Catherine of Siena 1

Catherine of Siena

Saint Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D.

St. Catherine of Siena,by anonymous painter, 19th century

Virgin; Doctor of Church

Born March 25, 1347Siena, Republic of Siena

Died April 29, 1380 (aged 33)Rome, Papal States

Honored in Roman Catholic Church; Anglican Communion; Lutheranism

Canonized 1461, by Pope Pius II

Feast April 29; April 30 (Roman Calendar, 1628–1960)

Attributes Dominican tertiaries' habit, lily, book, crucifix, heart, crown of thorns, stigmata, ring, dove, rose, skull, miniature church, miniatureship bearing Papal coat of arms

Patronage against fire, bodily ills, diocese of Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA, Europe, firefighters, illness, Italy, miscarriages, people ridiculedfor their piety, sexual temptation, sick people, sickness, nurses

Saint Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D, (25 March 1347 in Siena – 29 April 1380 in Rome) was a tertiary of theDominican Order, and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian. She also worked to bring the papacy of Gregory XIback to Rome from its displacement in France, and to establish peace among the Italian city-states. She wasproclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1970. She is one of the two patron saints of Italy, together with St. Francis ofAssisi.

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Catherine of Siena 2

Life

The house of Saint Catherine in Siena

Caterina Benincasa was born in Siena, Italy, to Giacomo di Benincasa,a cloth dyer who ran his enterprise with the help of his sons, and LapaPiagenti, possibly the daughter of a local poet.[1] The house whereCatherine grew up is still in existence. Born in 1347, she arrived whenthe black death struck the area; Siena was badly ravaged. Lapa wasabout forty years old when she prematurely gave birth to twindaughters, Catherine and Giovanna. Lapa had already 22 children, buthalf of them had died. Giovanna was handed over to a wet-nurse, and

presently died, whereas Catherine was nursed by her mother, and developed into a healthy child. She was two yearsold when Lapa had her 25th child, another daughter named Giovanna.[2] Catherine had her first vision of Christ whenshe was age five or six, saying that Jesus smiled at her, blessed her, and left her in ecstasy. At age seven she vowedchastity.

Her older sister Bonaventura died in childbirth. Within a year, the younger sister named Giovanna also died. Whiletormented with sorrow, sixteen-year-old Catherine was now faced with her parents' wish that she marryBonaventura's widower. Absolutely opposed to this, she started a massive fast, something she had learnt fromBonaventura, whose husband had not been considerate in the least. Bonaventura had changed his attitude by refusingto eat until he showed better manners. This had taught Catherine the power of fasting in close relationships. Sheclaimed to feel "jubilant" when cutting off her long hair.She would later advise her confessor and biographer, the Blessed Raymond of Capua, O.P., (who went on to becomeMaster General of the Order) to do during times of trouble what she did now as a teenager: "Build a cell inside yourmind, from which you can never flee." In this inner cell she made her father into a representation of Christ, Lapa intothe Blessed Virgin Mary, and her brothers into the apostles. Serving them humbly became an opportunity forspiritual growth. The greater the suffering, the larger her triumph was. Eventually her father gave up and permittedher to live as she pleased.A vision of St. Dominic strengthened her, though, but her wish to join his Order was no comfort to Lapa, who tookher daughter with her to the baths in Bagno Vignoni to improve her health. Soon she fell seriously ill with violentrash, fever and pain, which conveniently made her mother accept her wish to join the "Mantellate", the localassociation of Dominican tertiary Sisters.[3] Lapa went to the Sisters of the Order and persuaded them to take in herdaughter. Within days, Catherine seemed entirely restored, rose from bed and donned the black and white habit ofthe Third Order of St. Dominic. As a tertiary, she lived outside the convent, at home with her family like before. TheMantellate taught Catherine how to read, and she lived in almost total silence and solitude in the family home.[4] Hercustom of giving away food and clothing without asking anyone's permission cost her family significantly but shedemanded nothing for herself. By staying in their midst, she could live out her rejection of them more strongly. Shedid not want their food, referring to the table laid for her in Heaven with her real family.[5]

Catherine had received the habit of a Dominican tertiary from the friars of the Order, however, only after vigorousprotests from the Tertiaries themselves, who up to that point had been only widows.

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Catherine of Siena 3

"St Catherine's mystic communion" by FrancescoBrizzi

In about 1366, Catherine experienced what she described in her lettersas a "Mystical Marriage" with Jesus,[6] later a popular subject in art asthe Mystic marriage of Saint Catherine. Other miracles recounted inRaymond of Capua's biography include her reception of the stigmata[7]

and her receiving communion from Christ himself.[8] Raymond alsorecords that she was told by Christ to leave her withdrawn life andenter the public life of the world.[9] Catherine dedicated much of herlife to helping the ill and the poor, where she took care of them inhospitals or homes. Her early pious activities in Siena attracted a groupof followers, both women and men, while they also brought her to theattention of the Dominican Order, which called her to Florence in 1374to interrogate her for possible heresy. After this visit, in which she wasdeemed sufficiently orthodox, she began traveling with her followersthroughout northern and central Italy advocating reform of the clergyand the launch of a new crusade and advising people that repentanceand renewal could be done through "the total love for God."[10]

Physical travel was not the only way in which Catherine made herviews known. In the early 1370s, she began dictating letters to variousscribes.[11] These letters were intended to reach men and women of her

circle, increasingly widening her audience to include figures in authority as she begged for peace between therepublics and principalities of Italy and for the return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome. She carried on a longcorrespondence with Pope Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States.

In June 1376 Catherine went to Avignon herself as ambassador of Florence to make peace with the Papal States, butwas unsuccessful. She also tried to convince Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome.[12] She impressed the Pope somuch that he returned his administration to Rome in January 1377. Following Gregory's death and during theWestern Schism of 1378 she was an adherent of Pope Urban VI, who summoned her to Rome, and stayed at PopeUrban VI's court and tried to convince nobles and cardinals of his legitimacy. She lived in Rome until her death in1380. The problems of the Western Schism would trouble her until the end of her life.St Catherine's letters are considered one of the great works of early Tuscan literature. More than 300 have survived.In her letters to the Pope, she often referred to him affectionately as Papa ("Pope" in Italian). Other correspondentsinclude her various confessors, among them Raymond of Capua, the kings of France and Hungary, the infamousmercenary John Hawkwood, the Queen of Naples, members of the Visconti family of Milan, and numerous religiousfigures. Approximately one third of her letters are to women.Her other major work is The Dialogue of Divine Providence, a dialogue between a soul who "rises up" to God andGod himself, as recorded between 1377 and 1378 by members of her circle. Often assumed to be illiterate, Catherineis acknowledged by Raymond in his biography as capable of reading both Latin and Italian. Another hagiographer,Tommaso Caffarini, claimed that she could write in her own hand, though the majority of her written work wasdictated.

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Catherine of Siena 4

Death

The Chapel of Saint Catherine with parts of herrelics in the Basilica of San Domenico in Siena

St Catherine died in Rome, on 29 April 1380, at the age of thirty-three,having suffered a stroke eight days earlier.[13] Jesus is also commonlythought to have died at the same age, and Catherine's heroine MaryMagdalene is said to have fasted for thirty-three years.

Over the years Catherine had eaten less and less, claiming that shefound no nourishment in earthly food. Instead she received the HolyCommunion virtually on a daily basis. This extreme fasting appearedunhealthy in the eyes of the clergy and her own sisterhood, and herconfessor, Blessed Raymond, ordered her to eat properly. ButCatherine claimed that she was unable to, describing her inability to eatas an infermità (illness). She would disgorge what she swallowed, andsuffered severe stomach pains, which she bore with patience as anotherpenance.

She was buried in the cemetery of Santa Maria sopra Minerva whichlies near the Pantheon. After miracles were reported to take place at hergrave, Raymond moved her inside the Basilica of Santa Maria sopraMinerva,[14] where she lies to this day. Her head however, was parted

from her body and inserted in a gilt bust from bronze. This bust was later taken to Siena, and carried through thatcity in a procession to the Dominican church. Behind the bust walked Lapa, Catherine's mother, who lived until shewas 89 years old. By then she had seen the end of the wealth and the happiness of her family, and followed most ofher children and several of her grandchildren to the grave. She helped Raymond of Capua write his biography of herdaughter, and said, "I think God has laid my soul athwart in my body, so it can't get out."[15]

The people of Siena wished to have St. Catherine's body. A story is told of a miracle whereby they were partiallysuccessful: Knowing that they could not smuggle her whole body out of Rome, they decided to take only her headwhich they placed in a bag. When stopped by the Roman guards, they prayed to St Catherine to help them, confidentthat she would rather have her body (or at least part thereof) in Siena. When they opened the bag to show the guards,it appeared no longer to hold her head but to be full of rose petals. Once they got back to Siena they reopened the bagand her head was visible once more. Due to this story, St Catherine is often seen holding a rose. The incorruptiblehead and thumb were entombed in the Basilica of San Domenico, where they remain.[16]

Sarcophagus of Saint Catherine beneath the HighAltar of the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva,

Rome

Pope Pius II canonized St Catherine in the year 1461. Her feast day, atthe time, was not included in the Roman Calendar. When it was addedin 1597, it was put on the day of her death, April 29, as now, butbecause of a conflict with the feast of Saint Peter of Verona, which wasalso on April 29, it was moved in 1628 to the new date of April 30.[17]

In the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, it wasdecided to leave the celebration of the feast of St Peter of Verona tolocal calendars, because he was not as well known worldwide, andSaint Catherine's feast was restored to its traditional date of April29.[18] Some continued to use one or other of the calendars in force inthe 1628–1969 period.

On May 5, 1940 Pope Pius XII named her a joint Patron Saint of Italy along with Saint Francis of Assisi. Pope PaulVI gave her the title of Doctor of the Church in 1970 along with Saint Teresa of Ávila making them the first womento receive this honour. In 1999, Pope John Paul II made her one of Europe's patron saints. She is also the patroness ofthe historically Catholic American woman's fraternity, Theta Phi Alpha.

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Catherine of Siena 5

Catherine is alleged to have suffered from anorexia mirabilis, due to her extreme fasting and disgorging of the mealsshe ate.[19] Nonetheless she remains a greatly respected figure for her spiritual writings, and political boldness to"speak truth to power"— it being exceptional for a woman, in her time period, to have had such influence in politicsand on world history.

Images

A series of articles onChristian mysticism

ArticlesAspects of meditation • Christian meditation • Christian contemplation • Hesychasm • Mystical theology • Reflection

on the New AgeEarly period

Gregory of Nyssa • Bernard of Clairvaux • Guigo II13th and 14th centuries

Francis of Assisi • Dominic de Guzmán • Bonaventure • Catherine of Siena15th and 16th centuries

Ignatius of Loyola • Francisco de Osuna • John of Avila • Teresa of Ávila • John of the Cross17th and 18th centuries

Francis de Sales • Pierre de Bérulle19th century

Thérèse of Lisieux • Gemma Galgani • Conchita de Armida20th century

Maria Valtorta • Faustina Kowalska • Thomas Merton

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anorexia_mirabilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mystic_Marriage.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspects_of_Christian_meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_contemplationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesychasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystical_theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christian_reflection_on_the_New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christian_reflection_on_the_New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_of_Clairvauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guigo_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Dominichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonaventurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_of_Loyolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Osunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Avilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa_of_%C3%81vilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_the_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_de_Saleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rullehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Galganihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concepcion_Cabrera_de_Armidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Valtortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Faustina_Kowalskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Merton

Catherine of Siena 6

Michele deMeo, "Catherine

of Siena,Patroness of

Europe," 2003,Chapel of St.

James, Churchof Santa Mariasopra Minerva

Domenico Beccafumi, "TheMiraculous Communion of St.

Catherine of Siena," circa1513-1515, Getty Center, Los

Angeles, California

Domenico Beccafumi, "St.Catherine of Siena Receiving the

Stigmata," circa 1513-1515,Getty Center, Los Angeles,

California

"The VirginMary Givingthe Rosary toSt. Dominic

and St.Catherine of

Siena," Churchof Santa Agatain Trastevere,Rome (Bottom

of painting:the souls inPurgatoryawait the

prayers of thefaithful)

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo,"Saint Catherine of Siena",

circa 1746, KunsthistorischesMuseum, Vienna. Austria

Giovanni di Paolo,"St. Catherine of

Siena", c. 1475, oilon tempera. Fogg

Art Museum,Cambridge, England.

"The Mystic Marriage of StCatherine" by an unknown artist,

c. 1340, in Boston.

"St Catherine and the Demons"by an unknown artist, c. 1500,

tempera on panel. NationalMuseum, Warsaw.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACatherineSienaMeo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACatherineCommunionBeccafumi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACSienaStigmataBeccafumi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ARosaryStaAgata.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGiovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_096.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGiovanni_di_paolo%2C_St_Catherine_of_Siena.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABarna_da_Siena._Mystic_Marriage_of_st_Catherine._Boston_MFA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum%2C_Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum%2C_Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACatherine_of_Siena_Demons.jpg

Catherine of Siena 7

"The office of thetaxcollector (biccherna)

of Siena" by anunknown artist, 1451 -

1452, RijksmuseumAmsterdam

In this painting depicted theVirgin giving the rosary to St.

Dominic. In the scene also appearFray Pedro de Santa María Ulloa,

Saint Catherine of Siena andServant of God, Mary of Jesus de

León y Delgado. The fresco islocated in the Church of Santo

Domingo in San Cristóbal de LaLaguna, Tenerife, Spain.

Notes[1] "St. Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 03447a. htm). newadvent.org. . Retrieved 1 December 2010.[2] Skårderud, Finn (2008). Holy anorexia: Catherine of Siena. Oslo: Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. p. 411.[3][3] Catherine of Siena. Available Means. Ed. Joy Ritchie and Kate Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. Print.[4][4] Catherine of Siena. Available Means. Ed. Joy Ritchie and Kate Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. Print.[5] Skårderud, Finn. Holy anorexia: Catherine of Siena. Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. pp. 412–3.[6] Blessed Raymond of Capua, The Life of St. Catherine of Siena, tr. George Lamb (Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books, 2003), 99-101.[7] Ibid., 175-6.[8] Ibid., 286-91.[9] Ibid., 105-7.[10] Warren C. Hollister, and Judith M. Bennett (2002). Medieval Europe: A Short History, 9th edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

p. 342.[11][11] Catherine of Siena. Available Means. Ed. Joy Ritchie and Kate Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. Print.[12] Warren C. Hollister, and Judith M. Bennett. Medieval Europe: A Short History, 9th edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2002. p.

343[13] Farmer, David Hugh (1997). The Oxford dictionary of saints (4. ed. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 93. ISBN 0-19-280058-2.[14] "Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=Catherine+ of+ Siena& GSbyrel=in& GSdyrel=in&

GSob=n& GRid=19919& ). findagrave.com. . Retrieved 1 December 2010.[15] Skårderud, Finn. Holy anorexia Catherine of Siena. Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. p. 414.[16] "Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=19918). findagrave.com. . Retrieved 1 December

2010.[17] "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 91[18] Calendarium Romanum. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1969. p. 121.[19] "Anorexia and the Holiness of Saint Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. albany. edu/ scj/ jcjpc/ vol8is1/ reda. html). albany.edu. .

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rijksmuseum_Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rijksmuseum_Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAnoniem_-_Het_kantoor_van_de_belastingsdienst_%28biccherna%29_van_Siena.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Dominichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Dominichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Servant_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_of_Jesus_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Delgadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_of_Jesus_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Delgadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Lagunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Lagunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenerifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ARevelaci%C3%B3n_del_Sant%C3%ADsimo_Rosario_a_Santo_Domingo_de_Guzm%C3%A1n.jpghttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03447a.htmhttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Catherine+of+Siena&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=19919&http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Catherine+of+Siena&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=19919&http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=19918http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is1/reda.html

Catherine of Siena 8

References• Catherine of Siena (1988). Suzanne Noffke. ed. The Letters of St. Catherine of Siena. 4. Binghamton: Center for

Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton. ISBN 0-86698-036-9.• Catherine of Siena (1980). Suzanne Noffke. ed. The Dialogue. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-2233-2.• Raymond of Capua (1980). Conleth Kearns. ed. The Life of Catherine of Siena. Wilmington: Glazier.

ISBN 0-89453-151-4.• Hollister, Warren; Judith Bennett (2001). Medieval Europe: A Short History (9 ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill

Companies Inc.. p. 343. ISBN 0-07-234657-4.• McDermott,, Thomas, O.P. (2008). Catherine of Siena: spiritual development in her life and teaching. New York:

Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4547-2.

Further reading• Catherine of Siena (1707–1721) Opere, ed. Girolamo Gigli. 4 vols. Lucca; Siena• Cross, F. L., ed. (1957) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford U. P.; p. 251• The Dialogue of St. Catherine of Siena, TAN Books, 2009. ISBN 978-0-89555-149-8

External links• Works by Catherine of Siena (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Catherine+ of+ Siena+ Saint) at Project

Gutenberg• Edmund G. Gardner (1913). "St. Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 03447a. htm).

Catholic Encyclopedia.• EWTN Library: Saint Catherine of Siena, Virgin (http:/ / www. ewtn. com/ library/ MARY/ CATSIENA. htm)• Letters of Catherine from Gutenberg (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ dirs/ etext05/ 8ltcb10. txt)• Saint Catherine of Siena: Text with concordances and frequency list (http:/ / www. intratext. com/ Catalogo/

Autori/ AUT59. HTM)• Drawn by Love, The Mysticism of Catherine of Siena (http:/ / www. drawnbylove. com)• St. Catherine of Siena page (http:/ / www. aug. edu/ augusta/ iconography/ catherineSiena. html) at Christian

Iconography• Divae Catharinae Senensis Vita 15th c. manuscript (http:/ / purl. stanford. edu/ rm504km6504) at Stanford Digital

Repository

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Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsCatherine of Siena  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526100987  Contributors: -Midorihana-, 0, ADLyons89, AMC0712, Abbyzwart, Adambro, Afernand74, AidanP02,Alansohn, Alexander Tendler, Alpha Quadrant, Ambrosius007, Anam Gumnam, Andycjp, Angel12, Angeldeb82, Anthony of the Desert, Aristophanes68, Arturo57, Attilios, AxelBoldt, BD2412,Babyskates, Barkeep, Biglovinb, Bigturtle, Bla222, Blicarea, Bobo192, Brandmeister (old), Brighterorange, Bwpach, Cantara, Carl.bunderson, Cat1105, Caterinato, CatherineExpert,CatherineMunro, Cerrigno, Charlesdrakew, ChrisGualtieri, Coingeek, Cuchullain, D6, Daniel the Monk, Danny, Dark River, Dave souza, David Ludwig, DearPrudence, Dendodge, Dickstracke,Dimadick, Dj Capricorn, Dmerrill, DocWatson42, Dougher, Dsmdgold, Duckeypond, Emmemere, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Erik9, Escapomobil, Essjay, Etimbo, Evrik, Falcon8765, Favonian, FelixFolio Secundus, Fertuno, Fieldday-sunday, Francis Schonken, Fumitol, Gadfium, Gawain, Gemini1980, General announcement, Gentgeen, Ghirlandajo, Gilliam, Glenfarclas, GoGandhi,Godsp3d, Good Olfactory, Graham87, Grendelkhan, Gryffindor, Gx872op, Hailey C. Shannon, Hemlock Martinis, History2007, HochauerW, Hruler87, Ian Spackman, Ianlopez12, Isis, J.delanoy,JASpencer, JForget, JNW, JackofOz, Jaraalbe, Javit, Jayarathina, Jayjg, Jeff G., Jim Henry, Jim1138, Jj137, John Carter, Johnbod, Jonathunder, Joncaire, Jonel, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jsc83,Juxtatype, Jwrosenzweig, Kalki, Kikadue, Kirachinmoku, Kubigula, Kvent, La Pianista, Lastentwife, Lazylaces, Ledhead18, Leszek Jańczuk, LightSpectra, Lightmouse, Lima, Liudger,Lloegr-Cymru, Lotje, Luddydog, Ludi, Lunamaria, Magister Mathematicae, Magnus Manske, MamaGeek, Mandarax, Materialscientist, Matthew Proctor, Matthewjp, Mattissa, McSly,Meerkatakreem, MichaelTinkler, Moses the Black, Muriel Gottrop, Naniwako, Nard the Bard, Necrothesp, NellieBly, Nighm, Nlu, Olivier, Organic Cabbage, Otets, PL290, Partenope, Pegship,PeterMottola, PhilKnight, Philip Trueman, Piano non troppo, Pigman, Pko, Portia1780, Psy guy, Quicksilvre, RainbowOfLight, Rapomon, Red Act, Rich Farmbrough, RogDel, Rompe,Ronhjones, Rsgranne, SCFilm29, SaintsSearch, Samwb123, Savidan, Scarlett8188, Schinleber, Scranchuse, Scribblingwoman, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sesmith, Shakko, Shark96z, ShelfSkewed,Skarebo, Skull33, Sluzzelin, Snowolf, Spartacus007, Sphinx1121, Spikex, Spitfire, StAnselm, Staffelde, Stephen.peterson, Storkk, SudoGhost, T. Anthony, Tb, Tempest67,Theloavesandthevicious, Thesituation1234, Theun k, Tide rolls, Tommy2010, Traiectinus, TreasuryTag, Truthanado, Utcursch, Valdis, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf,Vaquero100, Veledan, Vgranucci, Voln, Vssun, Warpflyght, West.andrew.g, Widr, Wikipelli, Willthacheerleader18, WiseWoman, Yorkshirian, Zoe, Zoicon5, Zupcic, 467 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Catherine of Siena.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Catherine_of_Siena.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: anonimousFile:House Catherine Siena Apr 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:House_Catherine_Siena_Apr_2008.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: GryffindorFile:San Domenico74.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:San_Domenico74.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Georges JansooneFile:San Domenico Siena Apr 2008 (13).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:San_Domenico_Siena_Apr_2008_(13).JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: GryffindorFile:Caterina sopra Minerva.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caterina_sopra_Minerva.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HreidFile:Mystic Marriage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mystic_Marriage.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: name lost, Italy or SpainFile:CatherineSienaMeo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CatherineSienaMeo.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: DickstrackeFile:CatherineCommunionBeccafumi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CatherineCommunionBeccafumi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: DickstrackeFile:CSienaStigmataBeccafumi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CSienaStigmataBeccafumi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:DickstrackeFile:RosaryStaAgata.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RosaryStaAgata.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: DickstrackeFile:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 096.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_096.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Finavon,User:Gryffindor, User:JoJanFile:Giovanni di paolo, St Catherine of Siena.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giovanni_di_paolo,_St_Catherine_of_Siena.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Mattes, SailkoFile:Barna da Siena. Mystic Marriage of st Catherine. Boston MFA.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barna_da_Siena._Mystic_Marriage_of_st_Catherine._Boston_MFA.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Eugene a, G.dallorto, Gryffindor,Ham, Johnbod, Shakko, 1 anonymous editsFile:Catherine of Siena Demons.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Catherine_of_Siena_Demons.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BurgererSF, Mattes,ShakkoFile:Anoniem - Het kantoor van de belastingsdienst (biccherna) van Siena.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anoniem_-_Het_kantoor_van_de_belastingsdienst_(biccherna)_van_Siena.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DutchHoratius, Ophelia2,SailkoFile:Revelación del Santísimo Rosario a Santo Domingo de Guzmán.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Revelación_del_Santísimo_Rosario_a_Santo_Domingo_de_Guzmán.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:VolcánTeide

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