SPM Biology Form 4 Nutrition Notes

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SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part I)

by BERRYBERRYTEACHER

inBERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)

Nutrition is the all-important process which is why all Berry Readersare still alie an!

chec"in# o$t o$r we%site& 't is a process o o%tainin# the materials* (oo!) to sustain life and

growth& +hile st$!ents will most li"ely only thin" o h$man-e!i%le oo!, the s$%topics coerin#

S. Biolo#y Form / is more than that& So this art 0 o the new series on N$trition orSPM

Form 4 Biology%y Berry Berry Easyis oc$sse! on the types o n$trition an! some %asic

!einitions& Here, yo$1ll learn a%o$t sel-s$stainin# a$totrophs an! the more reliant heterotrophs&

2Tips3Sometimes students make the mistake of not considering photoautotroph and

chemoautotroph as a subset of autotrophs. Similarly, some students also fail to acknowledgethat saprophyte, holozoic, carnivourous plants, parasites are subset of heterotrophs as they do

not contain the word 'hetero' or 'trophs'. This is wrong and it'll be useful to draw a family tree

inclusive of examples to properly categorise the categories.4

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !

Photoautotrophs

Type of Nutrition

N$trition 5 process %y which or#anisms o%tain ener#y an! n$trients rom oo!, or

#rowth, maintenance an! repair o !ama#e! tiss$es&

N$trients 5 the important s$%stances which are re6$ire! or no$rishment o an

or#anisms&

7iin# or#anisms are !ii!e! into two #ro$ps (%ase! on the n$tritional ha%its)3

a$totrophs an! heterotrophs&
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(i! "utotroph

A$totrophs 5 or#anisms that are a%le to synthesise comple8 or#anic compo$n!s rom

raw, simple inor#anic s$%stances (water an! air) %y $sin# li#ht or chemical ener#y& These

or#anisms man$act$re their own oo! %y photosynthesis or chemosynthesis&

hotoa$totrophs 5 chlorophyll containin# or#anisms that $tilise solar ener#y or %$il!in#

or#anic s$%stance&

hotoa$totropic n$trition 9 holophytic n$trition&

Chemoa$totrophs 5 or#anisms synthesise or#anic s$%stances %y $tilisin# chemical

ener#y&

Autotrophs Example

Photoautotroph Trees

Chemoautotroph Bacteria

(ii! #eterotroph

Heterotrophs 5 or#anisms that are not a%le to synthesise their own n$trients %$t they

o%tain the n$trients rom other or#anisms&

Holo:oic n$trition 5 or#anisms ee! %y in#estin# soli! or#anic matter that !i#este! an!

a%sor%e! into the %o!ies&

Saprophytism 5 or#anisms ee! on !ea! an! !ecayin# or#anic matter&

arasitism 5 or#anisms o%tains n$trients (a%sor%s rea!ily !i#este! oo!) %y liin# on ; in

the %o!y o another liin# or#anisms (the host)Heterotrophs Example

Saprophyte Fungi

Holozoic nutrition Carnivores

Carnivorous plants

(Holozoic nutrition)

Venus traps and pitcher plants

Parasites Lice and leas

This en!s Part $o the series o st$!y notes %y Berry Berry Easyon Nutrition for SPM

Biology Form 4st$!ents& 'n the ne8t part, Berry Readerswill learn a%o$t%alan&ed

dietan! the seen important &lasses of foodor SPM'leel %iology& So !o stay t$ne!&

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part II)



A%alan&ed dietis the most important step to maintain one1s #oo! health& 't is the "ey to reach

a %alance %etween hain# eno$#h ener#y or !aily actiities an! also to maintain a healthy

wei#ht& There is also a misconception that a #oo! !iet consist o no at, no s$#ar, no salt an!

other e8treme meas$res& This is wron# as a %alance! !iet is more important than the !eoi! o
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any important classes o oo!& This post, Part o study notesrom Berry Berry

EasyonNutritionor SPM Biology Form 4st$!ents will %e oc$se! on %alance! !iet an! the

important &lasses of food& So !o rea! on& 't is a simple topic that is mo!erately pop$lar in

e8ams&

2Tips3n view of the topic, the following tips will not be study tips but nutritional tips instead.

nstead of avoiding sugar and salt completely, it is advisable to !ust limit the intake of simple

sugar and limit salt consumption "while ensuring that the salt is already iodised#. $lso, if you

intend to go vegetarian, make sure that you take in all the essential amino acids too. $vocado

and pumpkin seeds are useful to provide all the essential amino acids, which are typically only

available in animal%based diet.4

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !

&uman Teeth

Balan&ed )iet

o$le ("?)

Ener#y al$e ; caloriic al$e o oo! 5 the 6$antity o heat pro!$ce! when one #ram o

oo! is completely o8i!ise!& =nit 5 ?o$les per #ram (? #-0) or calories&

Ener#y al$e 9 (.ass o water 8 'ncrease in temperat$re 8 /&@ ) ; .ass o oo!

Ener#y al$e 9 (#)(C)(? #-0C-0) ; (#) 9 ? #-0
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Seen mportant *lasses of Food

0& Car%ohy!rates (proi!e ener#y)

@& roteins (B$il! new tiss$es ; important in #rowth an! repairin# !ama#e! tiss$es)

& Fats (proi!e ener#y ; stora#e o e8tra oo!s)

/& +ater (act as me!i$m or %iochemical reaction ; transportation o s$%stances)

& Ditamins (preent !iseases ; eicient meta%olism ; important or normal #rowth)

& .inerals (important or normal #rowth an! !eelopment o teeth, %ones an! m$scles)

& Ro$#ha#e ;


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utrition Tag

Fa&tors "ffe&ting )aily Energy Re,uirement

Balance !iet is essential or healthy #rowth an! !eelopment o the %o!y&

0& A#e 5 chil!ren an! teena#ers nee! more ener#y !$e to their hi#h meta%olic rate&

@& Se8 5 male a!$lt nee!s more ener#y !$e to in males hae hi#h meta%olic rate&

& re#nancy an! lactation 5 pre#nant women nee! more ener#y !$e to s$pport the

#rowin# oet$ses an! pro!$ce mil" or their %a%ies&

/& Occ$pation 5 an actie person re6$ires hi#h ener#y !$e to the person !oes a lot o heay

wor"&

& Si:e or %o!y wei#ht 5 a person smaller in si:e has a lar#er s$race area per $nit ol$me&

Th$s, the rate o heat loss is hi#h&

& Climate 5 people liin# in col! co$ntries nee! more ener#y to maintain %o!y

temperat$re&

& enetics 5 #enetics !isposition in certain person may !eci!e !ierent meta%olic rate&

I& Health 5 'n s$icient secretion o thyro8ine hormone may ca$se lower in meta%olic rate&

G& 7iestyle 5 An actie person re6$ires hi#her ener#y than a passie person

Energy *ontent of Food

Bom% calorimeter 5 $se! to calc$late the ener#y al$e o ario$s types o oo! samples&

One calorie (cal) 9 /&@ >o$les (?)

Ener#y al$e o oo! ("? #-0) 9 (/&@ 8 mass o water 8 increase in temperat$re) ; (mass o

oo! sample 8 0JJJ), speciic heat capacity o water, C 9 /&@ ? #-0C-0K mass o water in #K

temperat$re in C an! mass o oo! sample in #&
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This represents the en! o the Part -o the short notes on the topic o Nutrition or SPM

Form 4 Biology students%y Berry Berry Easy& 'n the ne8t post in this series o s$mmarise!

notes, yo$1ll learn a%o$t the &lasses of food nutrient& So !o chec" %ac"&

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (PartIV)



*lasses of food nutrientis the %asic classes $se! in the orm$lation o a healthy !iet& The

classical si. %asi& &lasses of

foodincl$!es3 *ar%ohydrates, Protein, Fat,/itamins,Mineralsan!0ater& This Part

4in the series o s$mmarise! st$!y notes %y Berry Berry Easyon Nutrition or SPM

Biology Form 4st$!ents is oc$sse! on the classes o oo! n$trients& Howeer, this part won1t

e8plain in !etail the classes on oo! %$t rather %e e8plainin# on the #eneral tests con!$cte! in

school la%s to test the content o oo!s& Berry Readerswill %e e8pose! to the name o tests,

rea#ents $se!, o%seration e8pecte! an! concl$sions re#ar!in# the i!entiication o classes o

oo! n$trient& So !o rea! on&

2Tips3ost food contain more than one of the classes of basic nutrient. To understand this, you

may look at the contents section of your slice bread's packaging. -ou'll see that it contains

protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and even water "although water might not be

stated#. So please remember that, chicken meat isn't all protein and rice isn't all carbohydrate.

at healthy, stay healthy and study hard.4

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!

/lasses of 0ood utrients
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*lasses of Food Nutrients

Test Reagent Observation Conclusion

Benedict!s

test

Food sample "

Benedict!s solution

(Place in #oiling$ater #ath)

The solution turns

rom blueto green% yellow% brick-

redprecipitate ormed (depend onsugar concentration)&

Food sample

contains

reducing sugar

Benedict!s

test

Food sample "

Benedict!s solution

" 'ilute

hydrochloric acid

(Place in #oiling

$ater #ath) "

neutralise #y

sodium hydrogen

car#onate po$der

The solution turns

romblueto green% yellow%brick-

redprecipitate ormed (depend on

sugar concentration)&

Food sample

contains non

reducing sugar

odine %

Starch test

Food sample "

odine solution

The solution turns rombrownish-

yellowto blue-black&

Food sample

contains

starch

*mulsion

test

Food sample "

ethanol

The at droplets ormed on the

surace and the solution #ecome

cloudy&

Food sample

contains oil

(lipid)

Sudan

test

Food sample "

Sudan stain

+ red-stainedoil layer separates

out and loat on the $ater surace

Food sample

contains oil

(lipid)

Fat test Food sample " ilter

paper

+ translucent mar, ormed Food sample

contains oil

(lipid)

-illon!s test Food sample "

-illon!s reagent "

./ sodium nitrite

(Place in #oiling

$ater #ath)

The solution turns brick-

redprecipitate&

Food sample

contains

protein

Biuret test Food sample " 01/

sodium hydro2ide

solution and ./

copper() sulphatesolution

The solution turns

rom blueto purple colour&

Food sample

contains

protein

This mar"s the en! o art / o the series o notes on Nutrition or Form 4

Biologyst$!entsta1ing SPM in Malaysia& 'n the ne8t part, Berry Readerswill learn all

a%o$t itamins& Rea! all a%o$t it to stay healthy&

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part V)


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There are two cate#ories in itamins3 at-sol$%le itamins an! water-sol$%le itamins&

Fat'solu%le /itamins

Types o

!itamins

"ources #unctions Eect o deiciency

+ (retinol) -il,3carrots3

tomatoes3

eggs3 ish

oil3 green

vegeta#les3

#utter

Builds visual pigmentson retina or night vision

mmunity

4ro$th o epithelial

cells

+ntio2idant

Build #ody resistance to

diseases

5ight #lindness 6erophthalmia (cornea

#ecomes dry)

Scaly s,in

' (calcierol) Formed

(s,in) during

the presence

o sunlight3

ish liver oil3

egg yol,3

cheese

*nhances a#sorption o

calcium and phosphorus

Build strong #ones and

healthy teeth

7ic,ets ($ea, #ones)

8steomalacia

(sotening o #ones)

* (tocopherol) Palm oil3

cereals3 nuts3

green

vegeta#les3

olive oil3

mil,

Preserves healthy

muscular system3 #lood

circulatory (red #lood

cells) and nervous system

+ntio2idant

-aintain healthy

unction o the

reproduction system

Premature aging

Lo$ ertility

Slo$ $ound healing

9 (phyllo:uinone)4reenvegeta#le3

totatoes

Helps in #lood clotting 'etective #loodclotting

+naemia

The ne8t post, Part 3 on the short series o notes on Nutrition or SPM Biology Form

4st$!ent %y Berry Berry Easywill contin$e on the s$%-topic o itamin with emphasis %ein#

#ien onwater'solu%le itamins& So !o rea! on&

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part

VI)


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0ater'solu%le itaminsare itamins that are sol$%le in water& +hile it so$n!s o%io$s %$t its

implication is lar#e& Beca$se it is water-sol$%le, it has to %e replace! !aily as the %o!y !oes not

store them or a%sor%e! in the at #lo%$les& Since it is replace! !aily, yo$ will nee! to in#est them

on a !aily %asis& Typical so$rce o B-comple8 itamins are o$n! in cereal, e##, ish le#$me, meat,

mil", po$ltry an! others& +hile Ditamin C can nat$rally %e o$n! in r$its (citr$s %ase! are the

%est as most Berry Readerswo$l! alrea!y "now rom yo$n#)&

So, let1s thin" a#ain, what the implication o water-sol$%le itamin meansM 't also means that

these itamins can potentially %e washe! away !$rin# the preparation o oo! or een !$rin#

stora#e !$e to its sol$%ility in water& So it is ery !ierent rom the at-sol$%le itamins learnt in

the earlier post& As yo$ wo$l! hae #$esse! it, this post, Part 3o notes on Nutritionor SPM

Form 4 Biology student rom Berry Berry Easyis all a%o$t water-sol$%le itamins&

2Tips30or those who wonder how fat%soluble is stored in the body. 5itamin 6$346 as

mentioned in the previous post is fat%soluble, in which they are absorbed in chylomicrons which

moves through the lymphatic system of small intestines, followed by circulation in the blood

stream and finally stored in body tissues. "This also implies the importance of fat in our body.

So do not remove too much fat from your body until you are unhealthy.

$s a health tip, make sure you don't ingest too much fat%soluble vitamins, as they can be stored

in your body. $ condition called hypervitaminosis can occur if you have too much vitamin

stored in your body, and that condition is potentially harmful to your body. So remember that,

moderation is the best way to go in life.4

SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!

/od fish oil
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0ater'solu%le /itamins

Types o

!itamins

"ources #unctions Eect o deiciency

B. (thiamine) -il,3

legumens3$heatgerm3

yeast e2tract3

nuts3 $hole

grains

Precursor o a coenzyme

Coenzyme or car#ohydrates meta#olisme

Beri#eri (muscle

$ea,ness3 nerve disorder) Fatigue

B0 (ri#olavin) -il,3

$heatgerm3

liver3 eggs

Component o

coenzyme Healthy nervous system

Sore eyes

S,in lesions at the

corner o mouth3 nose and

ears

nlammation o tongueand lips

B; (niacin) Liver3 rice3

legumes3 ish3

yeast e2tract

Component o coenzyme

Healthy nervous system3 s,in and intestines

Pellagra (s,in and

gastrointestinal lesions)

B< (pantothenic

acid)

Fish3 egg

yol,3 liver3

meat

Component o coenzyme or car#ohydrates3

protein and atty acids meta#olism

-uscle cramps

Fatigue

4rey hair

Lo$ immunity

B= (pyrido2ine) Fish3 liver3

mil,3

potatoes

Coenzyme in amino acid meta#olism

For red #lood cell ormation

9idney stone

-uscular t$itching

'iarrhea

B> (olic acid) 4reen

vegeta#les

For '5+ and 75+

For red #lood cells ormation

7egulating the unction o iron

-iscarriage #irth

Clet lips

Lim# deects o #a#ies

B.0 (co#alamin) Cheese3 mil,3

egg3 meat

Coenzyme in nucleic acid meta#olism

For red #lood cells ormation

Pernicious anaemia

5eurological disorders

H (#iotin) Legumes3

vegeta#les

Coenzyme in the synthesis o at3 glycogen

and amino acid

5ausea

Fatigue


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-uscular pains

C (ascor#ic acid) 8range3

tomatoes3

#roccoli3caulilo$er

Fats and protein meta#olism

*nergy production

Scurvy (#leeding gums

and #ruised s,in)

This is the en! o Part 3o notes for SPM Biology on N$trition&

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SPM Biology Form 4 Nutrition Notes

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