SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 5

Ablation. See also Catheter ablation; Radiofrequency ablationatrial fibrillation

biplane three-dimensional augmented fluoroscopy, 957,965

cardiac image registration, 609initiation, dynamic factors preceding, S22novel approach to avoid esophageal injury, 624spectral analysis during sinus rhythm, 968

atrial flutter, markers of inflammation in, 215, 222atypical atrial flutter after, 618atypical atrial tachycardias, congenital heart disease, 315AV nodal, cardiac fibrosis and, 839cryoballoon, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 802EP challenges, adult congenital heart disease, 1464fractionated electrogram

during atrial fibrillation, 198, 206automated algorithm for, 1134, 1142HL-1 atrial monolayer model, 1029

with irrigated radiofrequency, 899left atrial, focal left septal atrial tachycardia after, 1070left atrium circumferential, conduction gap identification,

994longstanding permanent AF, pulmonary vein antrum

isolation, 1658, 1665macroreentrant atrial tachycardia, S18percutaneous epicardial, atrial fibrillation, 152pulmonary vein isolation, atrioesophageal fistula after, 145reentrant ventricular tachycardia, postinfarction patients,

981, 992right bundle, ventricular tachycardia, S68sequential dual chamber extrastimulation, concealed

accessory pathway, 248transcoronary ethanol, for ventricular tachycardia, 62, 69univentricular heart, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 604ventricular arrhythmia, vicinity of His bundle, 37ventricular fibrillation, initiated by VPBs, 1458ventricular tachycardia, from right bundle branch, child, 142

Ablation gapreason for failure, atrial fibrillation, 1296, 1302

Accessory pathwayaortomitral continuity, failed 12-lead ECG, 1206concealed, sequential dual chamber extrastimulation, 248differentiation of AVNRT from AVRT

�HA criterion, 83metamorphosis of a tachycardia, 155

epicardium-derived cells and, EP News, 905location identification, 12-lead ECG, 1763tachycardia, ablation above the semilunar valves, 1625trigger for AF, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 1238,

1248

Acetylcholineactivity triggered by, pacing-induced heart failure, 1170

Action potentialsatrial fibrillation initiation, factors preceding, S22calcium and ventricular vulnerability, Langendorff-perfused

ventricles, 116duration, arrhythmogenicity of quinidine, 1726inhibition of IKur, atrial fibrillation, 1304NS1643 effects, ventricular cell model, 734

Activation mappingsinus rhythm, postinfarction ventricular tachycardias, 981,

992Adenosine triphosphate

bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, 496calcium channel blockers and, Andersen-Tawil syndrome,

498Aging

right atrial substrate properties, atrial flutter, 1144American College of Cardiology (ACC)

AHA/HRS Guidelines, device-based therapy, 934American Heart Association (AHA)

ACC/HRS Guidelines, device-based therapy, 934Amiodarone

chronic, atrial fibrillation, anti-selective effects, 1735, 1743heart failure patients, versus ICD shocks, EP News, 1770prevention of AF, after coronary artery bypass graft, EP

News, 635Amyloidosis

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, reduction of suddencardiac death, 235

Andersen-Tawil syndromeventricular tachycardia and, calcium channel blockers and

adenosine triphosphate, 498Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

cardiac arrhythmias and, S12Angiotensin II

atrial fibrillation, JAK/STAT and rapid pacing model, 1285,1294

Antiarrhythmic agentsatrial fibrosis and fibrillation, in congestive heart failure,

451, 460, 636chronic amiodarone, anti-selective effects of, 1735, 1743fetal tachycardia, 1216inhibition of IKur, atrial fibrillation, 1304present and future, S26QT interval, predictor of ventricular arrhythmias, 1210,

1213ranolazine, pulmonary vein sleeve preparation, 1019, 1027short QT syndrome, experimental model, 585, 590suppression of AF, in long QT syndrome, 472

1547-5271/$ -see front matter © 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Heart Rhythm Society.

Heart Rhythm (2008) 5, e12–e28

www.heartrhythmjournal.com

ventricular arrhythmias, psychosocial status effects, 361,366

Antiarrhythmic effectsconditional FKBP12.6 overexpression, EP News, 1089

Antiarrhythmogenic effecthigh-density lipoprotein, EP News, 1089

Anticoagulationatrial fibrillation, epidemiology and outcomes, 1365, 1373

Aortic cuspelectrocardiographic characteristics, 663ventricular arrhythmias originating, electrocardiographic

characteristics, 184ventricular tachycardia ablation, nonfluoroscopic guidance,

326Aortic dilation

ascending, with congenital complete heart block, 1704Aortic valve

ablation above the semilunar waves, ventriculartachycardia, 1485

Aortomitral continuityaccessory pathways located at, failed 12-lead ECG, 1206

Arrhythmias. See also specific arrhythmiaablation of chronic AF, what we have learned, S36acute ischemia, interventricular septum, conduction and,

1057after bilateral lung transplantation, 149atrial fibrillation

converting to atrial flutter with fixed interval block,1745, 1753

progression and management, 1501, 1508biologic pacemakers, cautionary notes for development,

1318cardiac calsequestrin gene and, EP News, 1633catheter ablation

DynaCT for, 1651left atrial function and scar after, 656pulmonary vein isolation, radiofrequency energy, 1635,

1643chronic amiodarone, anti-selective effects, 1735, 1743contemporary review, 742, 867cryoablation outcomes, AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, 230electrocardiographic assessment, QT interval, teaching, 1015fetal

magnetocardiography in, 1073tachycardia, treatment, 1216

focal ventricular tachycardia, catheter ablation, S64gene deletions and duplications, in KCNQ1 and KCNH2,

1275, 1282ischemic phase 1B, subepicardial reentry during, 1036,

1045left bundle branch block morphology tachycardia, overdrive

ventricular pacing, 1479L-type calcium current recovery, versus ventricular

repolarization, 271, 280management, training in specialized electrophysiology, 332mechanisms

cellular bases, S1midmyocardial Cx43, in heart failure, 1178, 1186

myocardial stem cell therapy, electrophysiologyimplications, S48

originating from papillary muscle, ventricular or fascicular,1530

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and, S32percutaneous epicardial ablation, 152persistent, recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, HERG

mutations, 553, 562pioglitazone effects, atrial structural remodeling, 451, 460,

636predictive testing for familial disease, psychological

consequences, 719quinidine effects, late sodium current and, 1726renin-angiotensin system and, S12right ventricular, vulnerability, 438, 449rotor meandering and, electrograms during AF, 846, 855seasonal and circadian distribution, Brugada syndrome,

1523, 1528short QT syndrome, experimental model, 585, 590sodium channel mutation, 99stellate ganglion nerve activity and, sudden cardiac death

model, 131, 140stem cells for cardiac repair and, clinical studies, 880supraventricular tachycardia, mechanism, 1219, 1350susceptibility, C-terminal KCNH2 mutations, 1159, 1168sympathectomy treatment, 1461taser application, electrocardiographic evaluation, EP News,

1634U-waves and mutant ryanodine receptors, 1382, 1389ventricular fibrillation, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator,

S45Arrhythmogenesis

begetting atrial fibrillation, 888Arrhythmogenic disorders

intracellular CA2� waves and, EP News, 1633right ventricular cardiomyopathy

tachycardia in LBBB morphology, 895ventricular aneurysm and, 1455

Asystolecomplete AV block and, with inferior acute MI, 1079

Athletesendurance, long term outcomes in assessment of hearts, EP

News, 1634exercise-related sudden cardiac death, survival trends in

youth, 794, 801highly-trained, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in, EP News,

906ICD patients

individual risk-benefit decision, 861participation discouraged, 864

Atrial arrhythmiasatypical, congenital heart disease, 315curative ablation, markers of inflammation, 215, 222pharmacotherapy for, present and future, S26

Atrial fibrillationablation

biplane three-dimensional augmented fluoroscopy, 957,965

within coronary sinus, 19intra-pericardial balloon retraction, 1473in obese patients, EP News, 1227pulmonary vein isolation, radiofrequency energy, 1635,

1643acute, intravenous magnesium, EP News, 501adrenergic regulation and, EP News, 328after heart transplant, EP News, 635

e13Subject Index

after myocardial revascularization, sodium nitroprussideeffects. EP News, 1634

Brugada syndrome patients, EP News, 1090calcium and cholinergic, pacing-induced heart failure, 1170cardiac fibrosis induced by, early rhythm control effects,

839cardiac image registration, left atrium, 609cardiac sodium channel variants, EP News, 1090cardioversion, outcomes, EP News, 1498catheter ablation

CT location of esophagus before, 975cycle-dependent left atrial dynamics, 787DynaCT for, 1651image integration with intracardiac ultrasound, 1548left atrial appendage isolation, 475left atrial function and scar after, 656patient with cor triatriatum sinister, 903rhythm analysis in pacemaker patients, EP News, 769

cellular bases for, S1chronic, ablation, what we have learned, S36chronic amiodarone, atrial-selective effects, 1735, 1743circumferential pulmonary vein ablation, tachycardia after,

EP News, 501clinical performance measures, EP News, 769complex fractionated electrograms

ablation, 198, 206spatial and temporal stability, 1127

conduction times, premitral and peritricuspid, 400in congenital long QT syndrome, 704, 710converting to atrial flutter with fixed interval block, 1745,

1753early and late tachyarrhythmias, after pulmonary vein

antrum isolation, 679electrogram fractionation, HL-1 atrial monolayer model,

1029epidemiology and outcomes, U. S., 1365, 1373familial

atrial natriuretic peptide mutation, EP News, 1497first-degree family history, 826genetics, 483LQT-3 and, SCN5A mutation, 1434, 1441

FKBP12.6 deficiency, intracellular calcium leak due to,1047, 1055

fractionated atrial electrogramsautomated algorithm for, 1134, 1142consistency of, 406

gaps in ablation lines, ablation failure and, 1296, 1302high-risk patients, catheter substrate ablation, EP news, 906idiopathic, genetics, 483IKur inhibition and, 1304impact on pulmonary veins, EP News, 1498incomplete ablation lines, image fusion in, 163initiation, dynamic factors preceding, S22interstitial Cajal cells, identification in pulmonary veins,

1063, 1068intracardiac echocardiography, multislice CT and, ablation

guidance, 1403ion channels to rotors, contemporary review, 872JAK/STAT and rapid pacing model, 1285, 1294LAA filling defects, multidetector CT for, 253left atrial ablation, focal left septal atrial tachycardia after,

1070

left atrium circumferential ablation, identification ofconduction gaps, 994

lone, first-degree family history in, 826lone recurrent, microvascular dysfunction and, EP News, 1226longstanding permanent, ablation for, 1658, 1665macroreentrant tachycardia after, catheter ablation, 43mechanisms of action, spatiotemporal characterization, 686metabolic syndrome and, EP News, 905multielectrode catheter, real-time, CT geometry, 628mutation in KCNE5, potassium current and, 427, 436Nav fusion, image integration, 526, 536novel ablative approach, to avoid esophageal injury, 624paroxysmal

arrhythmias and, S32arrhythmogenic substrate in, EP News, 329balloon catheter ablation, 353cryoballoon ablation, 802cryothermic ostial pulmonary vein, EP News, 769gain-of-function TBX5 mutation, EP News, 1357mesh catheter ablation, 1510neural mechanisms, EP News, 1634spectral analysis during sinus rhythm, 968wide complex tachycardia in, 1621

percutaneous epicardial ablation of, 152permanent, dronedarone for ventricular rate, EP News, 1770persistent

reduced risk of torsades de pointes and, EP News, 769supraventricular tachycardia after ablation, 318

pharmacotherapy, atrial arrhythmias, S26phrenic nerve, 3D reconstruction, pace mapping, 1120postoperative, sodium nitroprusside and, EP News, 1497potassium channels and, EP News, 634potassium channels in, pathology-specific therapy, 758predisposition, connexins and arrhythmogenesis, 888progression and management, 5-year study, 1501, 1508pulmonary vein isolation, atrioesophageal fistula after, 145ranolazine effects, pulmonary vein sleeve preparations,

1019, 1027reflection in accessory pathway, Wolff-Parkinson-White

syndrome, 1238, 1248renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and, S12resynchronization therapy, improvement of left atrial

function after, 780rhythm versus rate control, EP News, 1358sodium channel mutation, 99strategies for ablation, 174, 182suppression by mexiletine, in long QT syndrome, 472surgery, proarrhythmic aspects, EP news, 635surgical treatment, lessons learned from, S40susceptibility to electroporation, 592thromboembolism and, idraparinux or vitamin K for

prevention, EP News, 906vernakalant hydrochloride, rapid conversion, EP News, 906warfarin versus aspirin, elderly, EP News, 166

Atrial fibroblastsdifferential behaviors, EP News, 1089

Atrial flutterAF epidemiology and outcomes, U. S., 1365, 1373age-related right atrial substrate properties, 1144atrial fibrillation preceding, converting to atrial flutter with

fixed interval block, 1745, 1753atypical, 618

e14 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

common-type, robotic versus conventional ablation, 1556cryoablation, cavotricuspid isthmus, 1009curative ablation, markers of inflammation, 215, 222early and late tachyarrhythmias, after pulmonary vein

antrum isolation, 679initiation, dynamic factors preceding, S22macroreentrant tachycardia, S18pace termination, after ablation for AF, 1619as sign of arrhythmogenic substrate, in atrial fibrillation, EP

News, 329Atrial reentrant arrhythmia

atypical atrial flutter, 618single ventricle patient, 1615

Atrial reentrant circuitsatypical, congenital heart disease, 315

Atrial septumsubstrates, intra-atrial and interatrial conduction, 1189,

1196Atrial stunning

susceptibility to electroporation, 592Atrial tachyarrhythmia

atypical atrial flutter, 618Atrial tachycardia

ablation, above semilunar valve, 1625catheter ablation, sinus of Valsalva, 1265, 1273donor-to-recipient, after bilateral lung transplantation, 149focal

epicardial left atrial appendage, 766with exit block, after ablation of atrial fibrillation, 1070

with group beating, 760isoproterenol infusion, mechanism, 1219, 1359macroreentrant

catheter ablation, 43pathophysiological concepts, S18postoperative, proarrhythmic aspects, EP News, 635

paroxysmal, neural mechanisms, EP News, 1634Atrioesophageal fistula

after pulmonary vein isolation, HIFU, 145Atriofascicular pathway

left bundle branch block, sustained tachycardia with, 1479Atrioventricular block

asystole and, with inferior acute MI, 1079fetus, management of, 1347long QT syndrome with, hERG mutation and SCN5A

variant, 1567, 1575tachycardia and, pediatric patients, 1391

Atrioventricular delay optimizationresynchronization therapy, exercise, 378

Atrioventricular junctionaccessory, developing human heart, EP News, 1357

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardiawith 2:1 block, pediatric patients, 1391cryoablation for, outcomes, 230differentiation from AVRT

�HA criterion, 83metamorphosis of a tachycardia, 155

narrow QRS, with recent MI, 1758paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and, 318

Atrioventricular nodetwin, RAI patients, outcome, 224

Autonomic nervous systemmarkers, unexpected cardiac death, 300, 306

Bachmann bundleleft atrial appendage isolation, during catheter ablation of

AF, 475Balloon catheter

paroxysmal atrial fibrillationmesh catheter for pulmonary vein isolation, 1510pulmonary vein isolation, 353

Baroreflex sensitivityautonomic neural activity, predictor of sudden death, 300,

306cardiovascular mortality and, EP News, 500

Beta-1 adrenergic receptorresting heart rate, stepwise allele-dependent manner, 694,

701Beta-adrenergic receptors

sudden cardiac death and, patients with CAD, 814, 821Beta3-AR agonist

antiarrhythmic effects, ventricular tachycardia model, 289,298

Beta blockersatrial fibrillation, mechanisms, S1

Beta-sympathomimeticsmanagement of atrioventricular block, fetus, 1347

Bilevel blockatrial tachycardia, with group beating, 760

Biopsystem cells, myocardial regeneration, 749

Biventricular pacingcardiac remodeling and, myocardial infarction model, 124endothelial dysfunction in heart failure, 1229, 1236

Brugada syndromeatrial fibrillation, sodium channel mutation, 99atrial fibrillation with, EP News, 1090criteria, wide QRS complex tachycardia, 89ECG patterns, sodium channel blocker tests, 1561, 1565genetic analysis, 1495GPD1-L mutation and, EP News, 328inferolateral leads, early repolarization pattern in, 1685interventricular mechanical dyssynchrony, 79lidocaine-induced, cardiac sodium channel in, EP News,

1633longer repolarization, epicardium, EP News, 1090sodium channel beta 1 subunit mutations, EP News, 1227,

1357ventricular fibrillation

repolarization heterogeneity, 725seasonal and circadian distribution of, 1523, 1528

ventricular repolarization restitution, EP News, 1090Brugada-type ECG

healthy European subjects, EP News, 501Bundle branch block. See Left bundle branch; Right bundle

branch block

Cajal cellsinterstitial, in pulmonary veins, 1063, 1068

Calciumintracellular dynamics, pacing-induced heart failure, 1170intracellular leak, FKBP12.6 deficiency, atrial fibrillation,

1047, 1055Calcium channel blockers

adenosine triphosphate and, in Andersen-Tawil syndrome,498

e15Subject Index

Cardiac arrestin-hospital, delayed defibrillation, EP News, 635in schools, EP News, 166sudden

automated external defibrillators, EP News, 1358early repolarization and, EP News, 1227

ventricular tachycardia and, psychosocial status andmortality, 361, 366

Cardiac calsequestrin genemutation, arrhythmia and, EP News, 1633

Cardiac death. See Sudden cardiac deathCardiac fibrosis

induced by AF, early rhythm control effects, 839Cardiac mapping

atrial fibrillationconverting to atrial flutter with fixed interval block,

1745, 1753rotor meandering and irregularity, 846, 855

catheter ablation, ventricular tachycardia, S59ventricular arrhythmias, mechanistic insights, S53

Cardiac outputsteep fall in, vasovagal syncope, 1695

Cardiac perforationSt. Jude Riata lead, time of delayed perforation, 1667, 1673

Cardiac resynchronization therapybiventricular pacing, microvolt T-wave alternans during,

348device implantation training, pediatric and congenital

patients, 907dilated cardiomyopathy, hyper responders, 193early and late effects, heart failure patients, 52, 60endothelial dysfunction in heart failure, 1229, 1236pediatric heart failure, 1476EP challenges, adult congenital heart disease, 1464improvement in left atrial function, incidence of AF and,

780left ventricular pacing, repetitive tachycardia during, 1482mechanical dyssynchrony, advanced decompensated heart

failure, 1105with narrow QRS complexes, EP News, 329optimization of AV delay, exercise and, 378real-time-3D echocardiography, prediction of response, 1257reversal of global apoptosis, EP News, 905

Cardiac rhythm devicesACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Therapy, 934

Cardiac sodium channelatrial fibrillation and, EP News, 1090double mutation, EP News, 1633

Cardiomyopathyarrhythmogenic right ventricular, tachycardia in LBBB

morphology, 895arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

CT, 1631molecular phenotype, 1715, 1724

athletes with ICDs, sports participation discouraged, 864desmosomal, ventricular aneurysms and, 1455dilated

catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia, S68sodium channel mutations, EP News, 768

hypertrophicin athletes, EP News, 906high-voltage ICD leads in, 1517

intracardiac and surface T-wave alternans, predictor ofventricular arrhythmia, 1003

ischemiccardiac resynchronization use, 193dynamic substrate mapping, 308

lamin A/C mutations, EP News, 500nonischemic, T-wave alternans, EP News, 501pediatric, cardiac resynchronization therapy for, 1476tachycardia-induced, persistent left ventricular dilatation in,

1111Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs). See

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

adenosine triphosphate and, 496Catheter ablation. See also Ablation

AF patients with obesity, EP News, 1227arrhythmias, single ventricle patient, 1615atrial fibrillation

across mitral isthmus, 19chronic, what we have learned, S36CT location of esophagus, 975cycle-dependent left atrial dynamics, 787DynaCT for, 1651image integration for, 526, 536image integration with intracardiac ultrasound, 1548incomplete lines, image fusion in, 163left atrial appendage isolation, 475left atrial function and scar after, 656patient with cor triatriatum sinister, 903pulmonary vein isolation, radiofrequency energy, 1635,

16435-year study of progression and management, 1501, 1508

atrial tachyarrhythmias, after pulmonary vein antrumisolation, 679

AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, outcomes, 230conduction times, perimitral and peritricuspid, 400epicardial

atrial fibrillation, 152endoscopic guidance, 1115ventricular tachycardia, S73

epicardial activation before and after, Ebstein anomaly,ECGI, 857

excimer laser, after failed microdissection, 469focal atrial tachycardia, epicardial left atrial appendage, 766focal ventricular tachycardia, S64high risk patients with AF, EP News, 906intracardiac echocardiography, multislice CT guidance, 1403intra-pericardial balloon retraction, left atrium, 1473left atrial, supraventricular tachycardia after, 318mesh, for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 1510multielectrode, real-time, CT geometry, 628noncontact mapping, infarct size and, 308paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, pulmonary vein isolation, 353postinfarction ventricular tachycardia, pace mapping, 1709prophylactic, prevention of defibrillator therapy, EP News,

501robotic versus conventional, common-type atrial flutter,

1556within the sinus of Valsalva, tachycardias, 1265, 1273strategies, long-term AF, 174, 182tachycardia, left atrial and pulmonary vein macroreentrant,

43

e16 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

ventricular arrhythmiacharacteristics, 419vicinity of His bundle, 37

ventricular tachycardia, S59bundle branch reentry, S68cardiomyopathy, EP News, 166ICE and 3D mapping, 1396nonfluoroscopic mapping, 326steam pops during, 1411

Catheter placementreal-time magnetic resonance imaging, EP News, 1497

Cavotricuspid isthmusage-related right atrial substrate properties, atrial flutter,

1144catheter cryoablation of, treatment of atrial flutter, 1009conduction times, premitral and peritricuspid, 400

Cellular uncouplingsubepicardial reentry, during ischemic phase 1B, 1036,

1045Channelopathies

LQT-3 and atrial fibrillation, 1434, 1441Children. See Pediatric patientsChinese medicine

atrial electrophysiology and, EP News, 1226Clinical registries

implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, 1250Commotio cordis

endocardial mapping of ventricular fibrillation, 1355Complications

advisory ICD replacement, 1675, 1682impedance monitoring, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

lead, 775lead disintegration, level of tricuspid valve, 1224lead extraction

infectious issues, 1083noninfectious issues, 1221

Computed tomographyarrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy,

1631atrial fibrillation, incomplete ablation lines, 163geometry, multielectrode ablation catheters, 628location of esophagus, before catheter ablation, 975multidetector, LAA filling defects in atrial fibrillation, 253multiphase multislice, pulmonary vein contraction, 1645multislice, multisweep gated rotational fluoroscopy

comparison, 513multi-slice, ablation guidance, 1403multislice vs DynaCT, for catheter ablation, 1651Nav fusion, image integration, 526, 536nongated cardiac, guide for AF ablation, 957, 965positive emission tomography and

with mapping, scar-related ventricular tachycardia, 1538,1546

pericarditis induced by lead fixation, 1493Computers

electroanatomical mapping, comparison with 12-lead ECG,413

ConductionAF initiation, dynamic factors preceding, S22asymmetric suppression, ischemia of interventricular

septum and, 1057interatrial, substrates, atrial septum, 1189, 1196

in ischemic ventricular fibrillation, STEMI, 71right ventricular arrhythmia, vulnerability, 438, 449velocity, dispersion in Cx43, model of heart failure, 1178,

1186Conduction anisotropy

antiarrhythmic protection, in hibernators, 1587, 1597Conduction gaps

identification, during left atrium circumferential ablation,994

Congenital heart blockascending aortic dilation in, 1704magnetocardiography, in fetal arrhythmias, 1073

Congenital heart diseaseadult, EP challenges, 1464hERG mutation, symptomatic LQT2 and auditory-trigger

syncope, 1577ICD implant training, resynchronization device training

and, 907indications for ICD, young children, 1755pacemaker interference, portable media players, 545, 551pediatric, cardiac resynchronization therapy for, 1476single ventricle, mechanism and treatment of arrhythmia,

1615univentricular heart, noninvasive electrocardiographic

imaging, 604Congestive heart failure

all-cause mortality, heart rate turbulence prediction, 1095,1103

Connexin-43arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 1715,

1724heterogeneously reduced, model of heart failure, 1178,

1186ion channel dynamics, visualization of, S7

Connexinsbegetting atrial fibrillation, 888

Contractilitybeta3-adrenergic stimulation, ventricular tachycardia model,

289, 298cardiac resynchronization therapy, heart failure patients, 52,

60myocardial, initiation of cardiac memory, 106, 114

Coronary artery bypass graftAF after

amiodarone cost-effectiveness, 635Coronary artery disease (CAD)

�-adrenergic receptors, risk of sudden death and, 814, 821Coronary sinus

intracardiac ultrasound, atrial fibrillation, 19percutaneous lead extraction, 491

Cor triatriatum sinisteratrial fibrillation with, catheter ablation, 903

Cosmic radiationelectrical resets of ICDs, during air travel, 1201, 1204

Cost-benefit analysisprimary prevention ICDs, sudden death in the elderly, 646

C-reactive proteinbefore and after ablation, atrial flutter, 215, 222

Crista terminalisatrial arrhythmias, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and, S32

CryoablationAV nodal reentrant tachycardia, outcomes, 230

e17Subject Index

catheter, cavotricuspid isthmus, treatment of atrial flutter,1009

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, pulmonary vein isolation, 353pulmonary vein ablation, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 802

Cryothermal energyAV nodal reentrant tachycardia, outcomes, 230

Defibrillationathletes with ICDs, sports participation discouraged, 864automated external, home use, EP News, 1358electrical mapping, long-duration ventricular fibrillation,

1599, 1607electrode orientations, comparison in children and adults,

565, 573EP challenges, adult congenital heart disease, 1464exercise-related sudden cardiac death, athletes in the U. S.,

794, 801non-transvenous, adult ICD indicated patients, 28, 35postshock, tunnel propagation, EP News, 905transvenous, superior vena cava coil position, 394

Defibrillation threshold testingcomplications, 387, 391

DepolarizationQRS complex as ECG marker, sudden cardiac death, 1339,

1346Digital media players

electromagnetic interference, pacemakers, 538, 545, 551Discriminant analysis

T-wave morphology, quantitative assessment, 11Dronedarone

control of ventricular rate, in permanent AF, EP News,1770

for severe heart failure, mortality and, EP News, 1358Drug safety

daytime QTc stability, ECG measurement, 1424, 1432Dynamic substrate mapping

myocardial infarct size, 308

Early afterdepolarizationstorsades de pointes triggered by, long QT syndrome, 1444,

1453Ebstein anomaly

epicardial activation, ECGI of, before and after ablation,857

Echocardiographyimprovement of LA function, after cardiac

resynchronization therapy, 780intracardiac

aortic cusp region, 663within coronary sinus, 193D mapping and, ventricular tachycardia, 1396image integration in atrial fibrillation, 1548with MRI, visualization of esophagus, 1088multislice CT and, ablation guidance, 1403

measurement, daytime QTc stability, 1424, 1432real-time-3D, prediction of response to CRT, 1257tissue Doppler, Brugada syndrome, 79transesophageal. See Transesophageal echocardiography

Educationaccurate electrocardiography, QT interval, 1015

Ejection fractionprediction of sudden death, CAD patients, EP News, 329

Elderly patientsprimary prevention ICDs, outcomes and costs of primary

prevention ICDs, 646Electrical mapping

defibrillation, in long-duration ventricular fibrillation, 1599,1607

Electrical remodelingatrial fibrillation

cellular bases, S1intracellular leak due to FKBP12.6 deficiency, 1047,

1055Electrical resets

ICDs, cosmic radiation induced, during air travel, 1201,1204

Electrical stimulationpremature, calcium and ventricular vulnerability, 116

Electrical stormventricular fibrillation, seasonal and circadian distribution,

Brugada syndrome, 1523, 1528Electroanatomical mapping

atrial fibrillation, incomplete ablation lines, 163intracardiac echocardiography and

aortic cusp region, 663ventricular tachycardia, 1396

MRI-based catheter tracking, left ventricle, EP News, 1633paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, pulmonary vein isolation, 353P-wave morphology, comparison, 413ventricular arrhythmias

originating from papillary muscle, 1530originating in aortic sinus, 184

ventricular tachycardia, PET and CT integration, 1538,1546

Electrocardiographyaltered ventricular stretch, initiation of cardiac memory,

106, 114atrial fibrillation, rotor meandering and irregularity, 846,

855Brugada syndrome, sodium channel blocker channel, 1561,

1565catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, U-

waves, 1382, 1389characteristics of aortic cusp, echocardiography and

mapping in, 663epicardial activation, patient with Ebstein anomaly, 857factors in ischemic ventricular fibrillation, STEMI, 71failed algorithm, accessory pathways located at aortomitral

continuity, 1206fractionated

AF initiation, S22automated algorithm for, 1134, 1142spatial and temporal stability, persistent AF, 1127

12-lead, identification of accessory pathway, 1763magnetocardiography, in fetal arrhythmias, 1073noninvasive, univentricular heart, 604P-wave morphology, comparison with electroanatomical

mapping, 413QRS complex as marker, sudden cardiac death, 1339, 1346QT interval, accurate assessment, teaching, 1015TASER-X26 application, ideal human cardiac axis, EP

News, 1634during treadmill exercise, long QT syndrome, 1690

e18 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

T-wave morphology, quantitative assessment, 11ventricular fibrillation, self-terminating, 1198

Electrogramscharacteristics of conduction gaps, left atrium

circumferential ablation, 994complex fractionated, during atrial fibrillation, 406fractionated, HL-1 atrial monolayer model, 1029spectral analysis during sinus rhythm, in paroxysmal atrial

fibrillation, 968Electromagnetic interference

pacemakers, caused by portable media players, 538Electromechanical dissociation

short QT syndrome, hypothesis of the U wave, 241, 246Electrophysiology

ablation, above semilunar valve, 1625arrhythmogenesis, short QT syndrome, 585, 590atrial, Chinese medicine Xuelianhua, EP News, 1226atrial arrhythmias, pharmacotherapy, S26atrial fibrillation, converting to atrial flutter with fixed

interval block, 1745, 1753challenges, adult congenital heart disease, 1464in Egypt, 331epicardial ablation, endoscopic guidance, 1115ICD electrode orientations, comparison in children and

adults, 565, 573left atrium, cardiac image registration, 609mitral isthmus anatomy, atrial fibrillation, 19mutation in KCNE5, atrial fibrillation and, 427, 436myocardial stem cell therapies, S48myocardial substrate, cell therapy for, EP News, 768practice in Thailand, 629ranolazine, pulmonary vein sleeve preparation, 1019, 1027recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, near absence of HERG,

553, 562specialized, Task Force 6, 332ventricular arrhythmia, stellate ganglion nerve activity and,

131, 140ventricular tachycardia, ablation above the semilunar

waves, 1485Electroporation

atrial vulnerability, 592Endocardial mapping

ventricular fibrillation in commotio cordis, 1355Endocarditis

lead, European perspective, 160, 320Endoscopy

guidance of epicardial ablation, feasibility, 1115Endothelial dysfunction

heart failure, response to CRT, 1229, 1236Entrainment

pacing maneuver, for supraventricular tachycardia, 1152Epicardial mapping

focal atrial tachycardia, epicardial left atrial appendage, 766percutaneous ablation, atrial fibrillation, 152right ventricular arrhythmia, vulnerability, 438, 449

Epicardiumcatheter ablation, ventricular tachycardia, S73

Epicardium-derived cellsaccessory pathway and, EP News, 905

Epsilon potentialsQRS fragmentation, right ventricular dysplasia-

cardiomyopathy, 1417, 1422

Esophageal injuryablation for atrial fibrillation, novel approach, 624during catheter ablation, intra-pericardial balloon retraction

to prevent, 1473Esophagus

location with CT, before catheter ablation, 975visualization, intracardiac echocardiography with MRI,

1088European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)

Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), monitoring of CIEDs, 907Excimer laser catheter

cross subclavian occlusion, after failed microdissection, 469Excitation-contraction uncoupler

altered ventricular stretch, initiation of cardiac memory,106, 114

Exercisecardiac resynchronization therapy, AV delay, 378cardiopulmonary capacity, after radiofrequency ablation,

1323stress testing, ventricular ectopy during, long QT syndrome,

1690Extraction technique

superfluous lead, European perspective, 160, 320

Familial diseasesatrial fibrillation. See Atrial fibrillationgenetic predictive testing, psychological consequences, 719short QT syndrome, cellular basis for arrhythmogenesis,

585, 590Fasciculoventricular bypass tract

preexcitation bypass tract, 1767Fetal arrhythmia

recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, HERG mutations, 553, 562Fetus

arrhythmiasmagnetocardiography in, 1073recurrent intrauterine loss, HERG mutations, 553, 562

tachycardia, treatment, 1216Fish oil

inhibition of triggered activity, heart failure, EP News, 634FKBP12.6

overexpression, antiarrhythmic effects, EP News, 1089Fluorescence microscopy

ion channel dynamics, visualization of, S7Fluoroscopy

biplane three-dimensional augmented, ablation for AF, 957,965

Fontan surgeryatypical atrial tachycardias, congenital heart disease, 315

Fourier analysisatrial fibrillation, rotor meandering and irregularity, 846,

855Fractionated electrogram

ablation, during atrial fibrillation, 198, 206Frequency analysis

atrial activation, persistent atrial fibrillation, 686complex fractionated electrograms, during atrial fibrillation,

406Fusion proteins

ion channel dynamics, visualization of, S7

e19Subject Index

Gap junctiondispersion in Cx43 and conduction velocity, model of heart

failure, 1178, 1186ion channel dynamics, visualization of, S7renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cardiac arrhythmias

and, S12Gender differences

ICD use in heart failure, EP News, 166, 1498Gene deletions

in KCNQ1 and KCNH2, long QT syndrome, 1275, 1282Gene duplications

in KCNQ1 and KCNH2, long QT syndrome, 1275, 1282Gene expression

cardiac resynchronization effects, heart failure patients, 52,60

Gene therapymyocardial, electrophysiology implications, S48

Geneticsatrial fibrillation, 483�-adrenergic receptors, risk of sudden death in CAD

patients, 814, 821begetting atrial fibrillation, 888Brugada analysis, 1495mutation in KCNE5, with atrial fibrillation, 427, 436predictive testing, long QT syndrome, psychological

consequences, 719SCN5A mutation, LQT-3 and atrial fibrillation, 1434, 1441SCN1A mutation family, sudden cardiac death and epilepsy,

EP News, 768sudden infant death syndrome, mutations or polymorphisms

in, 712, 716Gene transfer

If and IK1, induction of atrial automaticity, 1310Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like mutation

Brugada syndrome, EP News, 328Group beating

atrial tachycardia with, 760

HCN channelchimeras, ventricular tachycardias, If blockade and, 282overexpression, induction of atrial automaticity, 1310

Heart failureatrial fibrillation and

calcium and cholinergic, 1170cellular bases, S1early rhythm control effects, 839

atrial structural remodeling, pioglitazone effects, 451, 460,636

beta2-adrenergic stimulation, arrhythymogenic effects, EPNews, 1357

cardiac resynchronizationearly and late, 52, 60endothelial dysfunction identifies responders, 1229, 1236hyperresponders, 193improvement of left atrial function, 780real-time-3D echocardiography to predict response, 1257

chronic, non-Gaussian heart rate as predictor, 261, 269contemporary review of arrhythmias, 742, 867decompensated, mechanical dyssynchrony in, 1105dronedarone, mortality after, EP News, 1358fish oil, inhibition of triggered activity, EP News, 634implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, amyloidosis patients, 235

importance of defibrillator shocks, EP News, 1770microvolt T-wave alternans, during biventricular pacing,

348midmyocardial Cx43 expression, dispersion, 1178, 1186pediatric, cardiac resynchronization therapy for, 1476preexcitation and, left ventricular dysfunction, infants, 1320rhythm versus rate control, EP News, 1358

HEART Groupstatement of ethics, 770

Heart ratenon-Gaussian, predictor in chronic heart failure, 261, 269sinus, polymorphisms associated with, 694, 701turbulence, prediction of death, congestive heart failure,

1095, 1103variability, autonomic neural activity and, 300, 306

Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)ACC/AHA Guidelines, device-based therapy, 934European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), monitoring

of CIEDs, 907Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society,

Clinical competency statement, 926Heart transplantation

atrial fibrillation after, EP News, 635Hemorrhage

warfarin therapy for AF, 1365, 1373hERG channels

NS1643 effects, ventricular cell model, 734HERG mutations

recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, persistent arrhythmias, 553,562

SCN5A variant, lidocaine, long QT syndrome, 1567, 1575symptomatic LQT2, auditory-trigger syncope and, 1577

Heterotaxy syndrometwin AV nodes, RAI patients, 224

Hibernationantiarrhythmic protection, electrophysiological mechanisms

of, 1587, 1597His bundle

ventricular arrhythmias in, catheter ablation, 37Holter monitoring

ventricular fibrillation, aborted sudden death, 1198Holt-Oram syndrome

gain-of-function TBX5 mutation, EP News, 1357Hypothermia

antiarrhythmic protection, electrophysiological mechanisms,in hibernators, 1587, 1597

IKr channel blockadecongenital long QT syndrome, 2, 8

Image integrationatrial fibrillation

3D fluoroscopy, 957, 965incomplete ablation lines, 163intracardiac ultrasound guidance, 1548

3-D, NavX fusion, 526, 536Image registration

multielectrode ablation catheters, CT geometry and 3Delectroanatomical mapping, 628

Impedance monitoringfailure, ICD lead failure, 775

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). See alsoPacemakers

e20 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Therapy, 934adult ICD indicated patients, 28, 35advisory replacement, outcome, 1675, 1682amiodarone therapy or, EP News, 1770athletes with

individual risk benefit decision, 861sports participation discouraged, 864

biventricular, right ventricular lead problem, 158electrical resets, cosmic radiation induced, during air travel,

1201, 1204electrode orientations, comparison in children and adults,

565, 573electromagnetic interference, portable media players, 545,

551gender differences in outcome, EP News, 1498heart failure patients

prognostic importance of shocks, EP News, 1770sex and racial differences, EPNews, 166shocks versus amiodarone, EP News, 1770

HRS/EHRA expert consensus on IEDs, 907implant training, pediatric and congenital, 907inappropriate shocks, avoidance, 762indications, young children, 1755lead advisory, outcome, 639, 643lead disintegration, level of tricuspid valve, 1224lead extraction

complications, 1352large single-center experience, 520

lead fracture, accelerating risk of, 1375, 1380lead malfunctions, surgical revision, EP News, 1498Lead Performance Conference, 1331left ventricular systolic dysfunction, statin effects, 507, 511population-based registry in Ontario, 1250primary prevention, outcomes and costs, 646prophylactic catheter ablation and, EP News, 501prophylactic placement, amyloidosis patients, 235recalled high-voltage, failure of impedance, 775registry annual report, 1359repetitive tachycardia induced by, during left ventricular

pacing, 1482Sprint Fidelis

lead advisory, 639, 643lead failure, 167

St. Jude Riata lead, time delayed perforation, 1667, 1673sudden cardiac death

progress beyond, S45QRS duration and, MADIT-II, 807

superior vena cava coil position effects, 394threshold testing, complications, 387, 391training in specialized electrophysiology, 332transvenous high-voltage, in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,

1517T-wave alternans, preceding ventricular tachycardia or

fibrillation, 670, 677ventricular arrhythmias, antiarrhythmics versus, 361, 366ventricular fibrillation, seasonal and circadian distribution,

Brugada, 1523, 1528ventricular tachycardia

bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy, 1461driving and, EP News, 329

Induced currentlow-frequency-induced, pacemaker, MRI environment, 462

Infectionadvisory ICD replacement, 1675, 1682lead extraction

avoidance of, 1083European perspective, 160, 320transvenous, single-center experience, 520

Inflammationmarkers, ablation for atrial flutter, 215, 222

Insulinmyocardial contractility and, EP News, 1089

Interatrial septumsubstrates for conduction, anatomical study, 1189, 1196

Interleukin-6before and after ablation, atrial flutter, 215, 222

Interventricular asynchronyradiofrequency ablation, preexcitation during sinus rhythm,

1323Intracardiac alternans

compared to surface T-wave alternans, ventriculararrhythmias, 1003

Intramural fociduring long duration fibrillation, EP News, 1226

Inward rectifier-funny current balancespontaneous automaticity, biologic pacemaker development,

1318Ion channels

early atrial fibrillation, in congenital long QT syndrome,704, 710

HCN212 biological pacemakers, If blockade and, 282L-type calcium current recovery, versus ventricular

repolarization, in long QT, 271, 280mechanisms, cardiac fibrillation, contemporary review, 872mutation in KCNE5, with AF, 427, 436mutations, genetics of atrial fibrillation, 483NS1643 effects, ventricular cell model, 734visualizing, plasma membrane, S7

Isovolumic relaxationmechanoelectrical hypothesis of wave

short QT syndrome patients, 241, 246Ivabradine

biological pacemakers and, ventricular tachycardia, 282pacemaker current inhibition, EP News, 1769

Junctional tachycardiasimultaneous atrial and ventricular activation, 622

KCNH2common variation, QT interval duration, young adults, EP

News, 1770C-terminal, cellular properties, 1159, 1168identification with ECG Holter monitor, 11

KvLQT1identification with ECG Holter monitor, 11

Lamin A/C mutationswith cardiomyopathy, identification of, EP News, 500

Lasertransvenous lead extraction, single-center experience, 520

Lead advisoryFidelis ICD, Canadian Heart Rhythm Society, 639, 643

Lead endocarditisextraction, European perspective, 160, 320

e21Subject Index

Lead extractioncomplications

infectious issues, 1083noninfectious issues, 1221procedural factors, 1352

malfunctioncoronary sinus and branch leads, 491European perspective, 160, 320

pacemaker problem, 158transvenous, large single-center experience, 520

Lead failuredisintegration, level of tricuspid valve, 1224fracture, accelerating risk of, 1375, 1380impedance failure in detection, adverse clinical events, 775perforation, St. Jude Riata defibrillator, 1667, 1673surgical revision, EP News, 1498

Lead performancehigh-voltage ICD, in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1517Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) Conference,

1331implantation in young children, 1755

Left atrial appendageepicardial, focal atrial tachycardia, 766filling defects, in atrial fibrillation, multidetector CT use,

253potentials, during radiofrequency ablation, 475

Left atrial flutterpace termination, after ablation for AF, 1619

Left atriumbreakthrough site, standard 12-lead ECG, 413cycle-dependent dynamics, ablation for atrial fibrillation, 787reverse remodeling, assessment, real-time-3D

echocardiography, 1257Left bundle branch block

cardiac resynchronization, hyperresponders, 193QRS complex morphology, sustained tachycardia, 1479tachycardia

in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 895Left mitral isthmus

conduction times, premitral and peritricuspid, 400Left ventricular dilatation

persistent, in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, 1111Left ventricular dyssynchrony

assessment, real-time-3D echocardiography, 1257heart failure and preexcitation, infants, 1320

Left ventricular systolic dysfunctionICD patients, effects of statins, 507, 511

Lidocaineventricular tachycardia induced by, in utero onset long QT

syndrome, 1567, 1575Lipoprotein

reconstituted high-density, antiarrhythmogenic effect, 1089Lone atrial fibrillation

genetics, 483Long QT syndrome

anti-KCNH2 antibody-induced, EP News, 165atrial fibrillation, suppression by mexiletine, 472and auditory-trigger syncope, c-terminal hERG mutation

associated with, 1577congenital

atrial fibrillation in, 704, 710hERG mutation and SCN5A variant, 1567, 1575

C-terminal KCNH2 mutations, cellular properties, 1159,1168

drug-inducedreduced risk of torsades de pointes and, EP News, 769sex, age, and arrhythmia, EP News, 1226

electrocardiographic assessment, teaching, 1015exercise-induced ventricular ectopy, during treadmill

exercise, 1690familial atrial fibrillation and, sodium channel mutation,

1434, 1441gene deletions and duplications, in KCNQ1 and KCNH2,

1275, 1282hERG 1a/1b heteromeric currents, EP News, 1769L-type calcium current recovery, versus ventricular

repolarization, 271, 280magnetocardiography, in fetal arrhythmias, 1073Na�/Ca2� exchanger, trigger for early afterdepolarizations,

1444, 1453occult congenital, IKr channel blockade, 2, 8predictive testing for, psychological consequences, 719recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, near absence of HERG,

553, 562repolarization heterogeneity, Brugada syndrome, 734risk of death, sibling death and, 831, 837S1103Y-SCN5A, in African-American SIDS, 712, 716T-wave morphology, ECG Holter monitor, 11

Lung transplantationbilateral, donor-to-recipient atrial tachycardia, 149

Macroreentrant patterntachycardia, left atrial and pulmonary vein, 43

Magnesiumintravenous, treatment of acute AF, EP News, 501

Magnetic resonance imagingablation, aortic sinus, treatment of tachycardias, 1265, 1273catheter tracking, electroanatomical mapping with, left

ventricle, EP News, 1633cycle-dependent dynamics, ablation for atrial fibrillation, 787dynamic substrate mapping, myocardial infarct size, 308gradient field-induced current, pacemaker lead system, 462intracardiac echocardiography integration, visualization of

esophagus, 1088left atrial function and scar, after catheter ablation, 656real-time, catheter placement, 1497

Magnetocardiographyin fetal arrhythmias, 1073

Managed ventricular pacingpossibility or pitfall, 489

MAZE procedureatypical atrial flutter after, 618surgical, treatment of AF, S40

Mechanical dyssynchronyadvanced decompensated heart failure, hemodynamic

response and, 1105Metabolic syndrome

atrial fibrillation and, EP News, 905Mexiletine

suppression of AF, in long QT syndrome, 472Microdissection

failed, excimer laser catheter, 469Midorine

evidence-based treatment of vasovagal syncope, 1609

e22 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

Mineralocorticoid receptor blockerrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, arrhythmias and, S12

Mitogen-activated protein kinaseatrial fibrillation, JAK/STAT and rapid pacing model, 1285,

1294Modeling

excito-oscillatory dynamics, ventricular fibrillation, 575ICD electrode orientations, comparison in children and

adults, 565, 573Mortality

cardiovascular, baroreflex sensitivity and, EP News, 500congestive heart failure patients, heart rate turbulence

prediction, 1095, 1103non-Gaussian heart rate, predictor in chronic heart failure,

261, 269statin effects, ICD patients, 507, 511ventricular tachycardia, psychosocial status effects, 361,

366Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II

(MADIT-II)QRS duration, in sudden death, 807

Myocardial infarctionacute, complete atrioventricular block and asystole with,

1079biventricular pacing, cardiac remodeling and, 124narrow QRS incessant tachycardia after, 1758noninvasive risk assessment after, EP News, 329premature ventricular complexes, scar-related ventricular

tachycardia, 367, 375repolarization timing after, scatter in, 208ST elevation, ischemic VF in, 71stem cell repair

arrhythmic risks, 880preclinical considerations, 749

ventricular fibrillation, catheter ablation of VPBs, 1458Myocardial ischemia

acute, interventricular septum, conduction and, 1057chronic, reduced synchrony of calcium release, EP News,

768Myocardial regeneration

stem cells, arrhythmic risks, 880Myocardial stretch

alteration, initiation of cardiac memory, 106, 114Myocytes

excito-oscillatory dynamics, ventricular fibrillation, 575L-type calcium current recovery, versus ventricular

repolarization, in long QT, 271, 280Myotonic dystrophy

sudden death in, ECG abnormalities, EP News, 1358

Na�/Ca2� exchangertorsades de pointes and, long QT syndrome, 1444, 1453

Narrow complex tachycardiamechanism, 487

Narrow QRS complexesheart failure with, CRT use in, EP News, 329incessant tachycardia, with recent MI, 1758

Nitroglycerinevasovagal syncope induced by, cardiac output, 1695

Nkx2–5perinatal loss, rapid conduction and contraction, EP News,

1769

Noncontact mappingright atrial substrate properties, aging and, atrial flutter,

1144Noncoronary cusp

ventricular arrhythmias, vicinity of His bundle, 37Nonentrant mechanism

ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac mapping, S53Nonfluoroscopic mapping

aortic cusp, ventricular tachycardia ablation, 326Non-Gaussian heart rate

chronic heart failure, predictor of mortality, 261, 269Nonsense-mediated decay

HERG Q1070X, recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, 553, 562NOS1AP

common variation, QT interval duration, young adults, EPNews, 1770

Optical mappingacute ischemia, interventricular septum, conduction and,

1057electroporation, atrial vulnerability to, 592intraventricular heterogeneity, Brugada syndrome, 725

Oxidative stressrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cardiac arrhythmias

and, S12

Pacemakers. See also Implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorsACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Therapy, 934alternans, terminated by telemetry wand, 1080bioartificial, HCN-encoded pacemaker current, 1310biological

cautionary notes for development, 1318If blockade and, 282

complications of lead extraction, procedural factors, 1352current inhibition, EP News, 1769electromagnetic interference with, portable media players,

538, 545EP challenges, adult congenital heart disease, 1464lead system, MRI low-frequency-induced current, 462right ventricular lead problem, 158transvenous lead extraction, large single-center experience,

520Pace mapping

calcium and cholinergic AF, in heart failure, 1170high-output, postinfarction ventricular tachycardia, 1709phrenic nerve, 3D reconstruction, 1120spatial resolution, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, 339,

345Pace termination

left atrial flutter, after ablation for AF, 1619Pacing

biventricularmicrovolt T-wave alternans during, 348optimization of AV delay, exercise and, 378

entrainment, left bundle branch block morphologytachycardia, 1479

left ventricular, repetitive tachycardia in, 1482sequential dual chamber extrastimulation, concealed

accessory pathway, 248single diagnostic maneuver, for supraventricular

tachycardia, 1152training in specialized electrophysiology, Task Force 6, 332

e23Subject Index

ventricular, managed, 489ventricular tachycardia caused by, novel cause, 1760

Papillary muscleelectrical isolation, recurrent ventricular tachycardia, 479ventricular arrhythmias

comparison with fascicular arrhythmias, 1530post-infarction, EP News, 1227

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia�HA criterion, AVNRT and AVRT differentiation, 83

Pathology-specific therapypotassium channels, in atrial fibrillation, 758

Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology SocietyHeart Rhythm Society and, Clinical competency statement,

926Pediatric patients

atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, with 2:1 block,1391

congenital heart block, ascending aortic dilation in, 1704defibrillator indications, ICDs in young children, 1755electromagnetic interference with pacemakers, portable

media players, 545, 551fetus, management with atrioventricular block, 1347heart failure, cardiac resynchronization therapy for, 1476heart failure and preexcitation, infants, 1320ICD electrode orientations, computer modeling for

comparison, 565, 573ICD implant and resynchronization device training, 907ICD procedures, registry annual report, 1359proximal right bundle branch, cryoablation, 142single ventricle, mechanism and treatment of arrhythmia,

1615Pericardial space

epicardial ablation, endoscopic guidance, 1115Pericarditis

induced by active-fixation lead, PET/ET diagnosis, 1493Pharmacology

atrial arrhythmias, present and future, S26ranolazine, pulmonary vein sleeve preparation, 1019, 1027

Phrenic nerve3D reconstruction, pace mapping and, 1120

Pioglitazoneatrial fibrosis and fibrillation, in congestive heart failure,

451, 460, 636Plakoglobin

desmosomal protein, genetic evaluation, 1455Plakophilin-2

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 1715,1724

Plasma membraneion channel dynamics, visualization of, S7

Polymorphismssingle nucleotide, sinus heart rate and, 694, 701sodium channel promoter, EP News, 500

Positron emission tomography/Computed tomographypericarditis induced by lead fixation, 1493with mapping, scar-related ventricular tachycardia, 1538, 1546

Potassium channelsatrial fibrillation and, EP News, 634blockade, in occult LQTS, 2, 8pathology-specific therapy, atrial fibrillation, 758T-wave morphology, LQT1 and LQT2, ECG Holter

monitor, 11

Potassium currentdelayed rectifier, mutation in KCNE5 with AF, 427, 436

Preexcitation12-lead ECG

accessory pathways located at aortomitral continuity, 1206fasciculoventricular bypass tract, 1767

reentry in accessory pathway, trigger for AF, 1238, 1248ventricular

asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 1323left ventricular dysfunction and, infants, 1320

Premature ventricular complexesreentry circuit relations, scar-related ventricular tachycardia,

367, 375Probability density function

non-Gaussian heart rate, chronic heart failure, 261, 269Progesterone

cardiac repolarization and, women, EP News, 500Prognosis

primary prevention ICDs, sudden death in the elderly, 646Psychological study

genetic predictive testing, familial diseases, 719Pulmonary artery

idiopathic VT/PVCs arising from, 419Pulmonary vein

atrial arrhythmias, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and, S32atrial fibrillation, impact on electrophysiologic properties,

EP News, 1498circumferential ablation, tachycardia after, EP News, 501contraction, using multiphase multislice CT, 1645identification of conduction gaps, left atrium

circumferential ablation, 994interstitial Cajal cells, identification and distribution, 1063,

1068isolation

balloon catheter ablation for AF, 353CT location, before catheter ablation, 975early and late tachyarrhythmias after, 679mesh catheter ablation for AF, 1510multielectrode ablation catheter, 1635, 1643paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 802strategies for AF ablation, 174, 182

longstanding permanent AF, ablation for, 1658, 1665macroreentrant tachycardia, catheter ablation, 43multisweep gated rotational fluoroscopy, multislice CT

comparison, 513sleeve preparations, antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine,

1019, 1027Pulmonic valve

ablation above the semilunar waves, ventriculartachycardia, 1485

Purkinje systeminitiating VPBs from, ablation of ventricular fibrillation,

1458P-wave morphology

standard 12-lead ECG, left atrial activation mapcomparison, 413

QRS complexnarrow and tall, ECG marker for sudden death, 1339, 1346

QRS fragmentationdiagnostic marker, right ventricular dysplasia-

cardiomyopathy, 1417, 1422

e24 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

QRS tachycardiaventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death, MADIT-II,

807wide, new algorithm for diagnosis, 89

QT intervalduration, variation in NOS1AP and KCNH2, young adults,

EP News, 1770prolongation

unreliable predictor of ventricular arrhythmia, 1210, 1213ventricular arrhythmia and, historical vignette, 892

QTc variability, daytime, 1424, 1432quinidine, proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects, 1726repolarization heterogeneity, Brugada syndrome, 725repolarization scatter, post-MI events, 208

Quality of lifeventricular arrhythmias, psychosocial status effects, 361,

366Quinidine

torsade de pointes induced by, role of late sodium currents,1726

Rac1membrane translocation, atrial fibrillation, 1285, 1294

Racial differencesAfrican-American SIDS, S1103Y-SCN5A in, 712, 716ICD use in heart failure, EP News, 166

Radiofrequency ablation. See also Ablation; Catheter ablationabove semilunar valve, 1625biophysics, 899gaps in ablation lines, atrial fibrillation, 1296, 1302improvement in exercise capacity, preexcitation during

sinus rhythm, 1323longstanding permanent AF, pulmonary vein antrum

isolation, 1658, 1665posterior atrial, vagus nerve injury, 1327recurrent ventricular tachycardia, electrical isolation of

papillary muscle, 479within the sinus of Valsalva, ventricular tachycardia, 1265,

1273ventricular arrhythmia

arising in aortic sinus, 184vicinity of His bundle, 37

ventricular tachycardiaabove the semilunar waves, 1485bundle branch reentrant, S68scar-related, premature ventricular complexes, 367, 375scar-related, PET/CT with mapping, 1538, 1546steam pops during, 1411

Ranolazineantiarrhythmic action, EP News, 165

Reentryaccessory pathway, trigger for AF, 1238, 1248calcium and ventricular vulnerability, premature electrical

stimulation, 116cardiac fibrillation, ion channels to rotors, contemporary

review, 872subepicardial, during ischemic phase 1B, 1036, 1045ventricular tachycardia, postinfarction, 981, 992

Refractory periodatrial fibrillation, cellular bases, S1

Remodelingatrium, pioglitazone effects, 451, 460, 636

biventricular pacing and, myocardial infarction model, 124cardiac resynchronization therapy, heart failure patients, 52,

60potassium channels, atrial fibrillation, 758

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemcardiac arrhythmias and, S12

RepolarizationCAPON and, EP News, 905disturbances, QT interval and ventricular arrhythmia, 1210,

1213early

inferolateral leads, Brugada syndrome, 1685sudden cardiac arrest and, EP News, 1227

ECG abnormalities, athletes, outcome, EP News, 635epicardium, right ventricular outflow tract, EP News, 1090heterogeneity, right ventricular outflow tract, 725intracardiac and surface T-wave alternans, predictor of

ventricular arrhythmia, 1003progesterone and, women, EP News, 500scatter in, post-MI events, 208ventricular restitution properties, Brugada ECG, EP News,

1090Repolarization reserve

IKr blockade, congenital long QT syndrome, 2, 8Restitution

atrial fibrillation initiation, factors preceding, S22Retrospective cardiac gating

left atrial anatomy, pulmonary veins and, 513Right atrial isomerism

tachycardia in, long-term outcomes, 224Right bundle branch

ventricular tachycardia arising from, cryoablation, child,142

Right coronary cuspventricular arrhythmias, vicinity of His bundle, 37

Right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathyarrhythmogenic, CT, 1631QRS fragmentation as marker, 1417, 1422

Right ventricular outflow tractventricular tachycardia originating in, pace mapping, 339,

345Risk factors

advisory ICD replacement, 1675, 1682atrial fibrillation, 5-year study of progression and

management, 1501, 1508Risk stratification

Brugada syndrome, 79defibrillation threshold testing, complications, 387, 391long QT syndrome, sibling death and, 831, 837microvolt T-wave alternans, during biventricular pacing,

348repolarization scatter, post-MI events, 208

Robotic navigation systemcatheter ablation, for common-type atrial flutter, 1556

Rotorsmigrating, complex fractionated electrograms, 1029

RR-bin methodT-wave morphology, quantitative assessment, 11

RR intervaldaytime QTc stability, cardiac safety studies, 1424, 1432

Ryanodine receptorsintracellular calcium leak, atrial fibrillation, 1047, 1055

e25Subject Index

leaky, seizures and sudden cardiac death, EP News, 1497mutation, EP News, 165

SCN5Asodium channel mutation, in atrial fibrillation, 99S1103Y in, African-American SIDS, 712, 716variant, hERG mutation and, long QT, 1567, 1575

Semilunar valveablation

atrial tachycardia, 1625ventricular tachycardia, 1485

Serotoninexcessive autoinhibition, sudden infant death syndrome, EP

News, 1497Shock potential gradient

external defibrillation and, in long-duration ventricularfibrillation, 1599, 1607

Short QT syndromecellular basis for arrhythmogenesis, short QT syndrome,

585, 590electromechanical coupling

hypothesis of the U wave, 241, 246, 1091Sinus of Valsalva

catheter ablation, atrial and ventricular tachycardias, 1265,1273

Sinus rhythmactivation mapping, postinfarction ventricular tachycardias,

981, 992Small GTPase

membrane translocation, atrial fibrillation, 1285, 1294Sodium channel

mutation, LQT-3 and atrial fibrillation, 1434, 1441Sodium channel blocker

challenge, Brugada ECG pattern, 1561, 1565ranolazine, pulmonary vein sleeve preparation, 1019, 1027

Sodium channel mutationin atrial fibrillation, 99dilated cardiomyopathy, EP News, 768gene variants, sudden cardiac death in women, EP News,

634Sodium channel promoter

polymorphisms inEP News, 500sinus heart rate, 694, 701

Sodium currentantiarrhythmic action

EP News, 165suppression of AF in long QT syndrome, 472

modulation of quinidine, 1726Spatiotemporal organization

atrial activation, persistent atrial fibrillation, 686fractionated electrograms, persistent atrial fibrillation, 1127

Spectral analysisatrial activation, persistent atrial fibrillation, 686during sinus rhythm, in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 968

SportsICD patients

individual risk benefit decision, 861participation discouraged, 864

Statinseffects on mortality, ICD patients, 507, 511

Statistics unplugged, 631

Steam popsduring irrigated radiofrequency ablation, ventricular

tachycardia, 1411Stem cells

cardiacarrhythmic risks, 880preclinical considerations, 749

myocardial therapies, electrophysiologic implications, S48Steroids

fetus with atrioventricular block, 1347Stroke

defibrillation threshold testing, complications, 387, 391outcome of atrial fibrillation, 1365, 1373

Subclavian occlusionexcimer laser catheter, after failed microdissection, 469

Subcutaneous electrodesnon-transvenous defibrillation, adult ICD indicated patients,

28, 35Substrate

right atrial, age-related properties, atrial flutter, 1144subepicardial reentry, during ischemic phase 1B, 1036,

1045Sudden cardiac death

amyloidosis, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator effects,235

arrhythmogenesis, short QT syndrome, 585, 590athletes with ICDs, 864autonomic markers, 300, 306catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia,

sympathectomy treatment, 1461contemporary review of arrhythmias, 742, 867C-terminal hERG mutation, symptomatic LQT2 and

auditory-trigger syncope, 1577C-terminal KCNH2 mutations, cellular properties, 1159,

1168early repolarization pattern, in inferolateral leads, Brugada

syndrome, 1685electrocardiographic assessment of QT interval, teaching of,

1015epilepsy and, SCN1A mutation family, EP News, 768exercise-related, youth, 794, 801heart rate turbulence prediction, congestive heart failure

patients, 1095, 1103ischemic ventricular fibrillation, ECG factors, 71long QT syndrome, sibling death and, 831, 837microvolt T-wave alternans, during biventricular pacing,

348myotonic dystrophy type 1, ECG abnormalities, EP News,

1358non-transvenous defibrillation, 28, 35prediction in CAD patients, ejection fraction, EP News,

329prevention, ICDs, outcomes and costs, 646QRS complex as ECG marker for, 1339, 1346recurrent intrauterine fetal loss, near absence of HERG,

553, 562risk, �-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and, 814, 821seizures and, leaky ryanodine receptor 2, EP News, 1497short QT syndrome, electromechanical coupling in, 241,

246, 1091sodium channel blocker channel, Brugada ECG patterns,

1561, 1565

e26 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008

sodium channel gene variants, women, EP News, 634ventricular arrhythmia, stellate ganglion nerve activity and,

131, 140ventricular fibrillation, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator,

S45ventricular tachyarrhythmias and, QRS duration, 807ventricular tachycardia, beta3-adrenergic receptor and, 289,

298Sudden infant death syndrome

African-American, S1103Y-SCN5A in, 712, 716excessive serotonin autoinhibition, EP News, 1497magnetocardiography, in fetal arrhythmias, 1073

Superior vena cava coilposition, effect on transvenous defibrillation, 394

Supraventricular tachycardiaafter left atrial ablation, persistent atrial fibrillation, 318with 2:1 block, pediatric patients, 1391isoproterenol infusion, mechanism, 1219, 1350nonreentrant, mechanism, 487simultaneous atrial and ventricular activation, 622single diagnostic pacing maneuver, 1152wide QRS complex, new algorithm for diagnosis, 89

Surgical mazetreatment of AF, S40

Survivalamyloidosis, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator effects,

235exercise-related sudden cardiac death, athletes in the U. S.,

794, 801primary prevention ICDs, sudden death in the elderly, 646

Sympathectomybilateral thoracoscopic, treatment of ventricular tachycardia,

1461Sympathetic nerve activity

ventricular arrhythmia and, sudden cardiac death model,131, 140

Syncopecatecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia,

sympathectomy treatment, 1461complete atrioventricular block and asystole with, acute MI,

1079early repolarization pattern, in inferolateral leads, Brugada

syndrome, 1685long QT syndrome, sibling death and, 831, 837QRS complex as ECG marker, sudden death, 1339, 1346sodium channel blocker channel, Brugada ECG patterns,

1561, 1565vasovagal, evidence-based treatment, 1609

Tachyarrhythmiascongenital long QT syndrome, 704, 710early and late, after pulmonary vein antrum isolation, 679ischemic VF, ECG factors, 71life-threatening, psychosocial status effects, 361, 366right ventricular, vulnerability, 438, 449T-wave alternans preceding, ICD electrograms, 670, 677

Tachycardiaatrial. See Atrial tachycardiacardiomyopathy induced by, persistent left ventricular

dilatation in, 1111fetal, treatment, 1216

LBBB morphology, in arrhythmogenic right ventricularcardiomyopathy, 895

magnetocardiography, in fetal arrhythmias, 1073narrow complex, mechanism, 487outcomes, RAI patients, 224pacemaker-mediated

paroxysmal AF with, 1621repetitive, 1482

supraventricular. See Supraventricular tachycardiaU-waves, mutant ryanodine receptors, 1382, 1389ventricular. See Ventricular tachycardia

Telemetry wandpacemaker alternans terminated by, 1080

Thromboembolismin atrial fibrillation, idraparinux or vitamin K for

prevention, EP News, 906warfarin therapy for AF, 1365, 1373

Torsades de pointesC-terminal KCNH2 mutations, cellular properties, 1159,

1168long QT syndrome, sibling death and, 831, 837Na�/Ca2� exchanger and, long QT syndrome, 1444, 1453QT prolongation, unreliable predictor of ventricular

arrhythmia, 1210, 1213quinidine-induced, late sodium current effects, 1726

Total internal reflection microscopy (TIRF)ion channel dynamics, visualization of, S7

T peak-to-end intervalIKr blockade, congenital long QT syndrome, 2, 8

Transcoronary ethanol ablationfor ventricular tachycardia, 62, 69

Transesophageal echocardiographyLAA filling defects in atrial fibrillation, multidetector CT

comparison, 253real-time 3-D, double transseptal catheterization, 324

Transmembrane action potentialatrial fibrillation, cellular bases, S1

Transmural lesionsablative treatment of atrial fibrillation, 1296, 1302

Transseptal catheterizationreal-time 3-D TEE guidance, 324

Tricuspid valveICD lead disintegration, 1224

T-wave alternanscompared to intracardiac alternans, predictor of ventricular

arrhythmia, 1003effect of biventricular pacing, heart failure patients, 348heart failure patients, nonischemic cardiomyopathy, EP

News, 501ICD, preceding ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, 670,

677pacing-induced, cardiac memory and, 106, 114

Ultrasonographyhigh-intensity focused

pace mapping, phrenic nerve, 1120pulmonary vein isolation, prevention of atrioesophageal

fistula, 145intracardiac, image integration, atrial fibrillation, 1548

U wavemechanoelectrical hypothesis

short QT syndrome patients, 241, 246, 1091

e27Subject Index

Vagus nerve injuryafter posterior atrial radiofrequency ablation, 1327

Vasovagal syncopecardiac output, steep fall in, 1695evidence-based treatment, 1609

Ventricular aneurysmsdesmosomal cardiomyopathy and, 1455

Ventricular arrhythmiasarising from pulmonary artery, characteristics, 419�-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms, sudden death and,

814, 821beta3-AR agonist, antiarrhythmic effects, 289, 298ICD patients, statin effects, 507, 511life-threatening, psychosocial status effects, 361, 366mechanistic insights, from mapping studies, S53originating in aortic sinus, electrocardiographic

characteristics, 184post-infarction, in papillary muscles, EP News, 1227QT interval and, historical vignette, 892stellate ganglion nerve activity and, sudden cardiac death,

131, 140T-wave alternans as predictor, intracardiac alternans

compared to, 1003vicinity of His bundle, catheter ablation of, 37

Ventricular defibrillationnon-transvenous system, adult ICD indicated patients, 28, 35

Ventricular ectopyduring treadmill exercise, long QT syndrome, 1690

Ventricular fibrillationantiarrhythmic protection, in hibernators, 1587, 1597autonomic neural activity, predictor of sudden death, 300,

306Brugada syndrome, repolarization heterogeneity, 725commotio cordis, endocardial mapping, 1355dynamic initiation of, EP News, 1769excito-oscillatory dynamics, 575implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, progress beyond, S45initiated by VPBs, after myocardial infarction, 1458ion channels to rotors, contemporary review, 872ischemic, STEMI, 71long duration, intramural foci, EP News, 1226long-duration, electrical mapping of defibrillation, 1599,

1607mechanistic insights, from mapping studies, S53premature stimulation, Langendorff-perfused ventricles, 116QT prolongation, unreliable predictor, 1210, 1213seasonal and circadian distribution of, in Brugada

syndrome, 1523, 1528self-terminating, aborted sudden death, 1198superior vena cava coil position, waveforms in, 394T-wave alternans preceding, ICD electrograms, 670, 677

Ventricular fibroblastsdifferential behaviors, EP News, 1089

Ventricular tachycardiaablation

above the semilunar waves, 1485ICE and 3D mapping, 1396

bidirectional, calcium channel blockers and adenosinetriphosphate, 498

bundle branch, catheter ablation, S68cardiomyopathy, catheter ablation efficacy, EP News, 166catecholaminergic polymorphic

bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy, 1461EP News, 328

catecholaminergic polymorphic, adenosine triphosphateeffects, 496

catheter ablation, S59sinus of Valsalva, 1265, 1273

cryoablation, child, 142electroanatomical mapping, PET and CT integration, 1538,

1546electrocardiographic characteristics, aortic cusp, 663epicardial catheter ablation, S73focal, catheter ablation, S64ICD shocks for, driving, EP News, 329idiopathic, pace mapping in, 339, 345If blockade, biological pacemakers and, 282implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, progress beyond, S45irrigated radiofrequency ablation, steam pops during, 1411long QT syndrome with AV block, In utero onset, 1567,

1575narrow QRS incessant, recent MI, 1758noncontact mapping, infarct size and, 308originating from papillary muscle, comparison with

fascicular arrhythmias, 1530pacing-facilitated short-long-short onset, novel cause, 1760postinfarction

mapping in sinus rhythm, 981, 992mapping of, 1709

recurrent, electrical isolation of papillary muscle, 479right coronary cusp ablation, nonfluoroscopic guidance, 326scar-related, premature ventricular complex relations, 367,

375self-terminating, aborted sudden death, 1198transcoronary ethanol ablation, 62, 69T-wave alternans preceding, ICD electrograms, 670, 677wide QRS complex, new algorithm for diagnosis, 89

Vernakalant hydrochloriderapid conversion of AF, EP News, 906

Warfarinversus aspirin, atrial fibrillation, elderly, EP News, 166epidemiology and outcomes, atrial fibrillation, 1365, 1373

Waveformssuperior vena cava coil, position effects, defibrillation and,

394Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

asymptomatic, preexcitation during sinus rhythm, 1323cardiac memory in, EP NEWS, 1633epicardial activation, ECGI of, 857reentry in accessory pathway, trigger for AF, 1238, 1248univentricular heart, noninvasive electrocardiographic

imaging, 604

e28 Heart Rhythm, Vol 5, No 12, December 2008