The Argumentative EnvironmentThe Argumentative Environment

The Beginning of Argumentation The Beginning of Argumentation Argumentation got started Argumentation got started

with the Greeks. Ancient with the Greeks. Ancient Greece was the first Greece was the first country to experiment with country to experiment with people run government people run government which allowed one citizen which allowed one citizen to sue another without to sue another without cause. They could sue for cause. They could sue for money, or property. If the money, or property. If the person was a good arguer person was a good arguer he/she would win and take he/she would win and take over property or money. over property or money.

People that got really good People that got really good at arguing were called at arguing were called sophist.sophist.

SophistSophist were were intelligent people intelligent people that taught others that taught others how to make a how to make a good argument good argument and to convince and to convince others that their others that their position should be position should be accepted. accepted.

SophistSophist

Aristotle Philosophy of ArgumentAristotle Philosophy of Argument

Rhetorical ApproachRhetorical Approach

Is described as process of discovering Is described as process of discovering all available means of “artistic” all available means of “artistic” persuasion through the use of persuasion through the use of rhetorical processrhetorical process. .

Rhetorical ProcessRhetorical Process

1.1. Truth and justice may be guarded Truth and justice may be guarded against falsehood and wrong.against falsehood and wrong.

2.2. Debate may be conducted on Debate may be conducted on subjects in the absence of absolute subjects in the absence of absolute truth.truth.

3.3. Both sides of a claim may be Both sides of a claim may be presentedpresented

4.4. Proof to establish the probability of a Proof to establish the probability of a position may be developed. position may be developed.

Aristotle's Elements of ProofAristotle's Elements of Proof

LogosLogos

PathosPathos

EthosEthos

LogosLogos

LogosLogos- means logic - means logic and is the use of and is the use of reason to support a reason to support a decision. decision.

- Logical appeals - Logical appeals present the situation, present the situation, alternatives, and alternatives, and probabilities involved probabilities involved in the decision in the decision making process. making process.

Ethos- Refers to the Ethos- Refers to the use of sources use of sources credibility to support a credibility to support a conclusion. conclusion.

It is perceived as a It is perceived as a powerful proof that is powerful proof that is supplied by the source supplied by the source himself, and which himself, and which judgment, character, judgment, character, wisdomwisdom and and good willgood will could be made about could be made about his character. his character.

Ethos is the image of Ethos is the image of the source held in the the source held in the minds of the audience. minds of the audience.

EthosEthos

PathosPathos Pathos- means the Pathos- means the

emotion and is the emotion and is the appropriate use of appropriate use of emotional and emotional and motivational appeals motivational appeals to support decision. to support decision.

These appeals are These appeals are directed to the directed to the wisheswishes, , wants, desireswants, desires, , goalsgoals and and needsneeds of the of the person whose person whose acceptance is desired. acceptance is desired.

Source Credibility can be Source Credibility can be developed two ways.developed two ways.

11stst Initial Ethos Initial Ethos

22ndnd Derived Ethos Derived Ethos

Initial EthosInitial Ethos

Initial Ethos-Initial Ethos- Is Is based on the based on the arguers arguers credentials, credentials, status, and status, and reputationreputation

Derived EthosDerived Ethos

Derived Ethos-Derived Ethos- Results from what is Results from what is said in the said in the message. Is the message. Is the quality of the logos quality of the logos and pathos use to and pathos use to get the arguers get the arguers accepted. accepted.