1

OPJS UNIVERSITY,CHURU(RAJ.)

SYLLABUS

for

M.Sc. (Microbiology)

(Annual Scheme)

*

School of Science

OPJS UNIVERSITY, CHURU(RAJASTHAN)

2014-15

~*~

2

M.Sc. (Microbiology)

(Previous)

(Final)

***

S.No. Paper code Name of Papers M.M.(T./S./P.)

1. MSMY-101 Bacteriology and Phycology 70+30

2. MSMY-102 Mycology and Virology

70+30

3. MSMY-103 Immunology 70+30

4. MSMY-104 Biochemistry and Microbial Physiology

70+30

5. MSMY-105 Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics 70+30

6. MSMY-106 Practical 150+50

S.No. Paper code Name of Papers M.M.(T./S./P.)

1. MSMY-201 Industrial Microbiology And Food Microbiology 70+30

2. MSMY-202 Instrumentation & Its Biological Application

70+30

3. MSMY-203 Recombinant Dna Technology And Microbial Production Of Recombinant Molecules

70+30

4. MSMY-204 Medical Microbiology 70+30

5. MSMY-205 Environmental Microbiology And Microbial Diversity 70+30

6. MSMY-206 Project Work 100

6. MSMY-207 Practical

150+50

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Details of Syllabus

(Previous)

MSMY-101. BACTERIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

I.

Classification of microorganisms; Haeckel's three kingdom concept, Whittaker's five

kingdoms concept. Modern trends in classification, (ribotyping, nucleic acid

hybridization, RNA fingerprinting, molecular chronometers).

II.

Classification and salient features of Bacteria according to Bergey's manual of systematic

Bacteriology :

-Gram-Nagative Bacteria: Spirochaetes, Aerobic or microaerophilic curved rods, Aerobic

rod and cocci, Facultative aerobic rods, Anaerobers, Rickettsias and chalmydias,

Anoxygenic phototrophs, Oxygenic phototrophs, 'Gliding bacteria, Sheathed bacteria

Budding and/or appendaged bacteria, and Chemolithotrophs.

-Gram- positive Bacteria :Cocci, Endospore forming, Regularly shaped rods, irregularly

shaped rods, Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes.

-Archaeobacteria:Methanotrophs, Halophiles, and Sulfur- dependent archaeobacteria.

III.

Morphology & ultrastructure of bacteria; morphological types, cell walls, cell walls

synthesis, capsule, antigenic properties, cell membrane, Structure and functions of

flagella, cilia, pili, chromosome, sporulation. Reserve food materials. Dormancy.

IV.

Cultivation of bacteria; anaerobic, aerobic culture media, growth curve, growth kinetics,

batch, continuous culture, growth measurements, factors affecting growth, control of

bacteria-physical and chemical agents. Types of bacteria on the basis of energy and

nutritional requirement. Pure culture techniques (spread plate, pour plate, streak plate),

preservation methods. An introduction of Algae, General features and classification of

algae. Occurrence, thallus organization and reproduction in chlorophyceae

euglenophyceae, phaeophyceae, pyrrophyceae and diatoms. Algal ecology &

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biotechnology. Economic importance of algae. Lichen, ascolichen, basidiolichen,

deuterolichen.

***

102. MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

I.

Mycology

An Introduction to fungi-History, genral features of fungi, Classification of fungi,

according to Alexopoulous and Mimswith the general aspects of Major division of fungi.

2. Fungi and Ecosystem: Nutrition of fungi, Vitamin requirements, Saprophytism,

parasitism, mutualism. Symbiotic associations of fungi: The Mycorrihizae and Lichens.

Homothalism, Heterothallism, Heterokaryosis, The Parasexual cycle, Sex Hormones in

Fungi. Fungi as insect symbiont. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses. Attack on fungi by

other microbes. Fungal diseases of Plants. Economic Importance of fungi.

II.

General Virology

Breif outline on discovery of viruses, nomencature and classfication of viruses : distinctive properties of viruses; morphology & ultrastructure; capsidids & their arrangements; typesof envelops and their composition-viral genome, their types and stuctures; virus related agents (viroids, prions) Genral methods of Diagnosis and serology

Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals , cell cultures; Primary & secondary cell cultures; suspension cell cultures and monolayer cell cultures; cell certains, cell lines and transgenicsystems; serological methods - heamagglutination & HAI; compliment fixation;immunofluorescenemethods,ELSA and Rodiommunoassays; assay of virusesphysical and chemial methods (Protein, nucleic acid, radioactivity, trackers,electron mocroscipy)-Infectivity assay ( plague method, end point method)- Infectivity of plant viruses.

III.

Bacterial viruses

Becteriophage structural organisation; life cycle;one step growth

curve;transcription;DNA replication; eclipse phase; phase production; burst size;

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lysogenic cycle; bacteriophase typing; application in bacterial genetics; brief details on

M13,Mu, T3,T4 and Lamda P1

IV.

Plant viruses

Classifications and nomenclature; effects of viruseson plant; appearence of

plants;histology,physiology and cytology of plants; common virusesof cynabacteria,

algae, fungi;life cycle;type species of plant viruseslike TMVm, Cauliflower Mosiac Virus

and Potato virusX; transmission of plant viruseswith vectors( insects, Cauliflower Mosiac

Virus and Potato VirusX; transmission of plant viruses with vectors (insects, nematodes,

fungi) and with out vectors( contact, seed and pollens); diagnostic techniques in seeds;

seed stocks and diseased plants (seed morphology, seedling symptology, indicator

plants, serological methods, histochemical tests and flourescent microscopy);

Prevention of crop loss due to virusinfection - virus -free planting material; vector

control

V.

Animal Viruses

Classfication and nomenculture of animal human viruses; epidemiology, lifecycle,

pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of RNA viruses Picorna, Ortho myxo,

paramyxo, Toga and other arthopod viuses, Rohabdo, Rota HIV and other Oncogenic

Viruses; DNA viruses; Pox, Herps, Adeno SV40; Hepatitis viruses, viral vaccines

(conventional vaccines, genetic recombinant vaccines used in national immunisation

programmes with examples, newer generation vaccines including DNA Vaccines with

examples) interferons and antiviral drugs.

***

103. IMMUNOLOGY

I.

Historical background: Humoral and Cellular components of the immune system. Innate

Immunity: Skin & mucosal surface, Physiological Barriers, Phaagocytic barriers,

Inflammation, Adaptic immunity. Cells and Organs of Immune System:

-Lymphoid cells; stem cells, B and T Lymphocytes, Natural killer cells, Mononuclear

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phagocytes, Granulocytic cells.

-Organs: Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic system, Lymph nodes, Spleen. Antigens and

Antibodies:-Antigens : Structure, properites, types, Epitopes, Haptens.

-Antibodies : Structure and function

Antibody mediated functions

Antibody classes and biological activies

II.

Monoclonal Antibodies Antigen-Antibody Interaction:

-Precipitation reaction

-Agglutination

-Radioimmunoassay, ELISA

-Western Blotting

-Major Histocimpatibility Complex

III.

General structure and function of MHC

MHC Molecules and Genes

-Antigen Processing and presentation

T-Cell Receptors

T-Cell Maturation and Differentiation

B-Cell Generation, Activation & Differentiation. Immune Effecter Mechanism-Cytokinesis

(Properties, receptors, antagonisis & secretion)

-The complement system (functions, components, activation, regulation and

deficiencies)

-Cell mediated effector responses: Cytotoxic T-cells, natural killer cells, antibody-

dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

-Inflammation

-Hypersensitive reactions (Type I,II,III and delayed type (DTH) Immunology in Health &

IV.

Disease-Immune response to infectious disceases: viral, bacterial and protozon

-Vaccines

-AIDS and other Immuno deficiencies

-Genetically designed vaccines. BCG, TB & Leprosy, DNA vaccines.

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V.

Transplantation and Autoimmunity-Organ specific autoimmune diseases, Systemic

autoimmune diseases,

-Graft rejection, evidence and mechanism of graft rejection, prevention of graft

rejection, immunosuppressive drugs, HLA and disease, mechanism of immunity to

tumor antigens. Autoantibodies in human pathogenic mechanism, experimental models

of autoimmune disease treatment of autoimmune disorders.

***

104. BIOCHEMISTRY & MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY

I.

Chemical foundation of (i)pH,pk, acids, bases, buffers, weak bonds, free energy

resonance, isomerisation.

Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides and their relationship structure of sugars, stereo

isomerism and optical isomers of sugars. Reactions of aldehyde and ketone group, ring

structure and tautomeric forms, mutarotation, reaction of sufars to OH groups.

Important derivatives of monosaccharides, disaccharides and trisaccharides

(glucose,fructose,maltose,lactose,cellobiose,gentiobiose,melibiose,sucrose,trehalose,m

annotriose, rabinose:hamnose,raffinose). Structure, occurrence and biological

importance of structural polysaccharides e.g. cellulose, chitin, agar, alginic acids,

pectins, proteoglycans, sialic acids, blood group polysaccharides, bacterial cell wall

polysaccharides Storage food polysacchorides: glycogen, starch.

II.

Lipids : Building block of lipids, fatty acids, glycerol, sphingosine. Definition and

classification of lipids, Classification of fatty acids, physico-chemical properties of fatty

acids. Systematic nomenclature and classes of glycerides. Properties and function of

phospholipids, prostaglandins. Classes, structure and synthesis. Lipoproteins-

classification, composition and their importance. Role of liipids in cellular architecture

and functions.

III.

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Nucleic acids Importance of nucleic acids in living systems, general composition of

nucleic acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, tautomeric forms of bases, reactions of

purines an pyrimidines, structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, deoxynucleotides,

cyclic nucleotides and polynucleotides. Interaction of nucleic acids with protein

molecules.

Proteins

Covalent properties of proteins

-Structure & chemistry of amino acids

-Proteins sequencing, covalent modification, splicing

Protein : Primary, Secondary, tertiary and quarternary

(folding patterns). Globular and fibrous proteins

Enzymes As biocatalyst, classification, specificity, active site,activity unit isozymes.

Enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menton: Mention equation for simple enzymes,

determination of kinetic parameters, multistep-reactions and rate limiting steps,

enzymes, inhibition, allosterism, kinetic analysis of allosteric enzymes, principles of

allosteric regulation.

IV.

Brief account of photosynthetic and accessory pigments- chlorophy II -

bacteriochlorophy II-rhodopsin - carotenoids- phycobiliproteins; Carbohydrates -

anabolism - autotrophic- oxygenic-anoxygenic photosynthesis - autotrophic generation

of ATP; fixation of CO2 - Calvin cycle -C3 -C4 pathway. Chemolithotrophy - sulphur -iron -

hydrogen - nitrogen oxidations, methanogenesis - luminescence.

V.

Respiratory metabolism Embden Meyer Hof pathway-Entner Doudroff pathway -

glyoxalate pathway-Krebs cycle-oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation - reverse

TCA cycle - gluconeogenesis - Pasteur effect; fermentation of carbohydrates-homo and

heterolactic fermentations. Assimilation of nitrogen dinitrogen -nitrate nitrogen -

ammonia- synthesis of major amino acids - polyamines; Synthesis of polysaccharides-

peptidoglycan-biopolymers as cell components.

***

105. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND

MICROBIAL GENETICS

9

I.

Nucleic acids as genetic information carries : experimental evidence. DNA structure :

historical aspects and current concepts, melting of DNA replication: general principles,

various modes of replication, isolation and properties of DNApolymerases, proof reading

, continous and discontinous sysnthesis, Asymmetric & dimeric nature of DNA

polymerases iii and simultaneous, synthesis of leading and lagging stands, DN

polymerases, exonuclease activity in eukaryotic DNA polymerases, superhelicity in DNA,

linking number, topological properties, mechanism of action of topoisomerases.

II.

Initiation of replication of single standardDNA. Construction of replication fork in test

tube. Retroviruses and their unique mode of DNA synthesis. Relation between

replication and cell cycle. Inhibitors or DNA replication ( blocking precursor synthesis,

nucleotide polymerziation, altering DNA structure). DNA damage and repair: types of

DNA damage (deamination) oxidative damage, alkylatin, pyrimidine dimers). repair

pathways-methyl-directed mismatchrepair, very short patch repair, nucleotide excision

repair, base excision repair, recombination, repair SOS system.

III.

Structural features of RNA (rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) and relation to function . Initiator

and elongator class of tRNA, ribosome binding site on mRNA and corresponding site on

rRNA. peptidyl transferase activity of 23S tRNA. Transcription : general principles, basic

appartatus, types of RNA polymerases, steps : initiation, clongation and termination,

inhibitors of RNA syntheses. Polycistronic and monocistronic RNAs. Control of

transcription by interaction between RNA polymerases and parometer regions, use of

alternate sigma factors, controlled termination : attenuation and altitermination

IV.

Regulation of gene expression: operon concept, catabolite repression instability of

bacterial RNA, positive and negative regulation , inducers and corepressors. Negative

regulation - E. coli lacoperon; positive regulation . E.coli ara operon; regulation by

atenuation his and trp operons; antitermination - N protein and nut sites in I. DNA

binding sites on DNA, Global regulatoryresponses : heat shock response, stringent

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response and regulation by small molecules such as ppGpp and cAMP, regulation of

rRNA and tRNA syntheses

V.

Maturation and processing of RNA : methylation, cutting and trimming of rRNA;

capping, polyadenylation and splicing of m RNA; cutting and modification of tRNA

degradation system. Catalytic RNA group I and group II intron splicing RNase P

Basic features of the genetic code. Protein synthesis : steps, details of initiation,

elongation and termination, role of various factors in the above steps, inhibitors of

proteinssynthesis. Synthesis of exported proteins on membrane- bound ribosomes,

singal hypothesis. In vitro transcription and translation systems

Gene as unit of mutation and recombination. Molecular nature of mutations; mutagens.

Spontaneous mutations-origin

Gene transfer mechanisms- transformation, transduction, conjugation and transfection.

Mechanisms and applications. Genetic analysis of microbes, Bacteria and yeast

Plasmids, F-Factors description and their uses in genetic analysis, Colicins and col

factors. Plasmids as vectors for gene cloning. Replication of selected plasmids:

compatibility, Transposones and their uses in genetic analysis.

***

PRACTICALS

P-101

Preparation of culture media -Liquid & Solid media, Enrichment, Selective & Differential

mediums. Preparation of slant, deep tube and plate culture.

Isolation of pure culture by Pour plate, Serial dilution and Streak plate method.

Study of Growth curve.

Effect of pH, temp, Osmolarity and Oxygen, UV, Dessication on growth of bacteria.

Cultivation of Anaerobic organisms. Sterilization methods. Methods of quantitative estimation of Micro-organisms. -Total count (haemocytometer) -Viable count (Plate count)

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Methods of staining bacteria. Simple staining

Gram staining

Endospore staining

Negative staining

Flagella staining

Cell wall staining

P-102

Identification and classification of common fungi.

Mounting and staining VAM spores & preparation of diagnostic slides.

Study of antagonism by dual culture technique.

Recovery and quantitative estimation of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) spores from the soil.

Identification and classification of common algae.

Study of viral infections in plants.

Study of viral infections in animals.

Bacteriophage production: Single step growth.

P-103

Radio-immuno Diffusion.

Immuno-electrophoreses.

Dot Elisa

Ouchterlony Double diffusin

Quantitatie Precipitin Assay.

Widal test.

Sandwich Elisa.

Latex Agglutination.

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P-104

Separation of Hemoglobin and Blue dextrin by Gel filtration.

Estimation of proteins.

Estimation of amino acids

Estimation of carbohydrates.

Estimaiton of nucleic acids.

Enzyme kinetics.

Affinity chromatography.

lon exchange chromatography.

P-105

To study spontaneous mutations by replica plating.

To study induced mutations in bacteria.

Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutants by gradient plate technique.

Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutants by antibiotic disc method.

To study bacterial variations.

Ames test.

***

(Final)

201: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND FOOD

MICROBIOLOGY

I. Introduction, history and scope of industrial microbiology, major types of microorganism used in fermentation, primary & secondary screening, industrial strain improvement-strategies, selection and improvement of recombinant organisms. II. Design and operation of various types of reactors, main components, peripheral parts and accessories, various control systems. III. Media preparation, sterilization, kinetics of thermal death of Micro-organisms, batch, continuous and fed batch process, aeration and agitation, foam and antifoam, microbial

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growth kinetics, measurement of growth, effect of pH, temp, and nutrient conc. on growth. IV. Down stream processing, filtration of fermentation broths, ultra-centrifugation, recovery of biological products by distillation, superficial fluid extraction, Electrokinetic's dialysis, flotation. V. Industrial production of alcohol, citric,acid,solvents,amino acids,enzymes (amylase,proteases,celluloses) antibiotics,steroids and large-scale production of recombinant molecules - interferon, human proteins, vaccines. VI. Microorganisms important in food microbiology: Molds, Yeasts and Bacteria-General characteristics, classification and importance. Principles of food preservaton. Asepsis-Removal of microorganisms, (anaerobic conditions, high temperatures, low temperatures, drying). Factors influencing microbial growth in food-Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors; Chemical preservatives and Food additives. Canning, processing for Heat treatment-D, Z, and F values and working out treatment parameters. VII. Contamination and spoilage; Cereals, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, Milk products, fish and sea foods-poultry-spoilage of canned food. Detection of spoilage and characterisation. Food-borne infections and intoxications: Bacterial and nonbacterial-with example of infective and toxic types-Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium,Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,Vibrio, Yersinia;Nematodes, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses. Foodborne outbreaks-laboratory testing procedures; Prevention measures-Food sanitation in manufacture and retail trade; Food control agencies and its regulations, Plant sanitation-Employee's Health standards-waste treatment-disposal-quality control. VIII. Fermented foods: bread, cheese, vinegar, fermented vegetables,fermented dairy products, oriental Fermented foods, their quality standards and control; Experimental and Induction methods,microbial cells as food (single cell proteins) and mushroom cultivation. Fermented beverages: beer and wine. Genetically modified foods.

202: INSTRUMENTATION & ITS BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION

I.

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Spectroscopy: interaction of radiation with matter, absorption of radiation, emision of

radiation, Beer-Lambert relationship components of a spectrophotometer, type of

detectors; UV-Vis spectrophotometry,

Fluorimetric methods,atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques,flame emission

photometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy,

Applications of different spectroscopic techniques.

II.

Separation methods: principles of separation techniques, general methods of

separation; methods based on polarity (absorption chromatography, liquid

chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography), methods based on ionic nature (ion-

exchange chromatography), methods based on shape (affinity chromatography),

HPLC,ELISA.

Applications of chromatographic techniques in biology.

III.

Membrane filtration and dialysis, electrophoresis: zonal techniques,supporting medium,

vertical, submarine and gradient electrophoresis.

Isoelectric focussing, isotachophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, elution parameters,

immunoelectrophoresis,

Applications of electrophoresis in biology.

IV.

Centrifugation: Preparative and analytical centrifuges, sedimentation analysis, RCF,

zonal and equilibrium density gradients, Ultracentrifuge.

Microscopy: light, phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy.

V.

Radioisotopes: nature of radioactivity, types of radioactivity, radioactive decay, units of

radioactivity.

Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Geiger counters, scintillation counters,

autoradiography.

Biochemical uses of isotopes (tracers, radio immunoassay).

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***

203: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF

RECOMBINANT MOLECULES

I.

Core techniques and essentialenzymes used in rDNA technology. Restriction digestion,

ligation and transformation

III.

Cloning vectors-plasmids, phages and comids. Cloning strategies. Cloning and selection

of individual genes, gene libraries:cDNA and genomic libraries

III.

Specialised cloning strategies, Expression vectors, promoter probe vectors, vectors for

library construction - artificial chromosomes

IV.

PCR methods and application, DNA sequencing methods, dideoxy and chemical methods

Sequence assembly. Automated sequencing Genome sequencing and physical mapping

of gnomes.

V.

Requirement of recombinant molecules: in pharmaceutical, health, in research

laboratories, agricultural and industrial sectors. Criteria of purity.

VI.

Rationale for the design of vectors for the over expressin of recombinant proteins:

selection of suitable promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, transcription

terminator, fusion protein tags, purification tags, purification tags, protease cleavage

sites and enzymes, plasmid copy number, inducible expression systems.

***

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204: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

I.

Early discovery of panthogenic microorganisms; developmentof bacteriology as

scientific discipline; contributions made by eminent scientists. Classification of medically

important micro organisms; Normal microbial flora of human body; role of the resident

flora; normal flora and the human host

II.

Estsblishment, spreading, tissue damage and anti- phagocytic factors; mechanism of

bacterial adhesion , colonization and invasion of mucous membranes of respritory,

enteric and unogenital tracts, Role of aggressins, deplymerising enzymes,

organotropisms, variation and virulence. Organs and cells involved immune system and

immune response

III.

Clasifications; pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pncumococcus,

Neisseria, Cornebacterium Bacillus, clostridium, Non-sporing Anaerobes, Organisms

belonging to Enterbacteriacca, Vibrios, Non fermenting gram negative bacilli Yersinsa;

Haemophilus; Bordetella, Brucella; Mycobacteria, Spirochaetes, Anctiomycetes;

Rickettsiac, Chalmdiac

IV.

General properties of Viruses; Viruses Host interactions ; Pox viruses ; Herps virus;

Picarno Viruses; Orthomyxo viruses; Paramyxo viruses; Arboviruses, Rhabdo viruses,

Hepatitis viruses; Oncogenic viruses; Human Immuno deficiency viruses(AIDS).

Dermatophytes, dimophic fungi, opportunistic fungal pathogens. Description and

classification of pathogenic fungi and their laboratory diagnosis

V.

Laboratory control of antimicrobial therapy; various methods of drug susceptiblity

testing, antibiotic assay in body fluids. Brief account on available vaccines and

Schedules; passive prophylactic measures; Noscomical infection, common types of

hospital infections and their diagnosis and control

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VI.

Prolaryotic & eukaryotic signalling mechanissms: eukaryatic cell to cell signaling,

endocrine signaling, Ajlikins, prokaryotic signaling, quoreem sensing and bacterial

pheromones, intracellular signaling, signaling pathways.

***

205: ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

I.

Aero biology : Droplet nuclei, aerosal, assessment of air quality,-solid - liquid -

impingment methods,- Breif account of air borne transmission of microbes - viruses -

bacteria and fungi, their diseases and preventive measures.

II.

Aquatic microbiology: Water ecosystems - types -fresh water(ponds, lake, streams)-

marinehabitats (estuaries, mangroves, deepsea, hydrothermal vents, saltpans,

coralreefs). Zonations of Water ecosystems -upwelling -eutrophicaltion - food chain.

Potability of water- microbial assessment of water quality- water purification - brief

account of major water borne diseases and their control measures.

III.

Soil Microbiology : Classification of Soil- Physical and chemicals characteristics,

microflora of various soil types (bacteria and nematodes in revelence to soil types;

rhizosphere- phyllosphere- brief account of microbial interactions symboisis- mutualism-

commensalism -competition - amensalism- synergims - parasitims- predation ;

biogeochemical cycles and their organisms, - carbon introgen - phosphorous and

sulphur, biofertilizers- biological nitrogen fixation - nitrogenase enzyme - nif genis;

symbiotic nitrogen fixation - (Rhizobium, Frankia)- non-symbiotic microbes-

Azotobacter- Azospirillium - vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae-VAM)- ecto, endo,

entendomycorrhizae- rumen microbiology

IV.

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Waste treatment : Wastes - types- solid and liquid wastes characterization- solid - liquid;

treatments- physical, chemical, biological- aerobic- anaeorobic -primary - secondary-

tratiary; solid waste tratment - saccharification- gasification- composting, utilization fo

solid wastes - (SCP, mushroom,yeast): fuel(ethanol, methane) fertilizer(composting),

liquid waste treatment- trickling- activated sludge- oxidation pomd- oxidation ditch.

Subterranean microbes and biomediation

V.

Positive and negative roles of microbes in environment: biodegradation of recalcitrant

compounds - lignin - pesticides; bioaccumulation of metals and detoxification -

biopesticides; biodeterioration- of paper- leather, wood textiles- metal corrosion- mode

of deterioration- organisms involved -its disadvantages- mode of prevention. Gmo and

theirimpact

VI.

Introduction to microbial diversity, distribution, abundance, ecology. Oxygenic

photosynthetic microbes adn anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes. Oxidative

transformation of metals: sulphur oxidation, iron oxidation, ammonia oxidation and

hydrogen oxidation. Unculturable and culturable bacteria-conventional and molecular

methods of studying microbial diversity.

***

PRACTICALS

P-201

Visit to Food processing industry/Fermentation industry/Breweries (Educational tour)

Study of growth medium and producation mediums.

To study industrial producation of Beer/Wine.

Measurement of citric acid production.

Demonstration of amino acid production by E. coli mutant.

To test the production of enzymes: Amylases, proteinases, lipases and cellulses by

microorganisms.

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Isolation and identification of common microorganisms spoiling food (Fungi and bacteria). Study of general methods of food preservation: -Temperature -Salt -Moisture Preparation of fermented foods (koji, Saukeraut) and fermented beverages (soya sauce, alcohol). Determination of number of bacteria in milk by -Standard plate count -Direct microscopic count Testing of milk by MBRT Turbidity Test for Milk

Test for pasteurization of milk

Coliform Test for milk

Demonstration of food sanitation & hygiene in industries.

P-202

Demonstration of working of the following instruments:

Atomic absorption spectrum

Gas Liquid Chromatography

HPLC

ELISA

Radioisotopes counters

UItracentrifuge

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography and TLC.

Isolation of phospholipids from liver and their separation by T.L.C.

P-203

DNA extraction from bacteria DNA extraction from plant/yeast/cheek cells DNA molecular size determination Restriction Digestion Ligation Transformation

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Bacterial Conjugation Bacterial gene expression Demonstration of PCR Single colony isolation and checking genetic marker Analysis of proteins using SDS PAGE P-204

Sterilization and disinfections

Collection of samples and containers used for collecting samples

Preparation of culture mediums for growing pathogenic microor-ganisms

Ziel-Nelson staining method for AFB

Giemsa staining

Study of slides of important pathogens

Study of slides from stool and blood

Identification of pathogens on basis of cultural characteristics

Conventional and rapid methods of isolation and identification of pathogenic

microorganisms

Demonstration of automated for diagnostic microbiology.

P-205

Isolation of micro-organisms from air

Isolation of microorganisms from water

Bacteriological examination of water by Multiple Tube Technique.

Isolation and identification of pathogens

To determine dissolved oxygen of water.

To determine BOD

To determine COD

Demonstration of waste water treatment plant.

Demonstration of composting

Isolation of micro-organisms soil

Isolation of Rhizosphere micro flora.

Study of halophiles

Study of thermophiles

Isolation of Rhizobium from:

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- Root nodule

- Soil

Isolation of free living nitrogen fixers

Isolation of VAM spores

Study of cyanobacteria

Study of phylloplane microflora by leaf impression method

Text Books:

Adams M.R. and Moss M.O. (1995) Food Microbiology. Royal Society of Chemistry

Publication, Cambridge.

Frazier WC and Westhoff Dc (1998). Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Ltd, New Delhi

Stanbury, P.E., Whitekar, A and Hall, S.J. (1995) Principles of Fermentation Technology.

2nd Edition. Pergamon Press

Banwart, GJ (1993) Basis Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.

Hobbs BC and Roberts D. (1993) Food poisoning and Food Hygiene. Edward Arnold (A

division of Hodder and Stoughton London)

Robinson RK, (1990) Dairy Microbiology. Elsevier Applied Sciences, London

Stanbory P.F.A. Whitaker & Hall. 1995. Principles of Fermentation Technology.

Pergaman. McNeul & Harvey. 1990.

Fermentation, A. Practical Approach. IRL.

Biotechnological innovations in chemical synthesis, BIOTOL, Publisher: butterworth-

Heinemann.

Industrial Microbiology, G. Reed (editor), CBS Publishers (AVI Publishing Company)

Biology of industrial microorganisms. A.L.Demain

Genetics and biotechnology of industrial microorganisms, C.L. Hershnergev, S.W.

Queener and Q. Hegeman. Publisher: Americal Society of Microbiology. Ewesis.Et.Al.

1998. Bioremediation principles. McGraw Hill.

Johri, B.N. 2000. Extremophiles. Springer Verlag.New York

Colwd, D. 1999. Microbial Diversity. Academic Press

Michel. R. Introduction of Environmental Microbiology. 1999.

ASM book

Reference:

Alexander, M. (1971) Microbial ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Alexander, M. (1977) Introduction to soil microbiology. John, Wiley & Sons. Inc., New

York.

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Ec Eldowney, S. Hardman, D.J. and Waite, S. 1993. Pollution: Ecology and biotreatment-

Longman Scientific Technical.

Baker, KH, and Herson, D.S.1994. Bioremediation. Mc Craw Hill Inc., New York.

W.C. Erneasst, (1982) The environment of the deep sea, Vol.II, J.G. Morin Rubey.

K.C. Marshall, (1985) Advances in microbial ecology Vol-8 Plenum Press.

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*

School of Science

OPJS UNIVERSITY, CHURU(RAJASTHAN)

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