;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ / ;+s6 ;dfwfgM dfgj clwsf/df hf]lvd

gful/s

;dfh

sf nfl

u ;|f]t–

k'l:ts

f -6'ns

L6_

sf]/f]gf

efO/;

-sf]le8

–!(_

cGt/f{li6«o ;fem]bf/x?of] ;|f]t–k'l:tsf -6'nls6_ tn pNn]lvt cGt/fli6«o gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf tof/ u/L k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf] .

Equidem Nepal Nepal https://www.equidemresearch.org

Awaj FoundationBangladeshhttp://awajfoundation.org

CristosalCentral America https://www.cristosal.org

FENAPDEthiopiahttp://www.fenapd.org/site/

YLBHIIndonesiahttps://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/foundation-indonesian-le-gal-aid-institute

Human Rights in China Peoples Republic of China https://www.hrichina.org/en

IVIDE Ethiopia

Initiative for International Dialogue Philippines,Myanmar, Mindanoa,Thailand,West Papua and Timor Lestehttps://iidnet.org

MENA Rights Middle East and North Africa http://www.menarights.org/en

Migrant Care Indonesiahttp://www.migrantcare.net

Sajid Iqbal Foundation Indian Administered Jammu and Kashmir https://www.facebook.com/groups/the-sajidiqbalfoundation/

Pusaka Indonesia

Soros Foundation Kazakhstan Kazakhstan https://www.soros.kz/en/

AJAR Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Solomon Islandshttps://asia-ajar.org

People’s Watch India https://www.facebook.com/pg/ peopleswatch.org/about/

Lokataru Foundation Indonesiahttps://lokataru.id

KontraS Indonesiahttps://kontras.org/en/ EHRCO

Ethiopian Human Rights CouncilEthiopiahttps://www.ecoi.net/en/source/11110.html

CEHRO Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations Ethiopiahttps://www.facebook.com/cehros/

EIHR Ethiopian Initiative for Human Rights Ethiopiahttps://www.facebook.com/ eihrethiopia/?ref=py_c

ljifo;"rL! kl/ro 4

@ ;+s6sflng of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ul/g] tl/sfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL hf]lvdx? 7

# ;+s6sflng of]hgfx?sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL hf]lvdx? 11

$ hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfodf ;+s6sflng sfg'g tyf gLltx?x?n] lgDTofpg] vt/f 19

% kl/l:ylt nlIft of]hgfsf] dxTj 24

^ P8\ef]s];Lsf nflu ;Defljt lgsfox? 25

km'6gf]6x? 28

Appendix 30

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL4

!=! gful/s ;dfhsf nflu sf]le8–!( ;DaGwL of] 6'nls6 ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltsf af/]df gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ x]t'n] tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf cnfjdf 6'nls6n] To:tf sfg'g / gLlt s:tf] k|lqmofaf6 kfl/t ul/G5 eGg] ljifonfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf b[li6n] lgoflnNg]5 / ;+s6sf cj:yfdf ckgfOg] To:tf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug]{ / ;'emfpg] sfd ub{5 h;n] ;LdfGts[t / hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;d'bfonfO{ c;Gt'lnt k|s[ltsf] c;/ kfb{5 .

!=@ of] 6'nls6 dxfdf/Lsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wgsf nflu ckgfOg] pkfodWo] d'Vo u/]/ tLga6f hf]lvdsf If]q -ljifo_ x?nfO{ Wofg lbP/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 M

• ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g tyf gLlt sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdx?Ù

• ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltdf ;dfj]z ul/g] k|fjwfgsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdx?Ù

• sfg'g, gLlt / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cEof;sf af/0f hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf ;d'bfodfly pTkGg x'g] vt/f

!=# hf]lvdsf tL ljifox?sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu of] 6'nls6nfO{ 5 v08df ljefuhg ul/Psf] 5 . x/]s v08df gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf nflu ;Defljt k|Zgsf] ;"rL g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] tL k|Zgx?sf] cfwf/df cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]i0f ul/Psf] 5 . -ljZn]if0f jfx]ssf] ;+efljt k|Zgx?sf] ;"rL cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5_ . tL 5 j6f v08x? lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

!= kl/ro

@= ;+s6sflng of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ul/g] tl/sfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL hf]lvdx?

#= ;+s6sflng of]hgfx?sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL hf]lvdx?

$= hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfodf ;+s6sflng sfg'g tyf gLltx?x?n] lgDTofpg] vt/f

%= kl/l:ylt nlIft of]hgfsf] dxTj

^= P8\ef]s];Lsf nflu l;kmfl/;x?

! kl/ro

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL5

!=$ o; 6'nls6df pNn]v ul/Psf ljifoj:t'÷;fdu|Lx? ljZjsf ;/sf/x?n] clxn]sf] ;+s6sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ckgfPsf pkfox?sf af/]df xfdL / xfd|f ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . …cft+sjfbÚ lj?4sf sfg'g / gLltx? ;Gbe{df nufOg] ;+s6sfn jf k|of]u ul/g] ljz]if clwsf/sf] cj:yfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ / ltgsf] k|ltjfb ug]{ sfddf o; /fO6\; P08 ;]So'l/6L OG6/g];gnn] ljut #) jif{df xfl;n u/]sf] cg'ej ;d]tnfO{ of] 6'nls6 tof/Lsf nflu pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] cg'ejn] of] atfPsf] 5 ls ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfdf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx?n] lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ M

• ;+s6sfnLg of]hgf sfg'gx?df cfwfl/t tyf sfg'gL lx;fjn] kfl/t ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 / To:tf of]hgfx? ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pknAw x'g' kb{5 . olb To;f] gePdf lbG5g\Ù

• ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltx? lglZrt ;dosf nflu NofOg' kb{5 . of] ;se/ 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu NofOg' kb{5 / hlt cjlwsf] nflu cTofjZos x'G5, Tolt cjlwsf] nflu dfq} sfof{Gjogdf NofOg' kb{5 . olb To;f] gePdf lbG5g\Ù

• ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltx?sf] pko'Qm lx;fjn] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ul/g' kb{5 h;df gful/s ;dfh ;lxt j[xQ/ If]qsf] v'nf ;xeflutf x'g' kb{5 . olb To;f] gePdf lbG5g\Ù

• ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltx? kmut ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf xsdf dfq k|of] u ul/g' cTofjjZos zt{ xf] -clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] of] cj:yfn] hg:jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0faf6 sfg'gL cfjZostfnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] x'g' kb{5_ / of] tTsfnsf] cfjZostfsf b[li6n] ;dfg'kflts x'g' kb{5 . olb To;f] gePdf lbG5g\Ù

• ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx? dfgj clwsf/ HofbtL ug]{ /÷jf o;n] hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfsf / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf gful/sx?nfO{ lje]b ug]{ k|s[ltsf] x'g' x'Fb}g . olb To;f] gePdf k|efljt ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df To:tf] HofbtLsf/L, c;Gt'lnt /÷jf lje]bsf/L lqmofsnfknfO[ r'gf}lt lbG5g\Ù /

• ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ul/Psf] eP klg dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gx?df hjfkmb]lxtf /xG5 .

!=% jt{dfg dxfdf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df sltko ;/sf/x?n] c;n dg;fon] ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx? sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf 5g\, h;n] gful/sx?sf] clwsf/df cg'dfg gul/Psf jf grfx]sf c;/x? k/]sf 5g\ . t/ sltko ;/sf/x?n] eg] ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfnfO{ xltof/sf ?kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ / o;nfO{ lglZrt ;d'bfonfO{ lgzfgf agfpg Pj+ cfkm\gf] zlQmsf] k|e'Tj hdfpgdf lgof]lht ?kdf pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . tL b'j} cj:yfdf ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx?n] hf]lvddf /x]sf / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ c;dfg'kflts lx;fjn] c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . s]xL pbfx/0fx?df t ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfn] sltkonfO{ lg;fgf agfO/x]sf] ;d]t b]lvof] . ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfksf sf/0fn] cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, cfk|jf;L >lds, aGbL, z/0fsf] vf]hLdf /x]sf, z/0ffyL{, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s / Go'g cfo ePsf ;fdflhs ;d'bfosf dflg;x? -vf;u/L hf] 3/jf/ /lxt 5g\_ df c;dfg'kflts c;/x? k/]sf sof}F 36gf / ltgsf a9\bf] ;+Vofsf pbfx/0fx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL6

!=^ ;fdflhs b'/L, /fli6«o ns8fpg / cleJolQm :jtGqtfdflysf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f gful/s ;dfhsf] lqmofsnfkdf ;+s'rg cfPsf]n] gful/s tyf nf]stflGqs cfjfhx? cfg'kflts ?kdf ;fF3'l/Psf] 5 . s]xL b]zx?df ;/sf/n] /fhgLlts lj/f]w / lgjf{rg h:tf nf]stflGqs lqmofsnfk tyf cbfnt Pj+ cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf sf/jfxLnfO{ g} lgif]w jf k"0f{ k|ltjGw ;d]t nufOPsf] 5 . o:tf sbdx?n] ubf{ gful/s ;dfhsf ;d"xx?nfO{ ;+ul7t x'g] / k|ltjfb ug]{ sfddf c;/ k/]sf] 5 / o;n] ubf{ ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx?sf] cg'udg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ pgLx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt ul/lbPsf] 5 .

!=& sf]le8–!( ;LhL{t ;+s6 ;Daf]wgsf qmddf ljleGg If]q / /fi6«x?df b]vf k/]sf cj:yf / ljifox?nfO{ /fO{6\; P08 ;]So'l/6L OG6/g];gnn] gful/s ;dfhsf p;sf ;fem]bf/x? ;lxt eP/ clen]vLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . To;f] ug]{ qmddf xfdL cft+safb lj?4sf] ;Gbe{sf] xfd|f] cg'ejx?nfO{ clxn]sf] ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] kl/k|]Ifdf pkof]u ug]{5f}F . To:t} gful/s ;dfhx? tyf pgLx?n] h;nfO{ ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ ltgLx?nfO{ pgLx?n] ef]Ug' kg{ ;Sg] r'gf}ltx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;fdfgf ug{ ;Sg] u/L yk alnof] agfpg xfdL gful/s ;dfhx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{5f}F . o;f] ug{sf nflu s[kof xfdLnfO{ lgDg ljifodf covid19@rightsandsecurity.org df hfgsf/Lx? k7fpg'xf];\ M

• olb tkfO{sf] If]q jf /fi6«df s'g} ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g jf gLlt NofOPsf] 5, / of] slt cjlwsf] nflu NofOPsf] xf] eGg] hfgsf/L

• ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;+;b, cbfnt jf /fHosf s'g} c+un] cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 5}g, / To:tf lgsfok|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g' k5{ kb}{g < olb To:tf] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug{ jf To; ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf ;d:of pk/ r'gf}lt lbg tkfO{n] s'g} cj/f]w 5 eg

• tL ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltn] s'g} lglZrt ;d'bfonfO{ lg;fgf agfPsf] 5 jf c;dfg'kflts tj/n] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 eg] . olb ;Dej 5 eg] lglZrt 36gfsf] ljj/0f g} pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .

• ltgsf sf/0fn] gful/s ;dfhsf ?kdf tkfO{x?n] ;fdgf ug{‘ kl//x]sf r'gf}ltx?

• If]qLo jf /fli6«o s'g} lgsfo -h:t} /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]ux?, cDa'8\;d]g cflb_ x?sf] k|ltlqmof tyf cbfnt jf k|zf;lgs lgsfon] ;f] ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfsf af/]df JoQm u/]sf k|ltlqmof jf ltgn] u/]sf lg0f{ox?

/fO{6\; P08 ;]So'l/6L OG6/g];gn -o;cl3sf] /fO{6\; jfr o'=s]=_ n] Gofo / k|efjsf/L ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g ub{5 . xfdL vf;u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff / cft+safb lj?4sf lqmofsnfkdf lhDd]jf/L / dfgj clwsf/sf] ljlwsf] k|j4{g ub{5f}F . xfdL of] sfd ljut #) jif{b]lv ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F .

xfd|f] af/]df yk hfgsf/L www.rwuk.org jf www.rightsandsecurity.org pknAw 5 .xfdLnfO{ 6\jL6/df @rightssecurity df kmnf] ug'{xf];\ .

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL7

@=! k|Zgx?M ;+s6sflng sfg'gL k|lqmofx?

k|Zg !M s] ;+s6sfns g} 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 < s] ;+s6sfnL cj:yf ;DaGwL s'g} sfg'g, of]hgf tyf gLltx? hf/L ul/Psf] 5 / Tof] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg @M ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu /fHonfO{ sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf cfwf/x? -;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs_ s] s:tf 5g\ <

k|Zg #M ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfnfO{ nfu" ug{sf nflu pko'Qm k|lqmofx? ckgfOPsf] 5 < s] tL k|lqmofx? ;fj{hlgs ul/of] < ul/Pg eg] lsg <

k|Zg $M olb ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu tf]lsPsf] s'g} k|lqmof 5 eg] To;sf] k|of]u ul/of] ls ul/Pg < jf ;+s6sfn eg]/ …gfdÚ r} lbOof] t/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf nfu' x'g] sfg'gsf] dfq} k|of]u ul/of] ls <

k|Zg %M olb ;fdfGo cj:yfdf nfu' x'g] sfg'gsf] k|of]u u/L ljBdfg ;+s6sfnLg k|lqmofx? -vf;u/L ;+j}wflgs_ canDag ul/Psf] 5< olb 5 eg] Tof] s] sf/0fn] xf]nf < s] ;/sf/n] To:tf] k|lqmof canDag ul/g'sf] sf/0f atfPsf] 5 <

k|Zg ^M olb ;fdfGo sfg'g dfq} k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] ltgn] dfgj clwsf/x? pk/ nufOg] k|ltjGw sfg'gL x'g

;Sb5 <1

k|Zg &M olb ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 eg] s] ;/sf/n] dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] p;sf] cGt/f{li6«o bfloTjk|lt s'g} anldRofO{+ u/]sf] 5 < olb 5}g eg] s;/L <

5nkmnM ;+s6sfnLg sfg'gsf k|lqmofx?

@=@ ;a} eGbf klxnf of] :ki6 xf]cf}F ls, k|foM /fi6«x?df s:tf] cj:yfdf ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 jf hf/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljlwx? :ki6 5g\ . o:tf Joj:yfx? vf;u/]/ ;+j}wflgs, sfo{sf/L / sfg'gL k|fjwfg cGtu{t pNn]v ul/G5 h;df, pbfx/0fsf nflu, æ;+s6sfnÆ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] cj:yfdf lglZrt k|fjwfgx?sf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/x? cfsl:ds k|lqmofx?dfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf x'g] ub{5g\ . o; ljlw cGtu{t ;fdfGo cj:yfdf sfg'g kfl/t ug{sf nflu lgwf{l/t ;fdfGo k|lqmofeGbf dfly hfg jf Tof] k|lqmofnfO{ lgnDag ug{ ;lsG5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fdfGo k|lqmofeGbf w]/} rfF8f] / sd k|lqmof ckgfpg ;lsG5_ . c;fdfGo cj:yfsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ lbg] o:tf ;+s6sfnLg k|lqmof ljBdfg /x]sf] a]nfdf ;/sf/n] tL k|fjwfgx?sf] k|of]u s]jn ;+s6sf] cj:yf pRr /x]sf] cj:yf;Dd dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g tyf gLltx? p;sf] nIo k"/f ug{sf nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm lyof] egL k'li6 klg ug'{ kb{5 . ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf tL dfkb08x? k"/f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s'/faf6 ;/sf/nfO{ pGd'lQm lbg' x'Fb}g . gful/s ;dfhn] oL s'/fx? ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

@ ;+s6sflng of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ul/g] tl/sfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL hf]lvdx?

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL8

@=# bf];|f] s'/f, /fHon] ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff s;/L ul/g' kb{5 egL ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx? ljBdfg /x]sf] cj:yfdf klg tL k|fjwfgx? cg';/0f gul/Psf] x'g ;Sb5 . slxn]sfxL ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ oL k|lqmofx?åf/f sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg ul/Ps} x'Fb}g, a? ;fwf/0f sfg'gL k|lqmof dfkm{t\ g} c;fwf/0f sfg'gL k|lqmofx? sfof{Gjog ul/Psf x'G5g\ -h;nfO{ slxn]sfxLF æl8km\ofS6f]Æ ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yf – cyf{t\ oyfy{df r} ;+s6sf] cj:yf t/ sfg'gdf r} x}g klg elgG5 ._2 cft+sjfbsf] k|ltsfo{sf bf}/fg ul/g' kg]{ dfgj clwsf/ / g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g (Protection and

promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism) ;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bs lkmof]Ggfpnf gL cnf]Og (Fionnuala Ní Aoláin) n] atfpg' eP adf]lhd c3f]lift l8km\ofS6f] ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf kfl/t ul/g] sfg'gx?n] To:tf hf]lvdx? k}bf x'G5g\ h;n] ;+s6sfn;DaGwL ljlwx? sfg'gL k|0ffnLdf ljno x'g hfG5g\ .

@=$ t];|f] s'/f, ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] s] ug{ ;Sb5 / s] ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f s]jn 3/]n' sfg'gn] dfq} lgodg ug]{ xf]Og, o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g klg cfslif{t x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;lGwx?n] s]xL clwsf/x?sf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o ;+s6sf] cj:yfsf] cf}lrTo ;fljt x'g' kg]{ s'/f :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cf}lrTo ;fljt ug]{ s'/f cfkm}Fdf Pp6f k|lqmof klg xf] h;sf] 3f]if0ff /fHon] ub{5, lsgsL ;+s6 jf clws hf]lvdsf] sf/0f p;n] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sltko bfloTjx? k"/f ug{ g;Sg] klg x'g ;Sb5 . o;f] ug{sf nflu 3/]n' sfg'gdf em}F /fHon] lglZrt k|lqmofx? k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 h; cGtu{t s] s:tf bfloTjx? k"/f ul/Fb} 5}gg\, s] sf/0fn] / slt ;do;Ddsf nflu eg]/ :ki6 kfg]{ nufot k|lqmofx? kb{5g\ .3 of] To; cEof;;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 hxfF /fHox?n] 3/]n' ?kdf ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff t ub{5g\ t/ ltgLx? dfgj clwsf/x?nfO{ ;+s'rg gul/g] ;DaGwL ltgsf] cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj k"/f ug]{tkm{ hfFb}gg\ .4 clwsf/x? ;+s'rg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o lgu/fgL / cg'dugx? x'G5g\ . clwsf/sf] ;+s'rg ug'{ kgf{sf af/]df /fHon] ljz]if / :ki6 sf/0fx? lbg' kb{5 . gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf -/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 h:tf lgsfox? Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gk|ltsf] /fHox?sf] bfloTj k"/f eP gePsf] x]g{sf nflu ul7t cg'udg lgsfox?, / ;DalGwt sfg'gsf kIf ePsf cGo /fi6«x?n]_ ;d]t To;/L s'g} /fHon] u/]sf] clwsf/ ;+s'rgsf] nflu atfOPsf] sf/0fx? 7Ls a]7Ls egL s] 5 egL lgu/fgL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .5 of] s'/f klg :ki6 x'g h?/L 5 ls sltko clwsf/x? ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;+s'rg ug{ ldNb}g . To:tf clwsf/x?df hLjgsf] clwsf/ / oftgf tyf cGo qm"/ tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ x'g gx'g] nufotsf kb{5g\ . o:tf clwsf/x?df slxNo} klg ;+s'rg ul/g' x'Fb}g rfx] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] ;+s6sf] cj:yf lsg gxf];\ .

clwsf/df ;+s'rg/fHon] lsg clwsf/ ;+s'rg ub{5g\ <

dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg

lgif]wx?sf] :ki6tf

emg a9L lgu/fgL

clwsf/df ;+s'rg klg dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gx?s} ;+/If0fsf vflt/ ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx? ckl/kfngf -gg sDKnfOG;_ sf] Joj:yf cufl8g} pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 / of] s'/fx? ;lGw P]g;Dddf dfq ;Lldt x'g' kb{5 .

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] lgu/fgL ug{sf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf :ki6 dfkb08x? x'g' kb{5 / ltgn] c? a]nfdf eGbf yk k|efjsf/L tj/n] ;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg' kb{5 .

clwsf/x?sf] ;+s'rgsf nflu /fHox?n] cfkm\gf s'g s'g bfloTjnfO{ ;Lldt ug{ nfu]sf] xf] / s] sf/0fn] To;f] ug{ nfu]sf] xf] / slt cjlwsf] nflu xf] eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 JofVof ug'{ kb{5 .

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL9

@=% k|ZgM ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLlt ;DaGwL xfn cEof;df /x]sf cg'udg k|Zg *M s] ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltx? k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5< o:tf] ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g jf o; cj:yfsf

;Gbe{df k|bfg ul/Psf clwsf/x? cg'udg ug{ lgoldt ;+oGqx? 5g\ < s] tL ;+oGqx? kof{Kt 5g\ < s] ltgn] gful/s ;dfh / nf]stflGqs c+ux?sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ cg'dlt lbG5 <

k|Zg (M olb To:tf] cg'udgsf/L lgsfso 5}g eg] lsg To:tf lgsfox?sf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] xf] < s] s'g} j}slNks Joj:yfx? 5g\ t -cgnfO{g k|lqmofx?_ <

k|Zg !)M ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] s'g} ;do;Ldf 5 < lglZrt ;dokl5 Tof] cfsl:ds sfg'g :jtM lgliqmo x'g] Joj:yf To;} sfg'gdf 5 ls 5}g <

k|Zg !!M ;+s6sfnLg tL sfg'g / gLltx? lj?4 Gofofnodf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g < cbfntx?n] lgoldt k|lqmofaf6} ltgsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\<

k|Zg !@M cGtl/dsfnLg cg'udg jf lglZrt ;do kl5 ;+;bLo cg'udgsf] k|fjwfg tL ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g jf gLltdf ;dflji6 5 ls 5}g < ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] cGTo kl5 Tof] sfg'g lgliqmo jf vf/]h x'g] ;DalGw s'g} k|fjwfg ;dflji6 5 <

k|ZgM sfg'g / gLlt ;DaGwL xfn cEof;df /x]sf cg'udgsf Joj:yf

cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf ;'?

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ lbg] lg0f{o

lbg

dfgj clwsf/ lgif]wx?

sfg'gx? oyfjt ckl/jt{gLo

dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf]

;LldtLs/0f

;+s6sf] cGTo

;+s6sf] cGTodfgj clwsf/ lgif]wx?

sfof{Gjogsf k|fjwfgx?

sfof{Gjogdf cfpF5

dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f cem bl/nf]

sfof{Gjogsf

r/0fx?

sfof{Gjogsf r/0fx?

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL10

@=^ ;+s6sfnLg sfg'gx? k|fo u/]/ lgod ljk/Ltsf] k|lqmof / ;Lldt dfqfdf 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 hf/L ug]{ cEof; /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] cy{ Tof] x'g hfG5 ls Tolta]nfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu tL sfg'g jf gLlt cTofjZos lyP jf lyPgg\, lyP eg] ;+s6sf] uDeL/tf / sfg'gL k|fjwfgL k|fjwfgx? ;Gt'lnt lyof] lyPg, oyfy{df cfwfl/t lyP jf lyPg egL lj:t[t ?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ . tL s'/fx?sf] tTsfn cg'udg ug{ ;Dej gePsf cj:yfdf klg h'g a]nf ;Dej x'G5 tTsfn To:tf] ljZn]if0f ul/g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . olb tL sfg'g jf gLltdf cgfjZos, c;Gt'lnt -c;dfg'kflts_ / HofbtLhGo k|fjwfgx? /x]5g\ eg] ltgnfO{ x6fpgsf nflu o:tf] ljZn]if0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kl5 uP/ ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fn] klg s+s6sfnsf] sf/0f / To;sf lnOPsf cfwf/?sf] k/LIf0f / r'gf}lt lbg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Dej x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cg'udgx? ;+;b, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh jf cDa'8\;d]G6 h:tf :jtGq k|lqmofaf6 x'g' kb{5 gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx?n] To:tf] cg'udg e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd lgofNg' kb{5, olb gful/s ;dfhdfly cgfjZos ?kdf k|ltjGw nufOPsf] 5}g eg] .

@=& bf];|f] s'/f, ;+s6sfnLg sfg'gx? ;+s6sf] cj:yf ;dfKt e};s]kl5 sfod} /flvg] ul/Psf] xfd|f] cg'ej /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;/sf/x?n] of] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ h?/L 5 ls To:tf ;+s6sfnLg k|fjwfgx? c;fdfGo cj:yf / lglZrt ;dofjlwsf] nflu dfq} xf] eg]/ . ;+s6sfnLg sfg'gn] ;+s6sfnLg k|fjwfgx? tf]lsPsf] ldlt kZrft\ cGTo x'G5 eGg] ;+/If0ffTds k|lqmofx? sfg'gdf g} ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'g' kb{5, jf k'g/fjnf]sgsf s]xL k|lqmofx? Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . of] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 ls ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/x?nfO{ sfg'gL k|0ffnLdf g} æ;fdflGos/0fÆ ul/g] 5}g / c;fdfGo -ljz]if_ clwsf/sf] pkof]usf nflu lbOPsf sf/0fx? ldxLg tl/sfn] k/LIf0f ul/g]5 .6

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL11

#=! k|Zgx¿ M dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf/L ;fwf/0f of]hgfx¿

gful/sx?nfO{ jfWosf/L ?kdf :yfgxb ug]{ clwsf/

k|Zg !#M of] clwsf/ lsg k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] < of] s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 / s'g k|df0fsf] cfwf/df <

k|Zg !$M s] of] of]hgf sfg"gdf cfwfl/t, kl/l:yltcg';f/ cfjZos / cfg'kflts 5 egL k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg !%M s] of] dfkg cfjZos, cfg'kflts ¿kdf ;DkGg eO{ lagf e]befj nfu' eO/x]sf] 5 <

k|Zg !^M dflysf];Fu ;DalGwt, clwsf/ sfg"gL ¿kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 jf of] cToflws jf b'?kof]uL ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] ;'emfj lbg s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg !&M of] clwsf/ sf];Fu 5 < of] s;sf] lj¿4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 < k|Zg !*M s}bdf /fVg slt ;dosf] nflu cg'dlt 5 < s] of] cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df, -yk ;+qmd0f sf] /f]syfd_

plrt 5 <

k|Zg !(M olb afWosf/L s}b jf Sjf/]G6fOg nfu' ul/Psf] 5 eg], cfl>t / ;xcfjf;Lx¿sf] s;/L x]/rfx ul/G5 < afWosf/L lx/f;tdf /flvPsf JolQmx¿sf] aRrf ePdf lg <

k|Zg @)M s] of] clwsf/cfkm}+df / o;sf] sfof{GjognfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;lsG5 / slxn] < s] Goflos / cGo pkrf/x¿df kx'Fr pknAw 5 <

lx+88'nsf] :jtGqtfdf k|ltaGw nufpg] clwsf/

k|Zg @!M lx+88'ndf Jofks k|ltaGw slxn];Dd nfu' x'g]5 < s] oL k|ltaGwx¿nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg @@M oL of]hgfx¿ slQsf] k|ltalGwt 5g\ < s] ljsNkx¿ 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 < pko'Qm ePdf s] oL k|ltaGwx¿ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 <

k|Zg @#M olb /fli6«o ns8fpgsf of]hgf 3f]if0ff ul/of] eg] oL of]hgfx¿ nfu' ug]{ clwsf/ sf];Fu 5 <

k|Zg @$M of] k|jt{g ug{ pgLx¿;Fu ;';lHht zlQmsf] :t/ s] xf] < Tof] zlQmsf s] s:tf ;Ldf / k|ltaGwx¿ 5Gf\ <

k|Zg @%M s] ;f] zlQmnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;lsG5 <

# ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/sf] hf]lvd

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL12

cleJolQm :jtGqtf k|ltaGw ug]{ clwsf/

k|Zg @^M hxfF e]nfx¿df k|ltaGwx¿ 5g\, s] oL lgikIf ¿kdf / lagf e]befj nfu' ePsf 5Gf\ < s] ToxfF lglZrt e]nfx¿ nlIft eO/x]sf] s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg @&M s] ToxfF unt ;dfrf/, l8;OGkmd]{;g jf ckmjfx km}nfpg k|ltaGw nufpg] lgodx¿ 5Gf\ < of] s;/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 < ;"rgfx¿ oL dfkb08cg';f/ 5g\ eGg] hgfpg] s] s:tf dfgsx¿ 5g\ / s] tL dfgsx¿ ;fj{hlgs 5Gf\ < s] oL sfg"gx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf pbfx/0fx¿ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf 5g\ / s] oL 5fglagsf] clwgdf 5Gf\ <

nf]stflGqs sfo{qmdx¿ k|ltaGw ug]{ clwsf/

k|Zg @*M hxfF k|hftflGqs sfo{qmd :ylut ul/of], ToxfF To;sf] cf}lrTo / k|df0f s] xf] < s] csf]{ ldlt plrt ;dofjlwdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 < s] plrt ljsNkx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg @(M s] ;+;b :ylut 5 jf e]nf x'gaf6 /f]lsOPsf] 5 < slt ;dosf nflu / s] s:tf ;t{x¿df <

uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/dfly bvn k'/\ofpg] clwsf/

k|Zg #)M s] dxfdf/Lsf] k|ltlqmofdf ckgfOPsf s'g} lgu/fgL / 8f6f ;Íngsf of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ sfg"gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / s] tL cfjZos / cfg'kflts 5Gf\ < s] ltgLx¿ j}wflgs / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo p2]Zosf ;fy plrt / cfjZostfcg';f/ cfg'kflts 5g\ <

k|Zg #!M s] lgu/fgL ug]{ / 8f6f ;+sngsf of]hgfx¿ ;do–afWo 5g\ <

k|Zg #@M dxfdf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;+sng ePsf hfgsf/L jf JolQmut hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng, ;+u|x / ljt/0f lgodg ug{ :ki6 of]hgfx¿ 5g\ <

k|Zg ##M s] ;/sf/af6 s'g} klg cltl/Qm lgu/fgL, 8f6f ;+sngsf of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ ckgfOPsf] jf

ckgfOg] af/]df kf/bzL{ ePsf] 5 <

k|Zg #$M s] lgu/fgL / 8f6f ;'/Iff of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ s]jn sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltlqmofdf dfq, s8f ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 < s] ltgLx¿ ;s];Dd ;Lldt 5g\ <

k|Zg #%M s] ToxfF lgu/fgL zlQmx¿sf] k|of]usf] / JolQmut 8f6fsf] ;+sng, k|of]u / ;+u|xsf] lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg #^M s] ToxfF 8f6fsf] ;'/Iff ug{ of]hgfx¿ 5g\ <

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL13

k|Zg #&M s] ;LdfGts[t, hf]lvdk"0f{ / cNk;+Vos ;d'bfox¿ l8lh6n lgu/fgL k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 k|lts"n ¿kdf k|efljt 5g\ <

k|Zg #*M s] 8f6f ;fj{hlgs jf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 < s] oL ;Demf}tfx¿ ;DaGwL s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5g\, s] ltgLx¿ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw 5g\, s] ltgLx¿ ;do afWo 5g\ / s] ToxfF s'g} lg/LIf0f 5Gf\ <

5nkmn M ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfaf6 pTkGg dfgj clwsf/ hf]lvd

#=@ ;/sf/n] o; dxfdf/Lsf] nflu k|f/lDes k|ltlqmofx¿ l56f] lbPsf] 5 / JolQmsf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfdf pNn]vgLo k|ltaGwx¿ nufPsf] 5 . oBlk s]xL dfgj clwsf/ k|ltalGwt k|ltlqmof cfjZos / kl/l:ylt;Fu cfg'kflts eP tfklg, o;sf] dtna ;a} x'G5g\ eGg] xf]Og . xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}F, ;/sf/x¿n] cfjZos g} gePsf / sfg"gL ¿kdf Gofo;+ut g/x]sf of]hgfx¿ dfkm{t klg s]xL clwsf/x¿ k|ltaGw u/]sf 5g\ .

#=# sf]le8–!( sf] k|;Ëdf t}gfy ul/Psf ;a} ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿ pgLx¿n] l;h{gf u/]sf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu dfq cfjZos / cg'kflts x'g'kb{5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|;f/ /f]Sgsf] nflu k|df0fx¿df cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo p2]Zox¿ / dxfdf/Lsf] :jf:Yodf cfwfl/t k|efjsf] k|ltlqmof lbg_ . oBlk o:tf sfg"gx¿ ;txdf cfjZos / cfg'kflts b]lvP klg, sd clwsf/ k|ltalGwt ug]{ j}wflgs ljsNkx¿sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g;Sb5 . s]xL pbfx/0fx¿df, k|rlnt sfg"gx¿ / gLltx¿n] g} cfktsfnLg cj:yf ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ePsf sf/0f gofF cfktsfnLg sfg"gx¿ cfjZos kb}{g . gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yfx¿n] ;f] of]hgfx¿ kl/l:yltnfO{ cfjZos / ;dfg'kflts 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;dLIff / 5fglag ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\, h;df cfktsfnLg cj:yf ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd oL of]hgfx¿ dfgj clwsf/ k|ltaGwfTds 5}gg\ / ToxfF klxn]b]lv g} cfktsfnLg cj:yf ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd ;fdfGo sfg"gx¿ 5}gg\ klg kb{5g\ .

#=$ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] csf]{ k|d'v ;d:of eg]sf] c:ki6 ;t{ / ;Ldf ePsf sfg"g / gLltx¿ x'g\, h;n] ;f] sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ clws ;f]ljj]sLo clwsf/ lbG5, h;n] b'?kof]usf] hf]lvd a9fpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, sfg"gsf] p2]Zo dfGo ePtf klg, skm{\o" nfu' ug{sf] nfuL cTolws an k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] ;+s6sfnLg sfg"gx¿ :ki6 / ;Lldt 5g\ tyf ;/sf/x¿ ljz]if u/L sfg"g nfu' ug]{x¿n] cfˆgf zlQmsf] ;Ldfx¿sf] ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ egL ;'lglZrt ug{‘ kb5{ . ToxfF zlQmx¿ cfkm}+sf] ;dLIff ug{ / oL o;sf sfof{Gjog k|lqmof lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;dLIff / r'gf}tL ug{sf nflu cfjZos r/0fx¿ x'g'kb{5 .

#=% cGttM w]/} b]zx¿n] sf]le8–!( sf] k|;f/nfO{ cg'udg ug{ JolQmut 8f6fsf] lgu/fgL / ;+sngsf of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog u/]sf 5g\ . k|ljlw ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;+s6nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ pks/0f eP tfklg, l8lh6n lgu/fgLdf / JolQmut 8f6fsf] ;+u|xsf] hasL k|ljlw ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;+s6nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ pks/0f xf] . l8lh6n lgu/fgLsf] j[l4n] uf]kgLotf, cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / ;+3sf] :jtGqtfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 . dxfdf/Lsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ckgfOPsf of]hgfx¿ kf/bzL{, sfg"g;+ut, cfjZos / ;dfg'kflts x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . sf]le8–!( tosf] k|ltlqmofdf ckgfOPsf s'g} klg lgu/fgL / 8f6f ;+sngsf of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ sfg"gL ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ul/g'kb{5 / j}w ;fj{hlgs

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL14

:jf:Yo p2]Zosf] nflu cfjfZos x'g'kb{5 . ;f/f+zdf, ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿ hfFr ug{ of]Uo x'g kf/bzL{, b'?kof]u x'g glbg bfo/fdf ;Lldt, j}wflgs / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo p2]Zox¿åf/f cf}lrToo'Qm / tL cfjZostfx¿df ;dfg'kflts x'g'kb{5 .

#=^ oL of]hgfx¿ ;dol;dfdf cfa4 / :yfoL x'g glbg cTofjZos 5 . JolQmsf] JolQmut 8f6f ;'/lIft ug'{kb{5 / hftLo / wfld{s cNk;+Vosx¿ / cGo ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿ lj¿4 s'g} e]befjk"0f{ k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L o;nfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos 5 . To:tf ;d"xx¿sf cg'ejx¿ k|foM 7'nf] 8f6f ;]6df ;xL ¿kdf k|:t't x'Fb}gg\ . olb ;/sf/x¿n] ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qsf lgsfox¿;Fu 8f6f ;femf ug]{ ;Demf}tfdf u/]df ToxfF dfgj clwsf/ hf]lvdx¿ x'G5g\ / of] hf]lvdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ oL ;Demf}tfx¿ lnlvt ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|sflzt x'g / ;dol;dfdf cfa4 eO{ ;dLIff ul/g dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lgu/fgL / 8f6f ;'/Iffsf of]hgfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df k|efjsf/L lg/LIf0f / hjfkmb]lxtf x'g'kb{5 .

#=& k|Zgx¿M dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf/L ;fwf/0f of]hgfx¿

k|ltaGwsf/L clwsf/sf] sfof{GjogM

k|Zg #(M hxfF gofF zlQmx¿ l;h{gf x'G5g\, s] zlQmsf] sfof{Gjog :ki6 lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf 5 < s] Tof] lgb]{zg ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg $)M s] ToxfF zlQmsf] b'?kof]u jf cTolws k|of]u ePsf] k|df0f 5 < s] ToxfF cTolws ansf] k|of]u ePsf] jf nlIft ug{ gx'g]nfO{ zlQmsf] andf nlIft ul/Psf] k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg $!M s] zlQmx¿ lgikIf ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf 5Gf\ < h;sf lj?4 k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, s] pgLx¿sf] dof{bfsf] ;Ddfg ul/Psf] 5 < s] dflg;x¿nfO{ ckdfg / a]OHht ug{ zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg $@M sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]df s]s:tf b08x¿ 5Gf\ < s] ltgLx¿ kmf}hbf/L x'g\ jf b]jfgL < s]s:tf hl/jfgf 5g\ < s] ltgLx¿ Gofo;Ët 5Gf\ < s] ltgLx¿ pNn+3g;Fu cg'kflts 5Gf\ <

k|Zg $#M hxfF pNn+3gdf hl/jfgf u/fOG5, s] tL To:tf hf/L ug{ ;lsg] ;Gbe{df pkof]uL 5Gf\ < pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fdflhs–cfly{s sf/0fx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cfO;f]n]6 / ;fdflhs b'/L sfod ug{ g;Sg] ;d'bfox¿ jf w]/} JolQmx¿ ;Fu} a:g] u/]sfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ns8fpg .

k|Zg $$M s] oL lg/k]If bfloTj -strict liability_ x'g]5g\, jf ToxfF plrt k|lt/Iffx¿ pknAw u/fpg kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] tTjx¿, sfo{ /÷jf dg;fo k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos x'G5 <

k|Zg $%M s] ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;]gfsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 < olb xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] s] s:tf st{Jox¿ 5g\ / s] o;n] gful/s hLjgdf c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 < s;/L <

5nkmnM sfg'g tyf gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL15

#=* ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf ›'t ¿kdf / ck|Toflzt tl/sfdf ljsl;t ePsf] v08df ;+s6sfnLg zlQmx¿ ;fdfGotof ljljw / ck|Toflzt kl/l:yltx¿ ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] u/L km/flsnf] ¿kdf cleJoQm ul/Psf] x'G5 . oBlk lj:t[t zlQmx¿n] b'?kof]usf] uDeL/ hf]lvdsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu zf/Ll/s zlQmx¿ cTolws ansf] ;fy nfu' ug{ ;lsG5, zlQmx¿ dflg; lj?4, e]befjk"0f{ jf ckdfghgs tl/sfn] k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . zlQmx¿ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f u/L, s]jn pgLx¿sf] k|f;+lus p2]Zosf] nflu dfq k|of]u u/L, s;/L / slxn] k|of]u 9 ug]{ af/]df :ki6 lgb]{zg x'g' / kof{Kt k'g/fjnf]sg tyf r'gf}tLsf] ;Defjgf x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

#=( gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;LdfGts[t / hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"xsf] lj¿4 s;/L zlQmsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] cg'udg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . xfdLn] lgoldt ¿kdf b]v]sf 5f}+ ls ;+s6sfnLg zlQmsf] k|of]u x'Fbf, s]xL ;d"xx¿ lj?4 zf/Ll/s pTkL8g / b'?kof]usf] ¿kdf, ;fy} cGo cd"t{ clwsf/ h:t} lgu/fgL ubf{ clwsf/ /÷jf h¿/tsf] cTolws k|of]usf] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

#=!) clxn]sf] dxfJoflwsf] l:yltdf k|x/Lx?n] cTolws an k|of]u ul//x]sf 36gfx? a9\bf] dfqfdf jflx/ cfPsf 5g\ . an / xftxltof/sf] k|of]u s]jn sfg'g adf]lhd, cTofjZos kbf{, ;dfg'kflts dfqfdf, ;fjwfgL ckgfP/ / lje]b /lxt lx;fjn] dfq k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg h?/L h?/L 5 .10 UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Agnes Callamard n] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ 11, skm{\o'sf] jf lx+88'n ug]{ :jtGqtfdf nufOPsf] s'g} k|ltaGwsf] kfngf gug{‘, gLltut ¿kdf cTolws ansf] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/ agfpg' x'Fb}g / s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf o;n] 3fts ansf] k|of]u ug{ cu|;/ ug{‘ x'Fb}g . w]/} cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿n] s;/L / s'g tl/sfn] sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿åf/f an k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .12 of] :ki6 5 ls tTsfn 3fts ansf] k|of]usf] ;fxf/f lng] gLlt jf cEof; slxn] klg sfg"g;+ut x'Fb}g t/ ToxfF klg lx+;fsf] cg'dlt j[l4sf ;t{x¿df klg s]xL r/0fx¿ 5g\ . cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k'ln;nfO{ ;fdfGo kl/l:ylt eGbf a9L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g ;lsG5 t/ pgLx¿n] cfjZos ePdf / cfˆgf] sfd st{Jo axg ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Ldf;Dd dfq an k|of]u ug{‘kb{5 .

#=!! Callamard sf cg';f/ 13 k|x/Ln] clws ;fjwfgLsf ;fy plrt sbdx? rfNg' kb{5 / an k|of]u cfjZos / cfg'kflts 5 ls 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df cfwfl/t cf+sng ug{‘kb{5 . 5nkmn, lgb]{zg, k/fdz{ / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+nUgtf k'ln;sf] nflu ;~rfngsf] l;4fGt x'g'k5{ .

#=!@ sfg"gx? dxfdf/L;Fu ;DaGw g/fVg] /fhgLlts nIo -ljkIfL /fhgLlts bnx¿ jf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿ lj?4 bdg ;lxt_ nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] hf]lvd 5 . of] ljz]ifu/L jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf lrGtfhgs 5, hxfF ;f] of]hgfx¿sf] ;+;b jf Gofokflnsfsf] ;Lldt lg/LIf0f dfq /xG5 -dfly pNn]v ul/P h:tf] w]/} b]zx¿n] cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;+;b / Goflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgnlDat u/]sf 5g\ .

#=!# cGtdf of] pNn]vgLo 5 ls w]/} /fi6«x¿n] cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;]gfnfO{ nf]lhl:6ssf ;fy} cGo ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk cft+sjfb lj?4sf] cfktsfnLg ;dosf] ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ;]gfåf/f gful/s hghLjgdf cltqmd0f ePsf] b]Vof}F . of] sf]le8–!( sf] ;Gbe{df klg b]vf kg{ ;'¿ ePsf] 5 .14

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL16

;+s6sfnLg ;dodf /]s8{ eO;s]sf zlQmsf] b'?kof]usf pbfx/0fx¿ M

hxfF sf]eL8–!( ;DalGwt zlQmx¿ cTolws ¿kdf jf dfgj dof{bfnfO{ xfgL ug]{ u/L k|of]u ePsf 5Gf\ M

• Sjf/]G6fOgsf lgod pNn‹gnfO{ c;+ut b08 M skm{\o' pNn‹gstf{nfO{ hgfj/sf] vf]/df /flvPsf] 5 15 / lkmlnlkG;df uf]nL xfGg ;Sg] lgodsf] 3f]if0ff 16 / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ l;+ufk'/af6 l8kf]6{ ul/Psf] .17

• blIf0f clk|msf 18 / s]Gofdf efO/; /f]syfdsf of]hgfx¿df cTolws k|x/L ansf] k|of]u .19

• s]Gofdf skm{\o' nfu' ug{ k|x/Ln] an k|of]u ubf{ w]/} d[To' .20

• ef/tdf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ sL6f0f'/lxt kfg]{ sf]l;;df ;8ssf] lsgf/df /;fogsf] 5l/Psf] .21

• ef/t / k/fUj] b'j}df skm{\o'sf] ckdfghgs sfof{Gjog /0fgLltx¿ .22

• blIf0f clk|msfdf nfs8fpg pNn+3g ug]{x¿nfO{ k'ln; / ;}lgsn] yKk8, sf]/f{, nft / uf]nL xfGb}, kfgLsf] tf]k 5f]8\b} / dflg;x¿nfO{ cg}lR5s ¿kdf ckdfghgs l:yltdf kfb .23

• lkmlnlkG;df vfBfGg cefjsf] lj/f]wdf k|bz{g ubf{ skm{\o' pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ uf]nL xfgL dfg]{ wDsL .24

;+s6sfnLg If]qflwsf/

k|of]u ubf{ kfngf ul/g' kg]{ k|d'v dfkb08x?

cfjZostf

;dfg'kfltstf lje]b/lxt

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL17

hxfF sf]le8–!( ;DalGwt zlQmx¿ j}w /fhgLlts c;xdltnfO{ nlIft u/L sdhf]/ kfg{sf nflu jf /fhgLlts cfnf]rs jf c;Gt'i6 JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIft ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 M

• n]agfg,25 cNh]l/of,26 ef/t,27 xªsª,28 / lrnL29 df ;/sf/ lj/f]wL k|bz{gsf/Lx¿sf] ltt/lat/ u/fOPsf] / s]xL pbfx/0fx¿df cTolws ansf] k|of]u ePsf] bfaL ul/Psf] 5 .

• o'ufG8fdf /fhg}lts :jtGqtf k|ltaGw ug{ public order management legislation sf] k|of]u30

• unt hfgsf/Lsf] lj?4 n8\g] cf8df dxfdf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf] k|ltlqmofsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ æem'6f ;dfrf/ lj?4Æ sf] sfg"g nfu'–pNn]vlgo pbfx/0fx¿df yfONofG8,31

OG8f]g]l;of,32 df]/Ssf,33 / x+u]/L; .34

• Oh/fon 35 / /f]dflgof 36 sf /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ cl3Nnf /fhgLlts b'/frf/sf] nflu pQ/bfloTjaf6 5'6\b .

• hf]8{g,37 OlhK638 / rLg39 df ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|;fl/t hfgsf/Lsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] cfwf/df k|]; :jtGqtf /2 .

sf]le8–!( nfO{ axfgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ub}{ clwsf/ PsLs[t ug]{ jf ljBdfg k"jf{u|xL Ph]G8fnfO{ k5\ofpg] /fi6«x¿sf] pbfx/0f M

• cd]l/sfsf] k|ltufdL cWofudg Ph]G8fsf] cg';/0f,40 k|hgg clwsf/df k5fl8 ;g,41 / jftfj/0fLo lgodx¿sf] lgnDag, ;a} sf]le8–!(sf] cfjZostfsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ePsf] .42

• Gofokflnsfsf] k|efj / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] IfdtfnfO{ /f]Sg x+u]/Lsf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ x8k .43

• sf]nlDaofn] dxfdf/LnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;+/If0f lkmtf{ lng axfgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] 5 .44

• OG8f]g]l;ofdf ;/sf/n] ;f];n ldl8ofnfO{ cg'udg ul//x]sf] 5 / /fi6«kltsf] sf]le8–!( ;DalGwt 36gfx¿ lgoGq0f ug]{ u/]sf] k|lqmofsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{x¿nfO{ bl08t ub}{ 5 .->

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL18

$=! hf]lvdk"0f{ jf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿df ;+s6sfnLg sfg"g / gLltx¿sf] k|efj

k|Zg $^M ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ / of]hgfx¿åf/f ljz]if u/L ;LdfGts[t jf hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"xx¿ s;/L k|efljt ePsf 5Gf\ <

k|Zg $&M s] s'g} of]hgfx¿, h:t} l8lh6n lgu/fgLsf of]hgfx¿n] klxn] g} ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿ lj?4 e]befjnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 <

k|Zg $*M s] ToxfF ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿sf] lnË jf cGo ;dfgtfdf kg]{ k|efj af/] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 < s] ;+s6sfnLg sfg"g jf gLltn] To:tf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ / cg'udg ug{ cfjZos u/fPsf] 5 <

k|Zg $(M s] ToxfF lrlsT;f k/LIf0fsf] k|fjwfg / ljt/0f jf lrlsT;f ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf s'g} ljz]if ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lj¿4 jf ;dy{gdf e]befjsf] k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg %)M s] ToxfF /fHoåf/f k|wfg ul/Psf] ;xfotf jf ;dy{gsf] k|fjwfg / ljt/0fdf s'g} ljz]if ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lj¿4 jf ;dy{gdf e]befjsf] s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg %!M s] /fhgLlt1 jf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] ljz]if ;d"x / ;d'bfo nfO{ sf]le8–!( km}lngsf] nflu lhDd]jf/

egL klxrfg u/]sf] 5 <

5nkmn M hf]lvdk"0f{ / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿df k|efj

$=@ o; dxfdf/Lsf] ;+s6sfnLg k|ltlqmofx¿ ljz]if u/L sfg"g / gLltx¿n] ;LdfGts[t / hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"xx¿sf] nflu leGg / To;df klg xflgsf/s k|efjx¿sf] kl/0ffd lbg ;Sg] s'/fdf pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/, xfdLn] To:tf ;d"xx¿ ck|Toflzt ¿kdf ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿åf/f k|efljt eO/x]sf] b]lv;s]sf 5f}F .

$=# of] klg Wofg lbg h¿/L 5 ls s]xL b]zx¿df ckgfOPsf] / k|efjsf/L ;flat ePsf of]hgfx¿n] km/s cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;Gbe{ ePsf b]zx¿df cg'jfb ubf{ km/s lsl;dsf] k|efj kfb{5 . ;fdflhs ;dy{g / lrlsT;f ;|f]tnfO{ c;/ ug]{ dxfdf/Lsf] k|ltlqmof ljz]if u/L ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kb{5– sf]le8–!( lj¿4 …n8fO{Údf lglZrt nIo jf gLltx¿sf nflu ;+;fwgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] lg0f{on] c?x¿sf nflu, ljz]if tL hf] klxn] g} ul/aL jf cGo sf/0fn] kLl8t 5g\ leGg jf yk si6 l;h{gf ub{5 .

$ hf]lvdk"0f{ jf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿df ;+s6sfnL sfg"g / gLltx¿sf] k|efj

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL19

$=$ cGtdf, hxfF /fHox¿n] cfˆgf s]xL dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx¿ æaGbÆ u/]sf 5g\ ToxfF klg s]xL cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx¿ slxn] klg aGb ug{ ;lsFb}g .45 ljz]if u/L, ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿nfO{ e]befjk"0f{ 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{‘ x'Fb}g . s'g} klg ;/sf/L k|ltlqmofx¿n] s]xL ;d'bfox¿ lj?4 e]befjsf] -:j}lR5s jf cGoyf_ cj:yf l;h{gf ug{‘ x'Fb}g, /÷jf vf; To:tf] cj:yfdf, hxfF pgLx¿ klxNo} hf]lvddf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"xx¿df cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ vf]hL To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{‘kb{5 / pgLx¿df ePsf s'g} klg cg'lrt k|efjx¿nfO{ sd ug{sf nflu ljz]if sbdx¿ rfNg'kb{5 .

ljz]if ¿kdf hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d'bfox¿df clxn];Dd b]vf k/]sf hf]lvdx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿ M

$=% a]3/ jf cToGt ul/a hg;+Vof ns8fpgsf of]hgfx¿n] a]3/ / ul/ax¿, hf] ;+qmd0fsf] vf; hf]lvddf 5g\, pgLx¿df uDeL/ xfgL ug{

;Sb5 .

• a]3/ hg;ªVofsf] k|aGwg ug]{ k/Dk/fut dfWodx¿ bafadf kg{ ;Sb5g\ jf sf]le8–!( hgfb]z, ;fdflhs b'/L of]hgfx¿;Fu gldNg] x'g ;Sb5Gf\ .46

• hxfF lgoldt cfocfh{gdf kx'Frsf] cefjn] :jf:Yo ;]jf kx'Fr ug{af6 jl~rt ub{5 -jf s]jn JolQmnfO{ kx'Fr ug{ c;Ifd agfpFb5_, vf;u/L tL JolQmx¿ hf] ljz]if u/L ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvddf x'G5Gf\ .47

• hxfF oL sf/0fx¿sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k, a]3/ JolQmx¿ 7'nf] ;+Vofdf cGo uDeL/ immuno-compromising /f]ux¿ -h:t} PrcfO{eL_ af6 u|:t x'G5g\ .48

$=^ :yfoL >d l:js[lt gePsfx¿ sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k lnOPsf of]hgfx¿n] cfk|jf;L hg;ªVofd yk si6 lgDTofpg ;Sb5 /

o;sf] ;f]lrPsf] ljkl/t kl/0ffd x'g ;Sb5M

• ns8fpg of]hgfx¿n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] 7'nf] ;+Vofdf k|:yfg ug{ ;S5, h;n] l;h{gf ub{5 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] nflu yk tgfj, ;fy} ;fy} ns8fpgnfO{ k|ltlqmofsf] ¿kdf ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvd a9fpg]5 .49

• a]nfotsf] /fli6«o :jf:Yo ;]jfcGtu{t k|d'v sfdbf/x¿sf] ¿kdf gtf]lsPsf w]/} cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ xf]d clkm;sf] “k|lts"n jftfj/0f” cGtu{t /fHon] k|wfg ug]{ ;xfotf kx'Fr ug{ k|ltalGwt ul/Psf] 5 .50

• 6]:6 ug{ tf]lsPsf] sfuhftx¿ rflxg] k|fawfgn] n]agfgdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] nflu lgif] wfTdt ¿kdf nfut a9]sf] 5 .51

• of] t'ngfTds lx;fan] pNn]vgLo 5 ls cfk|jf;L ;d'bfox¿df kl/0ffd :j¿k b'Mvsi6 Nofpg] o:tf of]hgfx¿ cfjZos 5}gg\, / o;sf cGo ljsNkx¿ 5g\, h:t} kf]r{‘unn] ;a} cfk|jf;L / z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ :yfoL afl;Gbfx¿ h:t} ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ lbPsf], pgLx¿nfO{ :jf:Yo ;] jf, sNof0fsf/L ;'ljwf, a}+s vftfx¿, /f]huf/ / 3/ef8fdf s/f/df kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ub}{ rfn]sf] sbdx¿ .52

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL20

$=& sf]le8–!( sf of]hgfx¿sf] lnË–ljz]if c;/x¿ x'g ;Sb5M

• dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs x]/rfx / gl;{Ëdf sfo{/t x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5, h'g e"ldsf ;fdfGotof b'j} sd kfl/>lds / pRr ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvddf x'G5 .53

• ns8fpg / /fli6«o Sjf/]G6fOgn] k|fylds x]/rfxstf{ / Psn cleefjssf] ¿kdf dlxnfnfO{ cTolws af]em l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5 .54

• w]/} dlxnfx¿ lx+;fTds bDklQ;Fu 3/df a:g afWo 5g\, kl/0ffd:j¿k ns8fpgsf] ;dodf 3/]n' lx+;fsf] 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 55 lsgls dlxnf cf>ox¿ Ps};fy ;fdflhs b'/Lsf of]hgfx¿ cg'¿k ;~rfng ug{ afWo x'G5Gf\ .56

• d'Votof dlxnf /x]sf of}gsdL{x¿ hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yftkm{ ws]lng] x'Fbf, pgLx¿ zf]lift x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5,57 / pgLx¿;Fu ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo gLltnfO{ k|efj kfg{ cGo pBf]ux¿sf] h:tf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cefj 5 .58

$=* czQmtf ePsf ;d'bfoM sf]le8–!( sf] kl/0ffd :jf¿k :jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnLleq /x]sf ;|f]tx¿sf] k'gMafF8kmfF8;lxt nufOPsf

k|ltaGwx¿n] ;a}eGbf hf]lvdk"0f{¿kn] pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ :t/eGbf sd dfkb08sf] x]/rf/ kfpg ;Sb5g\ M

• dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQmsf] nflu pknAw ;'/Iff / ;]jfx¿ a]nfotsf] gofF ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] k|sfzdf vf/]h x'g ;Sb5 .59

• u|L;df czQmtf jf hl6n :jf:Yo cj:yf ePsf w]/} z/0ffyL{x¿ ;fdflhs b'/Lsf of]hgfx¿ cEof; ug{ c;Ifd 5Gf .60

• a]nfot61 / cd]l/sf62 df czQm ;d'bfox¿df sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbg'sf] sf/0f ;/sf/L k|ltlqmofx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

$=( z/0ffyL{ / r/d dfgjLo ;+s6 If]qdf /x]sfx?M clwsf/sf] kf/:kl/s lge{/tf o; ;Gbe{df clws :ki6 ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5, hxfF r/d sl7gfO{ /

ljBdfg dfgjLo ;+s6x¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{x¿ -vfBfGg, kfgL / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefj;lxt, sf]le8–!( cGtu{t cTolws kL8fsf] uDeL/ hf]lvddf 5g\, hals pgLx¿sf] cefjsf] l:yltn] pgLx¿nfO{ /f]syfd of]hgf cEof; ug{ c;dy{ agfpFb5 .

• sf]/f]gf efO/;n] o'4 If]q h:t} l;l/of,63 odg 64 / blIf0f ;'8fg,65 hxfF vfgf / :jf:Yo ;'/Iff klxn] g} sdhf]/ 5, ToxfF ePsf dflg;x¿dfly 7'nf] hf]lvd pTkGg ub{5 .

• ljZje/sf lj:yflkt z/0ffyL{x?, uGtJo b]zsf] :jf:Yo k|0ffnL;Fu ;DaGw gePsf sf/0fn] ljz]if hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ .66

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL21

$=!) y'gfdf /x]sf ;d'bfox¿M s}bLx¿ / ljZjJofkL ¿kdf y'gfdf k/]sf JolQmx¿ ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvd 5g\ / y'gfdf /x]sf] sf/0f plrt

:jf:Yo pkrf/sf of]hgfx¿sf] kx'Fr ug{ ;Sb}gg\M

• cd]l/sfel/sf cfO;LO s]G›x¿df cWofudg aGbLx¿ ;fy} a]nfot 67 sf lx/f;t s]G›x¿ k|zf;lgs aGbLsf sf/0f clws ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvddf 5g\ .68

• sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0fsf] 8/n] O/fg,69 a|flhn,70 e]g]h'Pnf 71 / O6fnL72 df cGo 7fpFx¿sf h]ndf klg b+uf ;'? ePsf] 5 .

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL22

%=! sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltlqmofx¿sf] k|efj oL nfu' ePsf lglZrt b]z / If]qsf nflu ljlzi6 x'g uO/x]sf 5g\ . tL ns8fpg k|efljt b]zx¿, h;sf] cy{tGq 7'nf] cg'kftdf cgf}krfl/s >ldsx¿ -h:t} ef/tdf 73

/ Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf 74 ldn]/ ag]sf 5, pgLx¿sf c¿ o'/f]lkog b]zx¿ eGbf w]/} km/s x'g]5g\ . vf8Ltkm{ xhf/f}+ cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿, pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/af6 5'l6Psf, ns8fpgsf of]hgfx¿ nfu' u/]sf sf/0f c:j:y / clt eL8ef8 cj:yfdf km;]sf 5g\ .75

%=@ eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] c;Gt'li6 /f]Sg /fHox¿n] a9\bf] s8f sbdx¿ rfNg'kg]{ x'gfn] cfg'kflts gePsf of]hgfx¿n] ;fdflhs Psh'6tfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 / dfgj clwsf/sf] cem uDeL/ pNn‹g x'g ;Sb5 . To:t}, clwsf/x¿ k|ltaGw ug]{ k|an gLltx¿– aª\unfb]z, Olyof]lkof, ef/t / Dofgdf/df OG6/g]6 ;68fpg / ;':t kfl/Psf76 – cfjZos hfgsf/L / ;]jfx¿sf] kx'Frdf cj/f]w u/]/ ;fd'bflos an /f]Sg] sfd ub{5 .

%=# eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] c;Gt'li6 /f]Sg /fHox¿n] a9\bf] s8f sbdx¿ rfNg'kg]{ x'gfn] cfg'kflts gePsf of]hgfx¿n] ;fdflhs Psh'6tfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 / dfgj clwsf/sf] cem uDeL/ pNn‹g x'g ;Sb5 . To:t}, clwsf/x¿ k|ltaGw ug]{ k|an gLltx¿– aª\unfb]z, Olyof]lkof, ef/t / Dofgdf/df OG6/g]6 ;68fpg / ;':t kfl/Psf76 – cfjZos hfgsf/L / ;]jfx¿sf] kx'Frdf cj/f]w u/]/ ;fd'bflos an /f]Sg] sfd ub{5 .

% ;Gbe{–ljz]if of]hgfx¿sf] dxTj

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL23

^ ;'emfj lbOPsf jsfntsf nIox¿tn pNn]lvt cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo / 3/]n' jsfnt nIox¿sf] ;"rL xf] . of] k"0f{ ;"rLsf] ¿kdf l8hfOg ul/Psf] 5}g t/ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] k|efljt b]zx¿df nlIft ug{ ;Sg] s]xL ;+:yf / lgsfo / sfof{nox¿sf] pbfx/0f xf] . sf]le8–!( :ki6 ¿kdf Ps ljZjJofkL d'2f xf] / oxfF tn ;"rLs[t gePsf b]zx¿ / tn pNn]v gePsf nIo klg x'g]5g\ / pNn]v u/]cg';f/ of] Ps ufO8sf] ¿kdf l8hfOg ul/Psf] 5 h'g xfdLnfO{ cfzf 5 ls ;xof]uL x'g]5 .

olb tkfO{+nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿sf] kx'Frdf d2tsf] cfjZostf 5 eg] s[kof /fO{6\; P08 ;]So'l/6L OG6/g];gn nfO{ covid19@rightsandsecurity.org df ;Dks{ ug{‘xf];\ .

International

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo Treaty Bodies sf ph'/L k|lqmof

;ldltdf,1 ph'/L ug{sf nflu, oxfF pNn]lvt k|lqmof k"/f ug'{ k5{ / of] 7]ufgfdfJolQmut ph'/Lx? lng ;Sg] ;ldltx?MCommittee against Torture (CAT);2

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW);3

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD);4

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD);5

Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCROC);6

Human Rights Committee (ICCPR);7

lglZrt ljifodf cfwfl/t ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifbsf] ljz]if k|lqmofx?M

ljz]if k|ltj]bsx?MSpecial Rapporteur on the adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living:

Leilani Farha: srhousing@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerances:

Tendayi Achiume: racism@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights:

Philip Alston: srextremepoverty@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief:

Ahmed Shaheed: freedomofreligion@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation:

Léo Heller: srwatsan@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons:

Cecilia Jimenez-Damary: idp@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants:

Felipe Gonzáles Morales: migrant@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers:

Diego García-Sayán: SRindependenceJL@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression:

David Kaye: freedex@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and

mental health:

David R. Boyd: ieenvironment@ohchr.org;

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL24

Special Rapporteur on the right to food:

Hilal Elver: srfood@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples:

Victoria Lucia Tauli-Corpuz: indigenous@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association:

Clement Nyaletsossi Voule: freeassembly@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities:

Catalina Devandas Aguilar: sr.disability@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on torture and other form cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of punishment:

Nils Melzer: sr-torture@ohchr.org;

Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences:

Dubravka Šimonovic: vaw@ohchr.org

:jtGq lj1x?MIndependent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons

Rosa Kornfeld-Matte: olderpersons@ohchr.org;

sfo{;d"xx?MWorking Group on arbitrary detention: accepts individual complaints as to issues related to arbitrary detention

(see Draft Basic Principles and Guidelines of the Working Group here)

(Model questionnaire to be sent to: gad@ohchr.org);

Working Group on discrimination against women and girls

(wgdiscriminationwomen@ohchr.org)

dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfx?sf] ljZjJofkL ;~hfn

If]qLoAfrican Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights: (Special Rapporteurs, Working Groups, Advisory Committees)

Contact: achpr@achpr.org

Special Rapporteur on prisons, conditions of detention and policing in Africa

Special Rapporteur on rights of women

Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and access to information

Special Rapporteur on refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons and migrants in Africa

Working Group on rights of older people and people with disabilities

Arab Human Rights Committee

ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) (public@asean.org)

ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children (ACWC) (public@

asean.org)

European Court of Human Rights (application instructions)

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (information on how to file a petition (English/Espagnol/Portugués))

Organization of Islamic Countries Independent Permanent Human Rights Commissions

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Human Rights Foundation: http://saarchumanrights.org/con-

tact-us/

/fli6«oAlgeria

Conseil National des Droits de l’Homme

Bahrain

National Institution for Human Rights

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Human Rights Commission

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL25

Comores

Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés

Djibouti

Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme

Egypt

National Council for Human Rights

El Salvador

National Human Rights Commission

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Human Rights Council

Honduras

Human Rights Commission

Hungary

Hungarian Helsinki Committee

Office of the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights

India

National Human Rights Commission

Iraq

Independent High Commission for Human Rights

Jordan

National Centre for Human Rights

Kenya

Kenya Human Rights Commission

Kuwait

National Council for Human Rights

Lebanon

The National Human Rights Commission

Libya

Libyan National Council for Civil Liberties and Human Rights

Mauritania

Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme

Morocco

Conseil national des droits de l’Homme

Myanmar

Myanmar National Human Rights Commission (MNHRC)

UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar: Yanghee Lee: sr-myanmar@ohchr.org

Nepal

National Human Rights Commission

Indonesia

National Human Rights Commission

National Commission on Anti Violence against Women

National Ombudsman

National Parliament

Oman

Oman Human Rights Commission

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL26

Pakistan

Federal Ombudsman

National Commission for Human Rights

Palestine

The Independent Commission for Human Rights

UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territories occupied since 1967:

Stanley Michael Lynk: sropt@ohchr.org

B’tselem, The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories

Philippines

Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines

Ombudsman of the Philippines

Philippine Commission on Women

Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights

House of Representatives Committee on Human Rights

Qatar

National Human Rights Committee

Regional government of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)

Regional Human Rights Commission

Saudi Arabia

National Society for Human Rights

Saudi Human Rights Commission

Sudan

The National Human Rights Commission

Syrian Arab Republic

Syrian Human Rights Committee

UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic:

Aristidi Nononsi: iesudan@ohchr.org

Thailand

National Human Rights Commission of Thailand (NHRCT)

National Ombudsman

Timor Leste

Provedoria dos Direitos Humanos e Justiça (PDHJ) of Timor Leste

Tunisia

Comité Supérieur des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés Fondamentales

United Kingdom

Equality and Human Rights Commission

Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman

Joint Select Committee on Human Rights

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL27

1. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25749&LangID=E

2. of] ljz]if u/L ;+ljwfgsf] dfWodaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/x?df dxTjk"0f{ 5 / ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgs lgodx¿sf] ;§f clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ ;fwf/0f sfg"gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

3. ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] dfgj clwsf/ r'gf}tLx¿df cft+sjfbsf] k|lt/f]w ubf{ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{gsf] af/]df Special Rapporteur sf A/HRC/37/52 l/kf]6{ x]g{‘xf];\ -!%_ . ef/tLo ;+ljwfgn] ;+s6sfnLg 3f]if0ff / s]xL cfwf/e"t clwsf/ lgnDag ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf] ;§fdf dxfdf/L /f]u ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n Epidemic Diseases Act 1897 / the Disaster Management Act 2005 sf] k|of]u u/]sf] pbfx/0fsf] klg x]g{‘xf];\ .

4. pbfx/0fsf] nflu x]g{‘xf];\ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art 4; European Convention on Human Rights, art 15; American Convention on Human Rights, art 27; Arab Charter on Human Rights, art 4.

5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu df lbOPsf UN Guidance x]g{‘xf]; Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the Interna-tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of (1984) h;n], hxfF jf:tljstfdf cjx]ngf eO/x]sf] 5 -h:t} /fli6«o sfg"gdf_, ToxfF o;sf] l;4fGt cg'?k cjx]ngf cg';/0f ug{‘kb{5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ ;dy{g ub{5 .

6. “pbfx/0fsf nflu, dxfdf/Lsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf sf/0f clxn];Dd bzj6f O{;LPrcf/ /fi6«x?n] bkmf !% adf]lhd ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . lt /fi6«x? cNaflgof, c/d]lgof, O:6f]lgof, hlh{of, nf6\leof, pQ/ Dof;]8f]lgof, dNbf]ef, /f]dflgof, ;fg dfl/gf] / ;la{of x'g\ .”

7. pbfx/0fsf nflu UK Coronavirus Act ;DaGwL k|fjwfg x]g{‘xf];\ h;n] “;"of{:t” ;do b'O{ jif{sf] eP klg, 5 dlxgfleq o;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg clgjfo{ ub{5 . https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/19/the-guardian-view-on-the-coronavirus-bill-strengthen-the-sunset-clause; k|mfG;]nL sfg"gdf pNn]lvt h:t} k|fjwfg -@ dlxgf k'g/fjnf]sg_ http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-government-adopts-law-declaring-and-defining-a-state-of-health-emergency/; / hd{gLdf klg ;+3Lo / /fHo :t/df p:t} k|fjwfgx¿M https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-readies-emergency-budget-to-shield-economy-from-coronavirus-fallout-11584894181 and https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-03-16-20-intl-hnk/h_6dc565297dae326d424f5a2f13618aeb.

8. :jL6\h/NofG8df ul/Psf of]hgfx¿sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu x]g{‘xf];\ . https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/03/26/world/europe/26reu-ters-health-coronavirus-swiss-data.html; Oh/fon, l;+ufk'/ / blIf0f sf]l/ofM https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-surveil-lance-used-by-governments-to-fight-pandemic-privacy-concerns.html.

9. https://www.icj.org/covid-19-use-of-digital-surveillance-technologies-must-be-human-rights-compliant/

10. a]nfotdf ns8fpg sfg"gx¿sf] ;fy k'ln;sf] l:y/tfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZostfsf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu x]g{‘xf];\ . https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52101040.

11. sfg"g k|jt{g clwsf/Lx¿n] an k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df oL cjwf/0ffx¿sf] :ki6 ljj/0fsf nflu x]g{‘xf];\ https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Executions/HumanRightsDispatch1.pdf

12. Ibid.

13. pbfx/0fsf] nflu https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/useofforceandfirearms.aspx

14. Ibid, 7.

15. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-hungary-military/hungary-to-deploy-military-personnel-to-140-state-com-panies-during-pandemic-idUSKBN2161C8

16. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/philippines-president-duterte-shoot-to-kill-order-pandemic/

17. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-4-work-pass-holders-repatriated-and-6-employers-suspend-ed-from-work-pass

18. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/28/south-africa-police-rubber-bullets-shoppers-covid-19-lockdown

19. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-police-fire-excessive-force-curfew-begins-200328101357933.html

20. https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2020-03-31-boy-13-shot-dead-in-third-curfew-tragedy-police-blamed/

21. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-india-lockdown-what-is-being-sprayed-on-migrants-is-it-safe-6339277/

22. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/01/extreme-coronavirus-lockdown-con-trols-raise-fears-for-worlds-poorest?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

23. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/state-abuses-could-match-the-threat-of-covid-19-itself

24. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/dead-duterte-warns-violating-lockdown-200401164531160.html

25. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/03/lebanon-protests-coronavirus-support-poor-economy.html

26. https://www.france24.com/en/20200318-anti-government-protests-thwarted-as-algeria-bans-street-marches-over-coronavirus

27. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southasia-protest/indian-police-clear-out-anti-government-protest-cit-ing-coronavirus-idUSKBN21B0FW

28. https://www.scmp.com/video/hong-kong/3064579/coronavirus-hong-kong-anti-government-protests-and-violent-clashes-return

29. https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/americas/2020/04/outrage-chile-pinera-photo-quarantined-protest-site-200405044239014.html

30. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/29/coronavirus-uganda-used-to-lockdowns-poor-healthcare-but-we-are-terrified

31. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/25/thailand-covid-19-clampdown-free-speech

32. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/indonesian-police-intensify-crackdown-fake-news

33. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-morocco/morocco-makes-a-dozen-arrests-over-coronavirus-fake-news-idUKKBN2162EA

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL28

34. https://verfassungsblog.de/orbans-emergency/. x+u/Lsf] sfg"gn] hf] sf]xLn] unt jf ljs[t tYox¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/L hgtfsf] æ;kmn ;+/If0fÆ df x:tIf]k ub{5– jf h;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ePlet jf cfqmf]l;t kfb{5– p;nfO{ % jif{;Dd h]n ;hfo x'g ;S5 .

35. https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/19/israel-is-no-longer-a-democracy-netanyahu-accused-of-exploiting-coronavi-rus-to-save-caree

36. https://www.dw.com/en/romanian-lawmakers-reinstate-pm-orban-amid-coronavirus-fears/a-52775071

37. https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6684315/virus-wary-jordan-bans-newspaper-printing/?cs=14232

38. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/egypt-expels-guardian-reporter-challenging-coronavirus-count-200326163435427.html

39. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/mar/24/us-newspapers-appeal-to-china-not-to-expel-their-reporters

40. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/us/politics/trump-border-coronavirus.html

41. https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/490247-judge-blocks-texas-from-banning-abortion-as-part-of-coronavirus

42. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/usa-trump-cynically-abusing-coronavirus-crisis-suspend-environmental-regulations

43. https://www.hrw.org/the-day-in-human-rights/2020/03/26

44. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/colombia-medidas-contra-covid19-desatender-proteccion-personas-defensoras/

45. o;df s]xL kl/l:yltx¿df hLjgsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / oftgf / Jojxf/sf] lj¿4 k"0f{ ;'/Iff ;dfj]; 5 .

46. https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-homeless/coronavirus-weighs-on-strained-american-system-to-care-for-homeless-idUKKBN20Z1CH

47. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/03/26/the-coronavirus-could-devastate-poor-countries

48. https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-reaches-african-continent-and-threatens-to-overwhelm-it-11961070

49. https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2020/03/25/Coronavirus-Thailand-lockdown-pushes-60-000-migrant-work-ers-to-leave-Official; https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/world/asia/coronavirus-india-migrants.html

50. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/30/hostile-environment-covonavirus-crisis-britain-migrants

51. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/undocumented-struggle-access-coronavirus-tests-lebanon-200328114859620.html

52. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/30/europe/portugal-migrants-citizenship-rights-coronavirus-intl/index.html

53. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/29/low-paid-women-in-uk-at-high-risk-of-coronavirus-exposure

54. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/

55. https://www.france24.com/en/20200328-fears-of-domestic-violence-rise-as-millions-confined-over-virus

56. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-domestic-abuse-women-refuge-shelter-uk-a9424791.html

57. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/otilliasteadman/coronavirus-sex-workers

58. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/03/27/sex-work-coronavirus-english-collective-prostitutes-decriminalisation-workers-rights-safety/

59. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52036355

60. https://time.com/5806577/coronavirus-refugees/

61. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/26/uk-covid-19-law-puts-rights-people-disabilities-risk

62. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/489685-disabled-advocates-warn-coronavirus-stimulus-does-not-address-pandemics

63. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/war-torn-syria-braces-lockdown-virus-case-200323145356045.html

64. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-yemen/weakened-by-war-and-hunger-yemen-braces-for-coronavirus-idUKKBN21530B

65. https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-south-sudan-covid19-outbreak-likely-impact-on-markets-and-food-security-in-south-sudan//

66. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-refugee-health-pandemic-unhcr/

67. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-prisons-immigration-removal-centres-health-release-la-bour-a9403306.html

68. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/29/detainees-coronavirus-us-immigration-ice

69. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/prison-riot-southern-iran-coronavirus-fears-200330110225199.html

70. https://metro.co.uk/2020/03/17/hundreds-inmates-escape-prison-coronavirus-riots-brazil-12410748/

71. https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2020/03/19/5e72c06f21efa09a6a8b462a.html

72. https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-sets-italian-prison-ablaze/a-52742593

73. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/opinion/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html

74. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/26/as-coronavirus-hits-latin-america-expect-serious-and-en-during-effects/

75. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/20/covid-19-lockdown-turns-qatars-largest-migrant-camp-into-virtu-al-prison

76. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/31/end-internet-shutdowns-manage-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR07CoT_We_HC9zNmx-opjq8Z2rZ-r6hMIfruczN6qzRNMEA69aL_V61YAxM

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL29

k|Zgx¿M ;+s6sfnLg sfg"gL k|lqmofx¿

k|Zg !M s] ;+s6sfns g} 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 < s] ;+s6sfnL cj:yf ;DaGwL s'g} sfg'g, of]hgf tyf gLltx? hf/L ul/Psf] 5 / Tof] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg @M ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu /fHonfO{ sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf cfwf/x? -;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs_ s] s:tf 5g\ <

k|Zg #M ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfnfO{ nfu" ug{sf nflu pko'Qm k|lqmofx? ckgfOPsf] 5 < s] tL k|lqmofx? ;fj{hlgs ul/of] < ul/Pg eg] lsg <

k|Zg $M olb ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu tf]lsPsf] s'g} k|lqmof 5 eg] To;sf] k|of]u ul/of] ls ul/Pg < jf ;+s6sfn eg]/ …gfdÚ r} lbOof] t/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf nfu' x'g] sfg'gsf] dfq} k|of]u ul/of] ls <

k|Zg %M olb ;fdfGo cj:yfdf nfu' x'g] sfg'gsf] k|of]u u/L ljBdfg ;+s6sfnLg k|lqmofx? -vf;u/L ;+j}wflgs_ canDag ul/Psf] 5< olb 5 eg] Tof] s] sf/0fn] xf]nf < s] ;/sf/n] To:tf] k|lqmof canDag ul/g'sf] sf/0f atfPsf] 5 <

k|Zg ^M olb ;fdfGo sfg'g dfq} k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] ltgn] dfgj clwsf/x? pk/ nufOg] k|ltjGw sfg'gL x'g ;Sb5 <1

k|Zg &M olb ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 eg] s] ;/sf/n] dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] p;sf] cGt/f{li6«o bfloTjk|lt s'g} anldRofO{+ u/]sf] 5 < olb 5}g eg] s;/L <

;+s6sfn ;DaGwL sfg'g / gLltsf] lg/Gt/sf] cg'udg

k|Zg *M s] ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g / gLltx? k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5< o:tf] ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g jf o; cj:yfsf ;Gbe{df k|bfg ul/Psf clwsf/x? cg'udg ug{ lgoldt ;+oGqx? 5g\ < s] tL ;+oGqx? kof{Kt 5g\ < s] ltgn] gful/s ;dfh / nf]stflGqs c+ux?sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ cg'dlt lbG5 <

k|Zg (M olb To:tf] cg'udgsf/L lgsfso 5}g eg] lsg To:tf lgsfox?sf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] xf] < s] s'g} j}slNks Joj:yfx? 5g\ t -cgnfO{g k|lqmofx?_ <

k|Zg !)M ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] s'g} ;do;Ldf 5 < lglZrt ;dokl5 Tof] cfsl:ds sfg'g :jtM lgliqmo x'g] Joj:yf To;} sfg'gdf 5 ls 5}g <

k|Zg !!M ;+s6sfnLg tL sfg'g / gLltx? lj?4 Gofofnodf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g < cbfntx?n] lgoldt k|lqmofaf6} ltgsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ <

k|Zg !@M cGtl/dsfnLg cg'udg jf lglZrt ;do kl5 ;+;bLo cg'udgsf] k|fjwfg tL ;+s6sfnLg sfg'g jf gLltdf ;dflji6 5 ls 5}g < ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] cGTo kl5 Tof] sfg'g lgliqmo jf vf/]h x'g] ;DalGw s'g} k|fjwfg ;dflji6 5 <

dfgj clwsf/ pk/ x:tIf]ksf/L pkfo

anft\ ;+s'rg ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/

k|Zg !#M of] clwsf/ lsg k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] < of] s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 / s'g k|df0fsf] cfwf/df <

k|Zg !$M s] of] of]hgf sfg"gdf cfwfl/t, kl/l:yltcg';f/ cfjZos / cfg'kflts 5 egL k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg !%M s] of] dfkg cfjZos, cfg'kflts ¿kdf ;DkGg eO{ lagf e]befj nfu' eO/x]sf] 5 <

k|Zg !^M dflysf];Fu ;DalGwt, clwsf/ sfg"gL ¿kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 jf of] cToflws jf b'?kof]uL ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] ;'emfj lbg s'g} k|df0f 5 <

APPENDIX

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL30

k|Zg !&M of] clwsf/ sf];Fu 5 < of] s;sf] lj¿4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 < k|Zg !*M s}bdf /fVg slt ;dosf] nflu cg'dlt 5 < s] of] cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df, -yk ;+qmd0f sf] /f]syfd_ plrt 5 <

k|Zg !(M olb afWosf/L s}b jf Sjf/]G6fOg nfu' ul/Psf] 5 eg], cfl>t / ;xcfjf;Lx¿sf] s;/L x]/rfx ul/G5 < afWosf/L lx/f;tdf /flvPsf JolQmx¿sf] aRrf ePdf lg <

k|Zg @)M s] of] clwsf/cfkm}+df / o;sf] sfof{GjognfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;lsG5 / slxn] < s] Goflos / cGo pkrf/x¿df kx'Fr pknAw 5 <

cfjthfjtsf] :jtGqtfdf aGb]h ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/

k|Zg @!M lx+88'ndf Jofks k|ltaGw slxn];Dd nfu' x'g]5 < s] oL k|ltaGwx¿nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg @@M oL of]hgfx¿ slQsf] k|ltalGwt 5g\ < s] ljsNkx¿ 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 < pko'Qm ePdf s] oL k|ltaGwx¿ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 <

k|Zg @#M olb /fli6«o ns8fpgsf of]hgf 3f]if0ff ul/of] eg] oL of]hgfx¿ nfu' ug]{ clwsf/ sf];Fu 5 <

k|Zg @$M of] k|jt{g ug{ pgLx¿;Fu ;';lHht zlQmsf] :t/ s] xf] < Tof] zlQmsf s] s:tf ;Ldf / k|ltaGwx¿ 5Gf\ <

k|Zg @%M s] ;f] zlQmnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;lsG5 <

cleJolQm :jtGqtfdf ;+s'rg ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/

k|Zg @^M hxfF e]nfx¿df k|ltaGwx¿ 5g\, s] oL lgikIf ¿kdf / lagf e]befj nfu' ePsf 5Gf\ < s] ToxfF lglZrt e]nfx¿ nlIft eO/x]sf] s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg @&M s] ToxfF unt ;dfrf/, l8;OGkmd]{;g jf ckmjfx km}nfpg k|ltaGw nufpg] lgodx¿ 5Gf\ < of] s;/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 < ;"rgfx¿ oL dfkb08cg';f/ 5g\ eGg] hgfpg] s] s:tf dfgsx¿ 5g\ / s] tL dfgsx¿ ;fj{hlgs 5Gf\ < s] oL sfg"gx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf pbfx/0fx¿ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf 5g\ / s] oL 5fglagsf] clwgdf 5Gf\ <

nf]stflGqs sfo{qmdx¿ k|ltaGw ug{ clwsf/

k|Zg @*M hxfF k|hftflGqs sfo{qmd :ylut ul/of], ToxfF To;sf] cf}lrTo / k|df0f s] xf] < s] csf]{ ldlt plrt ;dofjlwdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 < s] plrt ljsNkx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg @(M s] ;+;b :ylut 5 jf e]nf x'gaf6 /f]lsOPsf] 5 < slt ;dosf nflu / s] s:tf ;t{x¿df <

uf]kgLotfsf] :jtGqtfdf x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/

k|Zg #)M s] dxfdf/Lsf] k|ltlqmofdf ckgfOPsf s'g} lgu/fgL / 8f6f ;Íngsf of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ sfg"gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / s] tL cfjZos / cfg'kflts 5Gf\ < s] ltgLx¿ j}wflgs / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo p2]Zosf ;fy plrt / cfjZostfcg';f/ cfg'kflts 5g\ <

k|Zg #!M s] lgu/fgL ug]{ / 8f6f ;+sngsf of]hgfx¿ ;do–afWo 5g\ <

k|Zg #@M dxfdf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;+sng ePsf hfgsf/L jf JolQmut hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng, ;+u|x / ljt/0f lgodg ug{ :ki6 of]hgfx¿ 5g\ <

k|Zg ##M s] ;/sf/af6 s'g} klg cltl/Qm lgu/fgL, 8f6f ;+sngsf of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ ckgfOPsf] jf ckgfOg] af/]df kf/bzL{

ePsf] 5 <

RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL31

k|Zg #$M s] lgu/fgL / 8f6f ;'/Iff of]hgfx¿ / zlQmx¿ s]jn sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltlqmofdf dfq, s8f ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 < s] ltgLx¿ ;s];Dd ;Lldt 5g\ <

k|Zg #%M s] ToxfF lgu/fgL zlQmx¿sf] k|of]usf] / JolQmut 8f6fsf] ;+sng, k|of]u / ;+u|xsf] lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg #^M s] ToxfF 8f6fsf] ;'/Iff ug{ of]hgfx¿ 5g\ <

k|Zg #&M s] ;LdfGts[t, hf]lvdk"0f{ / cNk;+Vos ;d'bfox¿ l8lh6n lgu/fgL k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 k|lts"n ¿kdf k|efljt 5g\ <

k|Zg #*M s] 8f6f ;fj{hlgs jf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 < s] oL ;Demf}tfx¿ ;DaGwL s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5g\, s] ltgLx¿ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw 5g\, s] ltgLx¿ ;do afWo 5g\ / s] ToxfF s'g} lg/LIf0f 5Gf\ <

sfg'g / gLltx? sfof{Gjog ug]{

k|Zg #(M hxfF gofF zlQmx¿ l;h{gf x'G5g\, s] zlQmsf] sfof{Gjog :ki6 lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf 5 < s] Tof] lgb]{zg ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 <

k|Zg $)M s] ToxfF zlQmsf] b'?kof]u jf cTolws k|of]u ePsf] k|df0f 5 < s] ToxfF cTolws ansf] k|of]u ePsf] jf nlIft ug{ gx'g]nfO{ zlQmsf] andf nlIft ul/Psf] k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg $!M s] zlQmx¿ lgikIf ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf 5Gf\ < h;sf lj?4 k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, s] pgLx¿sf] dof{bfsf] ;Ddfg ul/Psf] 5 < s] dflg;x¿nfO{ ckdfg / a]OHht ug{ zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg $@M sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]df s]s:tf b08x¿ 5Gf\ < s] ltgLx¿ kmf}hbf/L x'g\ jf b]jfgL < s]s:tf hl/jfgf 5g\ < s] ltgLx¿ Gofo;Ët 5Gf\ < s] ltgLx¿ pNn+3g;Fu cg'kflts 5Gf\ <

k|Zg $#M hxfF pNn+3gdf hl/jfgf u/fOG5, s] tL To:tf hf/L ug{ ;lsg] ;Gbe{df pkof]uL 5Gf\ < pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fdflhs–cfly{s sf/0fx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cfO;f]n]6 / ;fdflhs b'/L sfod ug{ g;Sg] ;d'bfox¿ jf w]/} JolQmx¿ ;Fu} a:g] u/]sfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ns8fpg .

k|Zg $$M s] oL lg/k]If bfloTj -strict liability_ x'g]5g\, jf ToxfF plrt k|lt/Iffx¿ pknAw u/fpg kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] tTjx¿, sfo{ /÷jf dg;fo k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos x'G5 <

k|Zg $%M s] ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;]gfsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 < olb xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] s] s:tf st{Jox¿ 5g\ / s] o;n] gful/s hLjgdf c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 < s;/L <

hf]lvdk"0f{ jf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿df ;+s6sfnLg sfg"g / gLltx¿sf] k|efj

k|Zg $^M ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ / of]hgfx¿åf/f ljz]if u/L ;LdfGts[t jf hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"xx¿ s;/L k|efljt ePsf 5Gf\ <

k|Zg $&M s] s'g} of]hgfx¿, h:t} l8lh6n lgu/fgLsf of]hgfx¿n] klxn] g} ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿ lj?4 e]befjnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 <

k|Zg $*M s] ToxfF ;+s6sfnLg of]hgfx¿sf] lnË jf cGo ;dfgtfdf kg]{ k|efj af/] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 < s] ;+s6sfnLg sfg"g jf gLltn] To:tf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ / cg'udg ug{ cfjZos u/fPsf] 5 <

k|Zg $(M s] ToxfF lrlsT;f k/LIf0fsf] k|fjwfg / ljt/0f jf lrlsT;f ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf s'g} ljz]if ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lj¿4 jf ;dy{gdf e]befjsf] k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg %)M s] ToxfF /fHoåf/f k|wfg ul/Psf] ;xfotf jf ;dy{gsf] k|fjwfg / ljt/0fdf s'g} ljz]if ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lj¿4 jf ;dy{gdf e]befjsf] s'g} k|df0f 5 <

k|Zg %!M s] /fhgLlt1 jf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] ljz]if ;d"x / ;d'bfo nfO{ sf]le8–!( km}lngsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ egL klxrfg u/]sf]

5 <

xfd|f] af/]df yk hfgsf/L www.rwuk.org jf www.rightsandsecurity.org pknAw 5 .xfdLnfO{ 6\jL6/df @rightssecurity df kmnf] ug'{xf];\ .