International Development Agency

! DEVIDA Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas (Development & Life without Drugs)

! GDP Gross Domestic Product

! GOP Government of Peru

! IMF International Monetary Fund

! IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

! JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

! MCC Millenium Challenge Corporation

! MDGs Millenium Development Goals

! MDR-TB Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis

! NAS Narcotics Affairs Section

! OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

! UN United Nations

! UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

! UNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

! UNICEF United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund

! UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

!USAID United States Agency for International Development

! WHO World Health Organization


5/41

5


6/41

6

I. Introduction to Peru

A. Geography

Peru is located in western South America, bordering Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador

and the Pacific Ocean. Its total area is 1,285,216 square kilometers, making it the 20thlargest

country in size. Perus capital city is Lima, located on the Pacific Coast.1

Peru has three distinct terrain areas: the coastal plain to the west, the Andean highlands in

the center, and the lowlands that are the beginning of the Amazon River basin in the east. The

eastern Amazon lowlands are generally the wettest areas of the country in terms of rainfall, with

tropical forests for vegetation.2

The Andes Mountains are an alpine cold climate due to the high

elevations, with snow common. The western coastal plain is comprised of hot desert and semi-

desert.3

Peru includes many water bodies including shared control of Lake Titicaca, the highest

navigable lake in the world, as well as the largest lake in Latin America with Bolivia. It is also

the source of the Amazon River, including several tributaries. Even though Peru has many water

resources on its eastern side, the Pacific coast includes large desert areas, including part of the

Atacama Desert, one of the driest areas on the planet. Because of this, there are frequent water

shortages in Perus most populated areas.4The Peruvian Andes ranges highest point is Nevado

1United States of America. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook - Peru. N.p., 8 May 2013. Web. 19

May 2013.12 Geography (Peru).Europa World Plus. Routledge. n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.


May 2013.4Geography (Peru).Europa World Plus. Routledge. n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.


7/41

7

Huascaran at 6768 meters high. This mountain range includes active and historically active

volcanoes.5

B. Politics:

Perus current president is Ollanta Humalla, who was elected democratically in 2011. Perus

government is divided into three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The President is

the Head of State and the Executive branch. Peru has a unicameral Congress of Peru headed by a

Prime Minister, Juan Federico Jiminez Mayor, with 130 popularly elected seats for its legislative

branch. The judicial branch is headed by an appointed Supreme Court.

President Humalla defeated former president Alberto Fujimoris daughter, Keiko

Fujimori in a runoff election. Even though Humalla officially heads the Gana Peru coalition

which includes the Peruvian Communist, the Peruvian Socialist, and Peruvian Nationalist

Parties, he has pursued liberalization policies since election.6

C. Population

Perus estimated population is 29,849,303 people, of which approximately 45% are indigenous,

37% are mestizo (mixed indigenous and white), 15% are white, and 3% are other including

Japanese, Chinese, and Black. Most people speak Spanish, but Quechua, an indigenous

language, is also an official language of the country and is one of many other indigenous

languages spoken throughout Peru.

Seventy-seven percent of the population lives in an urban area compared to 23% rural.

The largest city is the capital Lima with a population of 8,769,000, followed by Arequipa with a


May 2013.6Ibid.


8/41

8

population of 778,000.7 The Andes Mountains and the Amazon Basin are the most heavily rural

and indigenous areas of the country.

D. History

Peru has a very long and illustrious history starting approximately 10,000 years ago with the

arrival of people to the area. By 2500 B.C.E., Peruvians were cultivating crops including

potatoes, beans, and cotton along with fishing and other subsistence activities. Irrigation was

developed around 1300 B.C.E., paving the way for a series of Andean civilizations and empires

including the Nazca, Mochica, and the Chim. In addition to sophisticated agriculture, these

civilizations also were highly skilled in metalworking, architecture, ceramics, and civil

engineering. The Incas, the most well-known and last pre-Hispanic civilization, began to expand

in the Thirteenth Century before actively incorporating more than a third or South America and 9

to 16 million subjects into their empire during the Fifteenth Century.8

Following Francisco Pizarros conquest of the Incas in 1532, Peru came under Spanish

colonial control until independence in 1824. Pizarro founded Lima, the current capital, in 1535

in order to bring the region under closer imperial control. During the colonial period, the

Spanish heavily exploited the indigenous population via the tributary enconmiendasystem and

through precious mineral extraction, centered on Potoss silver mine. Lima was the center for

administration, commerce, and other colonial support systems.9

By independence, Peru had one of the most unequal land distributions in the hemisphere.

The continuation of the haciendasystem contributed to an oligarchic form of governance and the

heavy intervention of the military in federal affairs. From 1968 to 1980, Peru was under military


May 20138United States of America. Library of Congress. Country Studies: Peru. N.p. September 1992. Web. 19 May 2013.

9History (Peru).Europa World Plus. Routledge. n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.


9/41

9

rule which instituted many structural economic and social reforms before turning the country

back over to civilian control.10

Unfortunately, immediately following the changeover to democracy, Peru entered a

period of severe internal strife fueled by poverty, inequality, and drug trafficking. Two

revolutionary movements, Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and the Movimiento

Revolucionario Tpac Amaru (Tpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) became active in the

impoverished rural areas of Peru during the 1980s. Sendero Luminoso is still active today but

significantly less powerful than at the height of the conflict. Perus Truth and Reconciliation

Commission estimates that 70,000 people were killed in the conflict, with about half of the

atrocities committed by the rebels and half committed by government forces, often in

paramilitary-type death squads between 1980 and 2000. Over 75% of the victims were rural,

indigenous Quechua people.11

In 2009 President Alberto Fujimori was indicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison for

Crimes Against Humanity and Corruption relating to the Sendero Luminoso conflict, along with

several other high-level government officials. In 2012, Fujimoris family requested a pardon on

humanitarian grounds, but the court upheld the decision and Fujimori is still in prison today.12

E. Economy

Perus economy has boomed in recent years due to a series of reforms aimed at liberalization. In

2011, Perus economy grew by 6.8%, and appears on a track to grow similarly this year. Gross

Domestic Product for 2011 was $176.9 billion United States dollars, with per capita income at

10United States of America. Library of Congress. Country Studies: Peru. N.p. September 1992. Web. 19 May

2013.11

Peru Profile. bbcnews.co.uk. BBC. 13 November 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.12

World Report 2012: Peru. hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.


10/41

10

$5150, up from less than $2000 less than ten years ago.13Peru has a relatively diversified

economy with industry and services featuring prominently in addition to natural resource

extraction and agriculture. Peru also has many opportunities for tourism, especially given its rich

pre-Columbian history. Archeological sites such as UNESCO World Heritage Site Machu Picchu

and the city of Cusco are known worldwide and are major tourism draws. 14

F. Natural Resources

Peru is a natural resource rich nation with a long history of mineral and agricultural extraction.

Natural mineral resources include copper, silver, gold, petroleum, phosphates, and natural gas.

Peru produces a wide variety of agricultural products for both export and internal consumption

including asparagus, potatoes, fish, bananas, sugarcane, and meat.15

The coastal plain is the primary area for most of the agricultural and industrial production

in Peru, while the Andes are a historical locus for mineral extraction, and the Amazon basin is

increasingly becoming a source for logging and petroleum extraction.16

II. Poverty

While Peru has one of the strongest economies in Latin America, poverty is still a major issue.

Insufficient education and inaccessibility to electricity are two pressing concerns of the country.

During the last decade, the poverty level has dropped drastically from implementation of

international aid in cooperation with the national government, yet Perus poverty level remains at

13World Bank. Data.Peru.N.d. Web. 19 May 2013.


May 2013.15

Ibid.16

United States of America. Library of Congress. Country Studies: Peru. N.p. September 1992. Web. 19 May

2013.


11/41

11

30%. In addition, rural areas of Peru have much higher poverty concentration levels than

urbanized areas of Peru.17

Figure 1. This table shows the poverty rates per region in Peru.18

G. Rural Poverty

High rates of poverty can be seen in the rural regions of Peru. Fifty-five percent of Peruvians

living in rural areas are living in poverty, as opposed to 30% of the total population of Peru.19

For instance, in 2011, 19% of rural people were at or below the poverty line, while 4% of the

urban population was at or below the poverty line.20The rural areas of Peru are not thriving like

the urban sections of Peru due to the lack of access to basic infrastructure which leads to

economic prosperity. Congruently, availability and a variety of jobs are limited in rural areas,

forcing many people in rural regions to work in illicit drug cultivation and hazardous mines.


May 2013.18Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela Country Management Unit, The International Finance Corporation,

and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.Country Partnership Strategy for the Republic of Peru for the Period

FY12-FY16. Rep. no. 66187-PE. The World Bank, 1 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.19

Ibid.20

"World DataBank." World Development Indicators. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2013.


12/41

12

H. Electricity Issues

In 2008, 22% of the total population went without electricity.21However, 68% of rural regions of

Peru do not have access to electricity and rely on batteries, kerosene lamps, and even candles for

basic lighting.22The Peruvian government has made this a top priority for the country and aims

to see 93.1% of its population gain access to electricity with the closing of the Millennium

Development Goals in 2015.23

The World Bank initiated the Rural Electrification Project in 2006, which brought

electricity to 34,000 households and around 140,000 people.24Additionally, the World Bank

followed up with this project with the Second Rural Electrification Project in 2011, in order to

support further development of accessibility to rural areas of Peru.25With increased electricity

access, women have longer amounts of time to complete housework, allowing them extra time to

devote to their educational needs and more attention on their children.26Additionally, Peruvians

will not have to rely on unstable and hazardous lighting materials such as kerosene lamps, a

potential cause respiratory illnesses, burns, and other ailments. Lastly, electricity can be used

efficiently in hospitals and clinics, which can be used to safely store medicines, promote the

usage of ventilators, keep medical instruments clean, and ensure longer hours of operation,

which can contribute to the betterment of health of Peruvians.

21Japan International Cooperation Agency. "Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification by Renewable Energy in

the Republic of Peru."Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification by Renewable Energy in the Republic of Peru-

Final Report. N.p., Aug. 2008. Web. 10 Apr. 2013.22

"News." World Bank and Peru A Partnership for Development with Social Inclusion and Equity . N.p., 30 Mar.2012. Web. 15 May 2013.23

Japan International Cooperation Agency. "Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification by Renewable Energy in

the Republic of Peru."Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification by Renewable Energy in the Republic of Peru-

Final Report. N.p., Aug. 2008. Web. 10 Apr. 2013.24

"Projects & Operations."PE Rural Electrification. N.p., 7 Mar. 2006. Web. 19 May 2013.25

"Projects & Operations." Second Rural Electrification Project. N.p., 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2013.26

"Peru/World Bank: 140,000 People in Scattered and Vulnerable Rural Areas to Access Electricity."News &

Broadcast -. N.p., 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 May 2013.


13/41

13

I. Education

Large strides in Education have been made in Peru, but there is still work to be done. While

increasing attendance has occurred over the years, schooling and higher education is not of the

highest importance for most Peruvians. Approximately one fourth to one third of Peruvian

children between the ages of 6-14 work long hours to provide extra incomes for their families. 27

Peru does have one of the highest literacy levels in Latin America at 92.9% of the population,

but high levels of concentrated illiteracy lie in rural regions of Peru.28Additionally, women are

marginalized in education. Peru continues to have a patriarchal society, which perpetuates the

marginalization of women. While 10.9% of men living in rural areas are illiterate, 33.7% of

women are illiterate.29Moreover, less than three percent of the Gross Domestic Product is

currently spent on education funding.30

Programs like the Higher Education Quality Improvement Project, funded by the World

Bank, are focusing on strengthening the Council of Education in order to promote more

accessible opportunities to higher education for children.31Another program funded by the

World Bank, PE Basic Education Project started in 2012, was put into place to strengthen the

primary education system while enabling teachers more opportunities to assist the educational

needs of Peru.32Congruently, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) has

partnered with UNICEF with the project entitled Improving Basic Education for Indigenous and

27

United States of America. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook - Peru. N.p., 8 May 2013. Web. 19May 2013.28

Ibid.29

"Project Peru." Women in Peru. N.p., 2011. Web. 19 May 2013.30

United States of America. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook - Peru. N.p., 8 May 2013. Web. 19

May 2013.31

"Projects & Operations."Education Quality Improvement Project. The World Bank, 4 Dec. 2012. Web. 11 May

2013.32

"Projects & Operations."PE Basic Education Project. The World Bank, 17 Jan. 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.


14/41

14

Rural Children in Southern Andean and Amazonian Peru.33This initiative is fostering the

betterment of education for impoverished indigenous and rural youth communities to bridge the

education gap. CIDA also has put a focus on fostering the education of the indigenous languages

of Peru with an emphasis on Spanish as a second language.34Because of natural disasters, many

rural communities have to relocate and with the help of CIDA and UNICEF, this program is

implementing schooling to the youth who have gone without education.

II.b Conclusory Remarks

Through the partnerships with international organizations, poverty levels have

dramatically declined. Peru can lower these levels even further by implementing more projects

designed to create accessibility to basic infrastructure for rural populations. Most importantly,

Peru needs to continue with its emphasis on strengthening education and providing all regions of

Peru with electricity. By ensuring accessibility to education and electricity, Peru can end the

cycle of poverty.

III. Inequality

There is still a large degree of inequality in Peru. The United Nations (UN) ranked Peru the 22nd

most unequal country in the world.35Some of the main issues that need to be addressed are in

regards to workers rights, child labor laws, and equal representation of women, minority, and

indigenous groups.

33"Project Profile for Improving Basic Education for Indigenous and Rural Children in Southern Andean and

Amazonian Peru."Improving Basic Education for Indigenous and Rural Children in Southern Andean and

Amazonian Peru. Canadian International Development Agency, 2010. Web. 19 May 2013.34

"Bilingual Education: A Key to Development for Children of the Amazon." Canadian International Development

Agency (CIDA). N.p., 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.35

"USAID/Peru Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS)." USAID Peru -. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May

2013.


15/41

15

J. Workers Rights

While the mining industry has brought about many jobs for the Peruvian people, it is also home

to a host of human rights issues. Most of the mining areas are located in rural sections of Peru,

which are home to the vast majority of impoverished areas. Since poverty levels are extremely

high in rural areas and there are not many options for jobs, many families work in the mines out

of necessity. This fact does not go unnoticed by those in charge of the mines. Subsequently,

workers rights are exploited with long hours, low working wages, unsafe working conditions,

which include exposure to hazardous chemicals, and children are frequently workers in the mines

as well.

Because of the disparities with regards to the inequality in the workplace, many Peruvian

workers are demanding better conditions and wages. This has led to frequent protests from

miners in the hopes of changing their circumstances.36Due to the violence associated with

protesting and the jobs available to the majority of impoverished people, many are now turning

to the sale of illegal drugs as a solution to providing a sufficient income for their families.

K. Women

Womens inequality in the country comes in many forms. Women living in rural areas are faced

with harsher inequality due to the fact that many women living in these areas do not speak

Spanish as their first and primary language. Because of this, many indigenous women do not

know their rights and have fewer outlets for help than Spanish-speaking women. Moreover,

violence against women has been a steady problem in Peru. In 2009, there were over 95,000

domestic violence complaints, and in 2010, 70% of women who were victims of violence were

36"World Report 2013."Peru. Human Rights Watch, 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.


16/41

16

killed by their spouses.37The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that domestic

violence incidents between 2000-2003 69% of women from Cusco and its surrounding areas

experienced domestic violence and 51% of women in Lima and its surrounding areas

experienced domestic violence.38

While labor laws do exist in Peru, the laws are not fully enforced or followed, allowing

womens rights in the workplace to be overlooked. In addition, 67% of women work in the

informal sector, further marginalizing them.39Thus, monitoring equality and workers rights for

women becomes extremely difficult.

Nonetheless strides have been made in Peru to combat gender inequality. Beginning in

1997, political candidates for Congress, Andean Parliament, local, and regional governments are

now required to employ a 30% quota for female representation.40The Social Inclusion of

Development Policy Loan Program has been started by the World Bank in partnership with the

Ministry of Women and Social Development in an effort to afford women and other

underrepresented groups inclusion in social programs.41

37"Women and Human Rights in Peru - Article - Peru Support Group."Peru Support Group. N.p., May-June 2012.

Web. 19 May 2013.38

"WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women." World Health

Organization. N.p., 2005. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.39

"Peru: Beyond The Gender Gap." WDR 2012. N.p., 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.40

"Fact Sheet: The Equal Futures Partnership to Expand Women's Political and Economic Participation." The White

House. N.p., 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.41

"Projects & Operations."PE Social Inclusion DPL . The World Bank, 13 Dec. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.


17/41

17

Figure 2. This graph shows the percentages of women who experienced violence in Peru.42

L. Indigenous People

Indigenous people of Peru, which include Quechua, Aymara, Shipibo, Huabisa, Achuar,

Ashaninka, and the Aguaruna. These are the main indigenous groups of Peru; there are a total of

51 indigenous groups in Peru, accounting for nearly 45% of the population.43With such a large

number of indigenous groups in Peru, Quechua and Aymara are also official languages of Peru,

along with Spanish. The naming of the two most common indigenous languages as national

languages helps to preserve their cultures. However, since Spanish is not their first language,

many cannot fully participate in Peruvian society because of the language barrier.

Indigenous groups face many challenges, especially in regards to territory. These groups

are constantly faced with encroaching developments, from oil companies to subsistence farmers.

In addition, these indigenous groups have had trouble reclaiming and protecting their land

because they are underrepresented in governmental affairs.

42"WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women." World Health

Organization. N.p., 2005. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.43


May 2013.


18/41

18

III.c Conclusory Remarks

It is important for the further development of Peru to ensure that all populations are

represented equality in the government. The continuation of a successful democracy in Peru must

include the enforcement of workers, womens, and indigenous rights. In addition, violence

against women continue to be a major issue for Peru, so there is a pressing need for projects to

end the cycle of violence against women.

IV. Environment

M. Deforestation

Perus unique geographic location accounts for its emphasis on combating deforestation and

environmental degradation. Amazonian rainforest coverage in Peru accounts for 63% of its total

land mass, making it the fourth largest tropical rainforest area in the world and the second in

Latin America, only behind Brazil.44However, the Peruvian Amazon is being depleted at a rate

of .22% annually.45Although this deforestation rate is relatively low considering the countrys

vast rainforest coverage, the percentage of deforestation has been historically lower. Thus, this

progressing escalation has caused concern over the future of the regions biodiversity.

1. Subsistence Farming

Unexpectedly, the principal cause of deforestation is subsistence farming.46Normally,

this practice is the preferred agricultural method for sustainability, yet failed governmental

policies have led this traditional custom to become disadvantageous. According to Peruvian

land-tenure law, if one can prove that one has occupied ones land for at least five years then one


May 2013.45

"REDD in Peru."Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. UN REDD Programme, 7

Apr. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.46

"Peru: Environmental Profile."Peru: Environmental Profile. MongaBay, 6 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 May 2013.


19/41

19

can obtain the right of ownership to the land.47As a result, many Peruvians have migrated to the

Amazon forest in order to sustain themselves, given its low population density and hectares of

untouched land. This vast migration in search of farmland, of which has caused major

deforestation, is directly linked to the lax land-tenure law. Thus, alternatives must be determined

to simultaneously allow for farmers to practice their livelihoods, yet in a sustainable and

environmentally conscious manner.

2. Illegal mining and logging

Illegal mining and logging are responsible for the remaining forest degradation. These

activities inherently destroy the rainforest, consistent with the Ministry of Environments

estimation that 20% of Perus GDP is produced by the exploitation of natural resources.48

Moreover, the building of roads and the overall impact of human activity created by illegal

mining and logging activity disturbs the natural environment and indigenous communities. Due

to the vastness and seclusion of the region, enforcement is rarely reliable in preventing such

behavior. Additionally, the multinational nature of the Amazon requires cooperation between

Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, and among other smaller sites. Not only is this imperative for

these four countries, but the entire global community since the Amazon is the single largest

source of carbon dioxideconsumption, an impending importance with the climate crisis. Action

is needed to enforce both Peruvian and multinational laws against illegal mining and logging.

47"Peru: Environmental Profile."Peru: Environmental Profile. MongaBay, 6 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 May 2013.

48USAID/Peru. 2012. USAID/Peru Country Development Cooperation Strategy. Lima, Peru:

48USAID/Peru.


20/41

20

N. Mining

The mining industry accounts for 60% of Perus total exports, placing it amongst the top

economic contributors.49Additionally, the industry has grown 260% in the past two decades and

shows no sign of decline.50Although beneficial to Perus economic growth, concerns still persist

with mining practices, particularly with workers rights, illegal mining, and environmental

damages, the last of which will be discussed in this section.

3. Pollution caused by mining tailings

The biggest concern over present-day mining is how the industry will be monitored and

regulated for economic benefits along with ecological conservation and protection standards. The

rapid success of the mining trade creates the likelihood of sloppy management in search of quick

profit, with environmental protection frequently being the least prioritized. Present-day economic

successes have obscured inevitably detrimental, perhaps irreversible effects on the environment.

The principal concern is polluted waterways caused by mine tailings. According to the World

Health Organization, nearly 1.6 million people are exposed to lead poisoning directly caused by

the lack of mining environmental standard implementation and enforcement.51Better

conservation policies must be established along with higher pollution caps to stop the mining

industrys threat to water systems.

O. Climate Change

The effects of climate change are a global phenomenon, yet Peru is more susceptible to weather

extremity due to its equatorial and coastal location.El Niois a historical pattern that causes a

49Andina. "Peru's Mining GDP Grew 260% in past Two Decades." Online posting.Andina. N.p., 18 May 2010.

Web. 19 May 2013.50

Ibid.51

Van Geen, Alexander, Carolina Bravo, Vladimir Gil, Shaky Sherpa, and Darby Jack.Lead Exposure from Soil in

Peruvian Mining Towns: A National Assessment Supported by Two Contrasting Examples. World Health

Organization, 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.


21/41

21

disruption in normal weather behaviors every three to seven years that has been occurring with a

higher frequency due to rising global carbon emissions. The direct effects on Peru are 1) increase

in ocean water temperature 2) decrease in fisheries and 3) heavier rains and more regular

flooding.52The opposite phenomenon,La Nia, includes droughts, yet higher yields of fish

because of cold deep oceanic currents.53The extremity between the two seasons makes already

delicate fisheries more vulnerable. However, this can be offset by rotating between fishing

duringLa Nia and agriculture duringEl Nio. The most alarming worry is over the extreme

weather that is associated with these phenomenons.El Nio andLa Niaare predictable in that

they will occur, but Peru still lacks national and regional preparedness for catastrophic droughts

and floods.

IV.d Conclusory Remarks

Due to Perus distinct location in the paths ofEl Nio andLa Niaalong with its highly

diverse ecosystem, it is exposed to a greater susceptibility than most countries. Additionally, the

uniqueness and survival of the Amazonian flora and fauna are vital to combating global climate

change, placing it at the top in terms of conservation efforts. However, these strides against this

are prevalent in Peru considering the deforestation and environmental degradation caused by

subsistence farming, illegal mining and logging, as well as pollution from mining tailings. On

account of the rurality and inaccessibility of the Amazon, improved enforcement of nature

conservation laws and tighter land-ownership reforms are needed to ensure the vitality of this

region not only for Peruvians, but the world as a whole.

52Suplee, Curt. "El Nio/La Nia: Natures Vicious Cycle."National Geographic. National Geographic Society,

n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.53

Ibid.


22/41

22

V. Health

P. Sanitation

Most of the focus of environmental degradation thus far has been situated within rural settings.

An environmental problem that impacts rural dwellers as well as urbanites is sanitation.

4. Urban sanitation access

In Lima, although access to sanitation in urban areas is up to 81%, there are still over 1.5

million without such services, mainly concentrated in the city outskirts dominated by low-

income households.54The Lima Marginal Areas Sanitary Improvement Project sponsored by the

Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Sedapal, a private Peruvian water

company, in September 2000, called for new and improved existing water treatment facilities as

well as expanding water and sewage networks.55Thus far, the project has proven to be successful

in that it improved sanitation access by five percent over the last decade, taking into account the

over five percent increase in urban population during that same period of time.56This project

proves that sanitation improvement in urban areas is possible. There is a lack water and sewage

infrastructure, but once it is established the results are instant and should continue with regular

maintenance and supervision.

5. Rural sanitation access

Contrary to the success of urban sanitation, rural access to proper sewage systems is

advancing, yet still far behind. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), rural

54Repblica Del Per. Ministerio De Vivienda, Construccin Y Saneamiento.Biblioteca Virtual De Desarrollo

Sostenible Y Salud Ambiental. By Rudecindo Vega Carreazo, Guido Valdivia Rodrguez, and Otto ElspuruNesanovich. N.p., Mar. 2006. Web. 19 May 2013.55

JICA.Lima Marginal Areas Sanitary Improvement Project. Rep. Japan International Cooperation Agency, Sept.

2000. Web. 19 May 2013.56

Repblica Del Per. Ministerio De Vivienda, Construccin Y Saneamiento.Biblioteca Virtual De Desarrollo

Sostenible Y Salud Ambiental. By Rudecindo Vega Carreazo, Guido Valdivia Rodrguez, and Otto Elspuru

Nesanovich. N.p., Mar. 2006. Web. 19 May 2013.


23/41

23

sanitation coverage was at merely 17% in 1990 and has increased to 37% in 2010, twenty years

later.57Although this is an improvement, over 60% of the rural population is still deficient of

proper sanitation, putting them at risk for water-transmitted diseases caused by open

defecation.58Rural accessibility to sanitation systems is a major obstacle that is in need of

assistance.

Q. Child Malnutrition

The biggest health concern in Peru today is child malnutrition. According to the World Bank,

chronic child malnutrition only recently fell from 28.5 % in 2008 to 23.2% in 2010.59Prior, the

rate had remained around 28% for years, with only minimal progress. Rural regions experience

the largest prevalence at 40%.60Furthermore, anemia rates in children 18 months and under are

catastrophically high ranging from 60 to 75%.61Through the Canadian International

Development Agency (CIDA) and UNICEF, a nutritional supplementation program has achieved

a 16% decrease in chronic child malnutrition.62Although this shows advancement, there are still

an extremely high number of malnourished children in Peru. These facts reflect the urgent need

for better child nutrition in Peru, starting with improved maternal health.

R. Maternal Health

The reason many children are chronically malnourished is because their mothers did not receive

vital nutrients and eat adequate diets while pregnant and breastfeeding. An encouraging fact is

57WHO, and UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation."Joint Monitoring

Programme. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 May 2013.58

Ibid.59Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela Country Management Unit, The International Finance Corporation,

and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.Country Partnership Strategy for the Republic of Peru for the Period

FY12-FY16. Rep. no. 66187-PE. The World Bank, 1 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.60

Ibid.61

Nutritional Landscape Information System. Country Profile: Peru. Rep. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 19

May 2013.62

CIDA. "Overview Peru." Canadian International Development Agency. CIDA, 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 May

2013.


24/41

24

that child mortality rates for children under five years old have dramatically declined from an

astonishing 75.1 per 1,000 births in 1990 to 18.1 per 1,000 births in 2011 (see Figure 3).63

Figure 3. This graph shows a decline of 57 percent in the under five mortality rate since 1990.64

The Cajamarca region, located in the Peruvian highlands is relatively isolated from

metropolitan areas and has the fourth largest poverty index in the country. Its current chronic

malnutrition rate of children under five is at 43%.65

For this reason, JICA established Decrease

of Childrens Malnutrition with Focusing of Food Security and Healthy Practices in conjunction

with the Cajamarca regional government. This project aims to 1) decrease child mortality, 2)

improve sanitation, and 3) decrease chronic malnutrition through better prenatal behaviors and

instilling healthy eating practices, such as breastfeeding and weaning instruction, as well as

mother nutritional intake education.66

Programs like these must not only be implemented in

Cajamarca, but also other rural districts to ensure health children and mothers.

63Nutritional Landscape Information System. Country Profile: Peru. Rep. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 19

May 2013.64

WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO).65

JICA.Decrease of the Childrens Malnutrition with Focusing of Food Security and Health Practices.Rep. Japan

International Cooperation Agency, 29 May 2007. Web. 19 May 2013.66

Ibid.


25/41

25

S. Health Coverage

As previously discussed, Peru is experiencing historically high economic conditions, yet

inequality is prevalent. One area in which this is seen is health coverage. Perus private health

expenditure has risen over the years to 87.4%, more than 10% more than the average in Latin

America.67With a significant poverty rate and such a substantial reliance on out-of-pocket health

spending, many Peruvians do not visit health care professionals when they should. Furthermore,

governmental spending on health has declined to merely 4.8% of the national budget.68This

descending trend of public health coverage is harmful to the long-term overall well-being of the

country. Due to relatively prosperous economic conditions, Peru should be taking this

opportunity to improve the health of the poor and rural, which do not reap the benefits of the

current economic situation.

V.e Conclusory Remarks

Accessibility to sanitation, both in rural and urban settings has improved since the 1990s.

Despite this, increased sewage waterways and treatment facilitation centers are needed to

continue proper sanitation coverage for primarily marginalized urban households and rural

peoples. The steps towards this goal begin with large infrastructure projects, of which can then

be sustained with minimal monetary assistance. Furthermore, national expenditure on health care

has experienced a 50 percent decline, evident in the prevalence of child malnutrition. Greater

emphasis on equal health care coverage and proper maternal education is needed to continue the

improvement on overall child health.

67Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure (% of Private Expenditure on Health)." The World Bank. The World Bank,

2013. Web. 19 May 2013.68

WHO. "Peru." World Health Organization. N.p., 2009. Web. 19 May 2013.


26/41

26

VI. Drug Trafficking

Figure 4. Andean Region69

While Coca is today seen as an impediment, it has a deep and convoluted history and culture in

the area that is today Columbia and Peru. Coca cultivation was an aspect of ancient Andean daily

life and therefore maintains its stronghold as a staple of Peruvian life. As the consequences of

rapid coca farming became glaringly apparent our government began a long series fight to reduce

the prevalence of the crop. However since 1976, the increasing international demand for cocaine

has increased the production of coca crops in the Peruvian Amazon region. The focus of coca in

Peru has been amplified by the efforts to limit the production of coca in Colombia, Perus

northern neighbor.

69"Why Is Less Cocaine Coming from Colombia." The Economist Newspaper, 2 Apr. 2013. 16 May 2013.


27/41

27

T. Consequences of Coca

Due to the profitability of this product there has been a loss of diversity in the agriculture sector.

Additionally the rural locals are influenced to grow coca by large gangs that retain control of

rural regions, such as Sendero Luminoso. Coca production constructs three major consequences

for state stability. These consequences can be epitomized as immigration (erratic movement of

poor campesinos(peasants) towards the Andes region), disorderly growth (disparities in

wealth/class), and that of local leaderships based on economic power and corruption.

While Peru has grown more economically and democratically stable, parts of the

Peruvian countryside remain apart from these benefits. According to USAID, the drug trade

creates violence that impacts Peruvian citizens, weakens the institutionalized state, and is a major

security threat.70It should be prominent goal of global aid communities to continue to foster

partnerships in order to halt coca growth and create alternative agroexports to that of coca.

U. Tackling Coca

Peru's National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (DEVIDA) has devised a

three part system for addressing drugs trafficking:

6.Shift from Coca to Cacao and other sustainable agroexports

Projects emphasizing tax benefits and subsidization for other crops reduces cocas

monetary influence over farmers.

7. Drug Eradication

Aid partnerships and aerial support can eradicate the large permeating coca farms that are

cultivating and exporting coca for non-traditional (non-indigenous) use.

`

70Bernier, Julia, Kristin Boehne, Shoshana Grossman-Crist, and Elizabeth Shuelcke. "USAIDs Strategic

Framework: Examples from Haiti, Bolivia and Peru."Heinz9.2 (2012). Print.


28/41

28

8. Education

Through aid in funding to support programs of drug awareness we believe we can stem

the belief that drugs (cocaine) are sustainable, practical, and idyllic components of what it

means to be Peruvian. Additionally through increased education primarily in the most

susceptible area (Andes) children and parents alike will have more access to careers

outside of Coca, as well knowledge of the consequences its cultivation holds for

communities.

Currently one implemented program dealing with drug eradication have been successful.

With the liberalization of Perus economy, and the second ever free and fair democratic

elections, Peru is now able to effectively battle its most blatant problem, coca production for

export. A spotlight program in our integrated approach to stop drug trafficking is our partnership

with NAS (Embassy Narcotics Affairs Section)and USAID along with our own Peruvian Coca

Eradication agency. Together we have eradicated more than 10,000 hectares of illegal coca in

2011 equivalent to 71 tons of export-quality cocaine. The goal for 2013 is to eradicate 22,000

hectares and to begin eradication in new areas.71

Besides eradication, USAID, our current governmental sectors, and local non profits have

discovered alternative strategies for the coca-free future such as shifting agriculture

implementation from Coca to Cacao. USAID/Peru's Alternative Development team is currently

implementing this shift. In close cooperation with regional and local government Perus

Alternative Development team is helping plant cacao, coffee, and other cash-generating crops in

areas once dominated by Coca production. Our goals are increasing crop productivity, promoting

71Likins, Rose. "U.S.-Peru Partnership: Working To Reduce Illegal Coca Cultivation." U.S. Department of State, 6

Mar. 2012. Web. 1 May 2013.


29/41

29

access to credit for farmers, and partnering with local community leaders in order to support

locally formulated initiatives. One example of this success has been in Peru's San Martin Region

where 40,000 hectares of coffee, cacao and palm oil have been cultivated in replacement of

22,000 hectares of illegal coca that were eradicated.72

V. Why is aid invaluable now

Aid in battling the drug trade is more crucial now than ever. As Peru continues to liberalize our

democratic economy, it is increasingly apparent that our growth is hindered by a legacy of drugs.

While USAID and others claim that they succeeded in limiting coca in Colombia it is apparent

that this trade has not faltered but instead moved to Peru. While corruption fostered this growth

of Coca for many years, Peru is now at secure enough internally to cut ties to the drug trade

permanently. However, this cannot be done without economic support such as a market for new

products to rival those of the illegal narcotics trade. With aid from the global community Peru

will be able to develop without a reliance on narcotics.

VI.f Conclusory Remarks

Through our three part integrative approach of eradication, education, and transformation

we here believe Peru can fully develop. Peru has a lot to offer in both resources as well as

agricultural ability, and as a economically open and liberal market nation, we are easy accessible

to trade and investment. In reiteration with the help of donor aid in the form of integrated

education, eradication, and new agricultural projects, Peru could serve as a poster child for

sustainable developmental progression, incorporative aid, and liberalization.

72Likins, Rose. "U.S.-Peru Partnership: Working To Reduce Illegal Coca Cultivation." U.S. Department of State, 6

Mar. 2012. Web. 1 May 2013.


30/41

30

VII. Anti-Corruption

Peru has been under authoritarian rule for much of its history. Due to a perennial absence of

checks to the executive branch of government been often plagued by corruption. In the context of

electoral democracy corruption is a way of obtaining and maintaining power. Former President

Fujimori is an example of this. However Fujimoris indictment and imprisonment shows Perus

is improving past a double standard of social justice rhetoric and prevalent corruption. The

election of Ollanta Humala in free and fair elections showed showed the the peoples

commitment in eradicating corruption, protecting human rights, and eliminating the drug trade.

W. Protecting Democracy

Along with global partners and aid organizations, Peru has instituted three methods to ensure that

aid effectiveness continues and that corruption does not relapse.

9. Create fair, protected, and open media

With aid to media sectors and protection of journalists, leaders will be more accountable

and to the public agenda.

10. Eliminating high trade Coca plantations

Aid to partnerships and aerial support can eradicate the large permeating coca farms that

are being culminating and exporting coca for non-traditional use.

11. Education

Through anti-corruption initiatives such as discouraging bribes in the public sector

(police, educators, governmental employees), and providing assistance in the form of

monetary aid and improved screening processes & training.


31/41

31

X. Media

An often overlooked but crucial way of supporting aid effectiveness is in supporting free media.

As recently as 2000, Perus televised political channels were not only highly biased but actually

owned by proponents of Fujimoris candidacy through back door deals. Supporting the media

industry can create more access to fair media. Nearly 10 million Peruvians were online by

December 2011, indicating growing pervasiveness of electronic media.73Independent media is a

way to curb corruption by increasing accountability. Physical attacks and verbal threats against

journalists are currently commonplace, with topics including corruption and drug trafficking

considered particularly dangerous to cover.

74

Y. Drug War

The drug war poses a serious problem to the ability for the government to stay uncorrupt as well

as for aid to be effective. Those growing coca typically are less educated, have poorer health, and

more impoverished. By eliminating illegal Coca exports and shifting to new sustainable

agriculture, Peru would effectively limit the power of drug lords. Subsequently, this would

reduce corruption in government officials and would allow Peru to be unhindered in its

development.

Z.Education

Workshops provided to government employees about the adverse effects of corruption would go

a long ways in changing practices on the ground. In the past, corruption has been deemed

acceptable by many officials. Through raising the salaries of employees (to reduce influence) and

initiatives that effectively encourage whistleblowing, corruption can significantly lessened.

73"Peru Country Profile."BBC News. BBC, 31 July 2012. Web. 3 May 2013.

74McCracken, Patti.A Guide to Evolution of Insult Laws in 2010. Publication. Washington D.C.: Freedom House,

2010. Print. INSULT LAWS: INSULTING TO PRESS FREEDOM.


32/41

32

One group that has been making large strides in moderating governmental corruption in

Peru is the UNs subsidiary of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) the Millenium

Challenge Corporation (MCC). The MCCs Anti-Corruption Threshold Program is currently

helping the Government of Peru (GOP) combat public corruption by improving administrative

systems and procedures, strengthening enforcement, and increasing public awareness about

corruption.75

In the first two years at the project close to 2000 media and civil society representatives,

including judges, government officials and lawyers have been involved in seminars on the

mechanisms available for citizens to combat corruption.

76

Dissemination campaigns were also

implemented to promote the our Judiciarys anticorruption initiatives among the general public

allowing citizens to learn how they can actively fight corruption.

Aa. Aid Sustainability

This is an incredibly critical time to support Peru. Peru is finally tackling corruption after

centuries of misrule. However, despite this, Peru is involuntarily embroiled in an ever growing

drug trade that not only breaks up communities but is primarily caused by foreign addictions.

Peru needs more aid and assistance in combating this problem. Moreover the problem of drugs

and effective governance are interconnected as many of the coups and rebellions that have

plagued Peru are funded through cocaine industry profits. Additionally, the drug trade presents

environmental consequences such as deforestation and widespread pesticide use. Despite recent

improvements, the sentiments of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

former executive director Antonio Maria Costa still hold true in that Peru needs a strategy to

75"MCC Anticorruption Threshold Program." Coffey International Limited. MCC Web. 4 May 2013.

76"Combating Corruption in Peru - MSI Worldwide."MSI Worldwide. MCC. Web. 26 Apr. 2013.


33/41

33

provide attractive, viable options to dissuade farmers from growing coca leaves. Costa states,

"This means more alternative development, aerial and land interdiction and precursor control.77

VII.g Conclusory Remarks

Through a three part integrative approach of education, free-media, and the combating

the drug trade, Peru would be able to continue developing as well as implementing aid

effectively. Peru adheres to the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness therefore signifying its

stance on fully instituting sustainability and transparency in every facet of government.

VIII. Conclusion

Peru has come far in recent years, but still has a long ways to go. Despite a rapidly growing

economy and major moves towards true democracy and away from corruption and human rights

abuses, Peru continues to experience persistent poverty and inequality, especially in its rural

areas. Ironically, in spite of continuing problems that threaten to undo recent accomplishments,

Perus successes disqualify it from many forms of international aid. Peru has proven that it can

use aid effectively despite significant challenges, but it needs continuing assistance to finish the

progress that it has started.

Bb. Millennium Development Goals

Peru has made major progress on many of the Millenium Development Goals, and hopes to

achieve, as well as surpass as many goals as possible.

77"UN Survey Shows Stable Coca Production in Peru, No Major Shift from Colombia." UN News Center. UN, 15

May 2003. Web. 2 May 2013.


34/41

34

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

" In 2012, only 4.9% of Perus population subsisted on less than $1.25 per day, the

international extreme poverty line, down from 12.4 % in 2000.78 Peru has also

implemented major programs to reduce child malnutrition.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

" Approximately 92.9% of Peruvians are literate79, and the average student will

complete 8.7 years of school, up from only 5.5 years in 2000.80Despite access

problems in rural areas, Peruvians are more educated than ever before.

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

" In 1997, a 30% quota for womens representation in Congress, Andean

Parliament, local, and regional governments was passed guaranteeing women a

voice government.81

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

" Since 2000, Perus child mortality rate has dropped by more than half, from

approximately 40 to 18 per 1000 children.82

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

" Maternal mortality rates have dropped substantially since 2000 from 120 to 67

deaths per 100,000 live births.83

78

United Nations. United Nations Development Programme.MPI: Population living below $1.25 PPP per day.15October 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.79


May 2013.80

United Nations. United Nations Development Programme. Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years).15

October 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.81

"Fact Sheet: The Equal Futures Partnership to Expand Women's Political and Economic Participation." The White


United Nations. World Health Organization.Peru: health profile . May 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.


35/41

35

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

" Once notorious for its high incidence of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis, Perus

Tuberculosis infection rate has been steadily declining, a major accomplishment

given MDR-TBs difficulty in treatment.84

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

" Peru is working with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

to increase local people agency and participation in conservation efforts to

reduce the threat to red-listed species and increase sustainability, as seen in the

reformed national forest law No. 27308.85

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

" Peru has been tackling difficult intra-governmental issues of corruption and

human rights abuses with much success. Former president Fujimoris conviction

and imprisonment on corruption and human rights abuse charges demonstrate to

the world that even though Peru is dedicated to equality and liberty. Despite the

lasting effects from civil wars of the past half century, Peru is committed to

defending human rights at the highest level.

The vivacity of current growth in Peru and its acceptance of a liberalization provide

USAID, CIDA,IMF, JICA, OECD, EuropeAid, and all liberal development programs with a

quick success story. Peru completely restructured and liberalized its economy and maintains a

willing partner poised to become a regional leader in an area where liberal regimes are often

83"Fact Sheet: The Equal Futures Partnership to Expand Women's Political and Economic Participation." The White


United Nations. World Health Organization.Peru: Tuberculosis profile. May 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.85

Norgrove, Linda.Engaging Local Stakeholders in Forest Management in the Peruvian Amazon. Rep. IUCN, n.d.

Web. 20 May 2013.


36/41

36

poorly received. Peru has made a fairly quick transition from a country overwhelmed by

corruption into a stable democracy. As a result of these characteristics, Peru is an exemplar of the

UNs and Western agencies ideal for third world development in terms of economic and political

transformation.

Perus focus on improving inequality, education, health, environmental quality,

governmental accountability, and rural infrastructure moves the country towards a truly just,

democratic, and prosperous future. In continuing global partnerships, Peru looks forward to a

new golden age of development.


37/41

37

Bibliography

Andina. "Peru's Mining GDP Grew 260% in past Two Decades." Online posting.Andina. N.p.,

18 May 2010. Web. 19 May 2013

Bernier, Julia, Kristin Boehne, Shoshana Grossman-Crist, and Elizabeth Shuelcke. "USAIDs

Strategic Framework: Examples from Haiti, Bolivia and Peru."Heinz9.2 (2012). Print.

"Bilingual Education: A Key to Development for Children of the Amazon." Canadian

International Development Agency (CIDA). N.p., 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela Country Management Unit, The International

Finance Corporation, and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.Country

Partnership Strategy for the Republic of Peru for the Period FY12-FY16. Rep. no.

66187-PE. The World Bank, 1 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

CIDA. "Overview Peru." Canadian International Development Agency. CIDA, 25 Mar. 2013.

Web. 19 May 2013.

"Combating Corruption in Peru - MSI Worldwide."MSI Worldwide. MCC. Web. 26 Apr. 2013.

"Fact Sheet: The Equal Futures Partnership to Expand Women's Political and Economic

Participation." The White House. N.p., 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

Geography (Peru).Europa World Plus. Routledge. n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.

History (Peru).Europa World Plus. Routledge. n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.

Japan International Cooperation Agency. "Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification by

Renewable Energy in the Republic of Peru."Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification

by Renewable Energy in the Republic of Peru-Final Report. N.p., Aug. 2008. Web. 10

Apr. 2013.


38/41

38

JICA.Decrease of the Childrens Malnutrition with Focusing of Food Security and Health

Practices.Rep. Japan International Cooperation Agency, 29 May 2007. Web. 19 May

2013.

JICA.Lima Marginal Areas Sanitary Improvement Project. Rep. Japan International

Cooperation Agency, Sept. 2000. Web. 19 May 2013.

Likins, Rose. "U.S.-Peru Partnership: Working To Reduce Illegal Coca Cultivation." U.S.

Department of State, 6 Mar. 2012. Web. 1 May 2013.

"MCC Anticorruption Threshold Program." Coffey International Limited. MCC Web. 4 May

2013.

McCracken, Patti.A Guide to Evolution of Insult Laws in 2010. Publication. Washington

D.C.: Freedom House, 2010. Print. INSULT LAWS: INSULTING TO PRESS

FREEDOM.

"News." World Bank and Peru A Partnership for Development with Social Inclusion and

Equity. N.p., 30 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 May 2013.

Norgrove, Linda.Engaging Local Stakeholders in Forest Management in the Peruvian Amazon.

Rep. IUCN, n.d. Web. 20 May 2013.

Nutritional Landscape Information System. Country Profile: Peru. Rep. World Health

Organization, n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.

Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure (% of Private Expenditure on Health)." The World Bank. The

World Bank, 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.

"Peru: Environmental Profile."Peru: Environmental Profile. MongaBay, 6 Feb. 2006. Web. 19

May 2013.

"Peru Country Profile."BBC News. BBC, 31 July 2012. Web. 3 May 2013.


39/41

39

"Peru: Beyond The Gender Gap." WDR 2012. N.p., 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

"Peru/World Bank: 140,000 People in Scattered and Vulnerable Rural Areas to Access

Electricity."News & Broadcast -. N.p., 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 May 2013.

"Projects & Operations."Education Quality Improvement Project. The World Bank, 4 Dec.

2012. Web. 11 May 2013.

"Projects & Operations."PE Basic Education Project. The World Bank, 17 Jan. 2013. Web.

19 May 2013.

"Projects & Operations."PE Social Inclusion DPL . The World Bank, 13 Dec. 2012. Web.

19 May 2013.

"Projects & Operations."PE Rural Electrification. N.p., 7 Mar. 2006. Web. 19 May 2013.

"Projects & Operations." Second Rural Electrification Project. N.p., 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 16

Apr. 2013.

"Project Peru." Women in Peru. N.p., 2011. Web. 19 May 2013.

"Project Profile for Improving Basic Education for Indigenous and Rural Children in

Southern Andean and Amazonian Peru."Improving Basic Education for

Indigenous and Rural Children in Southern Andean and Amazonian Peru.

Canadian International Development Agency, 2010. Web. 19 May 2013.

"REDD in Peru."Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. UN REDD

Programme, 7 Apr. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

Repblica Del Per. Ministerio De Vivienda, Construccin Y Saneamiento.Biblioteca Virtual

De Desarrollo Sostenible Y Salud Ambiental. By Rudecindo Vega Carreazo, Guido

Valdivia Rodrguez, and Otto Elspuru Nesanovich. N.p., Mar. 2006. Web. 19 May

2013.


40/41

40

Suplee, Curt. "El Nio/La Nia: Natures Vicious Cycle."National Geographic. National

Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.

"UN Survey Shows Stable Coca Production in Peru, No Major Shift from Colombia." UN News

Center. UN, 15 May 2003. Web. 2 May 2013.

United Nations. United Nations Development Programme. Mean years of schooling (of adults)

(years).15 October 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

United Nations. United Nations Development Programme.MPI: Population living below $1.25

PPP per day.15 October 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

United Nations. World Health Organization.Peru: Tuberculosis profile. May 2013. Web. 19

May 2013.

United States of America. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook - Peru. N.p., 8 May

2013. Web. 19 May 2013.

United States of America. Library of Congress. Country Studies: Peru. N.p. September 1992.

Web. 19 May 2013.

"USAID/Peru Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS)." USAID Peru -. N.p., n.d.

Web. 19 May 2013.

USAID/Peru. 2012. USAID/Peru Country Development Cooperation Strategy. Lima, Peru:

USAID/Peru.

Van Geen, Alexander, Carolina Bravo, Vladimir Gil, Shaky Sherpa, and Darby Jack.Lead

Exposure from Soil in Peruvian Mining Towns: A National Assessment Supported by Two

Contrasting Examples. World Health Organization, 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

"Why Is Less Cocaine Coming from Colombia." The Economist Newspaper, 2 Apr. 2013. 16

May 2013.


41/41

WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO).

"WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women."

World Health Organization. N.p., 2005. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.

WHO. "Peru." World Health Organization. N.p., 2009. Web. 19 May 2013.

WHO, and UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation."

Joint Monitoring Programme. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 May 2013.

"Women and Human Rights in Peru - Article - Peru Support Group."Peru Support Group. N.p.,

May-June 2012. Web. 19 May 2013.

World Bank. Data.Peru.N.d. Web. 19 May 2013.

"World DataBank." World Development Indicators. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2013.

"World Report 2013."Peru. Human Rights Watch, 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.

Date post:	04-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vskywokervs
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Republic of Peru 2

Documents