The Basics of Computer Networking-editted

8/18/2019 The Basics of Computer Networking-editted

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The Basics of Computer Networking


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The Computer Network

Arguably, the greatest advancement in technology andcommunication over the past 20 years has been the development

and advancement of the computer network. From emailing a

friend to on-line bill paying to downloading data off the Internet to

e-commerce, networking has made our world much smaller and

changed the way we communicate forever.


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Networking

• Computer network A collection of

computing devices that are connected in

various ways in order to communicate and

share resources

Usually, the connections between

computers in a network are made using

physical wires or cables

However, some connections are wireless,

using radio waves or infrared signals


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The Computer Network

hat is a !omputer "etwork

net·work: [ net -wurk] – noun, a system containing any

combination of computers, computer terminals, printers,audio or visual display devices, or telephones

interconnected by telecommunication equipment or

cables: used to transmit or receive information


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Navigation Links

"etwork #iagram $ %asic &ayout and map of a traditional computer network.

"etwork 'ypes $ !omputer networks vary in shape and si(e depending on usage.

- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able $ *ne of the &atest innovations in network cabling.

+witches and ubs $ 'he central device within a network that transmit data.+ervers $ 'he central storage device for the names and locations of various data.

- I) Addresses

'opologies $ 'he layouts of various network designs.

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls $ 'he network software that keeps destructive forces from a network.outers $ 'he device that let messages flow between networks. ireless "etworks - Allows computers to be moved without wires or cables.

'he Internet $ 'he worlds largest network.

eferences


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&ocal-area network /&A" A network that connects a

relatively small number of machines in a relatively close

geographical area!arious configurations, called topologies, have

been used to administer "A#s

ing topology A configuration that connects all

nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel in

one direction

+tar topology A configuration that centers around

one node to which all others are connected andthrough which all messages are sent

%us topology All nodes are connected to a single

communication line that carries messages in both

directions

'ypes of "etwork


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Wid -ar a n twork (WAN) Anetwork that connects two or more

local-area networks over a potentialllarge geographic distance

!ften one particular node on a LAN isset up to serve as a gat wa to handle allcommunication going "etween that LAN and

other networksCommunication "etween

networks is called internetworkingThe #nt rn t$ as we know it toda$ is

essentiall the ultimate wide-area network$

spanning the entire glo"e

'ypes of "etwork


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% tropolitan-ar a n twork (%AN) The communication infrastructuresthat have "een developed in and

around large cities

'ypes of "etwork


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The Network &iagram(Click on the Words Below and Learn %ore A"out 'ach Component)

'he Internet

*ther &A"+

Firewall

outer

Fiber *ptic "etwork !able

+erver

)!

ireless "etwork

ired "etwork

+witch


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"avigation"etwork #iagram

"etwork 'ypes

- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able

+witches and ubs+ervers

- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ingFirewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences

The Three Tpes of Networks

)11 '* )11

I#1 A1A &*!A& A1A

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/Images/WAN.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/WAN.cfm&h=216&w=260&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=FtShEV6853INCM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwide%2Barea%2Bnetworks%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den


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Wide Area Network

• A ide Area "etwork eist over a large area

• #ata travels through telephone or cable lines

• 3sually re4uires a 5odem

• 'he worlds largest ide Area "etwork in the

Internet


"etwork 'ypes

- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ingFirewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/Images/WAN.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/WAN.cfm&h=216&w=260&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=FtShEV6853INCM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwide%2Barea%2Bnetworks%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den


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Local Area Network

• A &ocal Area "etwork spans a relatively small

area

• &A" are usually confined to one building or a

group of buildings

• #ata travel between network devices via

network cables.

• 'he most common type of &ocal Area "etwork

is called 1thernet


"etwork 'ypes

- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ingFirewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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eer to eer Network

• 3sually very small networks

• 1ach workstation has e4uivalent capabilities

and responsibilities

• #oes not re4uire a switch or a hub.

• 'hese types of networks do not perform well

under heavy data loads.


"etwork 'ypes

- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ingFirewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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i"er !ptic Ca"le

• educes interference in the network

• 'ransmit data faster than copper network cable

• Allows for more bandwidth• +maller and more fragile than copper cable

+tandard

"etwork

!opper !able

"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes

- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ingFirewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gshop.com.au/images/network_cable.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gshop.com.au/products_all.html%3Fpage%3D6%26disp_order%3D1&h=480&w=640&sz=14&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=34QP8Ds3-2ETIM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstandard%2Bnetwork%2Bcable%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN


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*witches and +u"s

• #ata travels faster through switches because data is not

se4uenced as it is in a hub• 'he information is more secure when it passes through

a switch as opposed to a hub.

• Information travels more efficiently through a switch

because travels directly to its destination as opposed to

being broadcast to all )!s on the network hub.

"etwork +witches "etwork ubs


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ingFirewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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*ervers3sers are connected to

certain servers whichwill fulfill the re4uired

re4uest.

'here are 6 )rinciple

'ypes of +ervers

)rint +ervers

!ontains the name and

location of all printers

that are on the

"etwork

File +ervers

!ontain the location and

names of the various

drives, files, and

folders on a "etwork

eb +ervers

!ontain the )rograms,

Files, and Internet

eb +ites

ack of +ervers


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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We" *ervers

I) Addresses

$%&' stands for %nternet &rotocol %& Addresses serve as

the location of websites on the %nternet as well as the

workstations that are connected to the web %& addresses

are made up of four sets of numbers called 7*ctets8.

(here are two types of %& Addresses: )tatic and(emporary *elow is a description of both

+tatic I) Addresses 'emporary I) Addresses

)tatic %& addresses are

found only on servers and

remain the same

A #omain "ame +erver

assigns a $human

readable' web address to

each static %& address to

make it more user friendly

(emporary %& addresses

are found only on &C+s are

constantly changing each

time it is logged on

(emporary %& addresses

are assigned by an %)&

%nternet )ervice &rovider-

each time it is logged on to

the %nternet


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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Network Topologies

"etwork 'opology refers to the shape of a

network, or the network9s layout. ow different

nodes in a network are connected to each other

and how they communicate are determined by

the network9s topology.

'here are three basic topologies:

+tar ing

%us


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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*tar Topolog

• All devices are connected to a central hub.

• "odes communicate across the network bypassing data through the hub or switch.


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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,ing Topolog

• All devices are connected to one another in

the shape of a closed loop.

• 1ach device is connected directly to twoother devices, one on either side of it.


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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Bus Topolog

''

• All devices are connected to a central

cable, called the bus or backbone.

• 'here are terminators at each end of the bus

that stops the signal and keeps it from

traveling backwards.


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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irewalls

• A firewall is a software that can be loaded on to

a network that can serve as a barrier that keeps

destructive forces away from a network of

computers.

• )ackets of data are analy(ed against a set of

criteria or standards called filters.

• Filters block certain designated I) addresses.


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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,outers

hether a outer is traditional or wireless, its

purposes remain the same.

outers are speciali(ed computers that send

your messages and those of every other

Internet user speeding to their destinations

along thousands of pathways.

outers are crucial devices that let messages

flow between networks, rather than within

networks.

+tandard outer ireless outer


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

Wireless Networks

Allows for

computers to be

moved easily

without having to

worry about wires

or cables

alkie-'alkie "etwork• ;ou would e4uip each computer with basically,

a walkie-talkie.

• ;ou would give each computer a way to set

whether it wants to transmit or receive.

• A wireless network converts binary signal /0s

and


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The #nternet

The simplest definition of the Internet

is that it's a network of computer

networks


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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The #nternet

ow Information 'ravel 'hrough the Internet

A page on the Internet=whether it9s full of words, images

or both=doesn9t come to you in one shipment. It9s

translated into digital information, chopped into 00

byte pieces called )A!?1'+, and sent to you like a

pu((le that needs to be reassembled. 1ach part of the

packet has a specific function:

eader

)rovides the

complete

destination

address for the

packet

#ata %lock

'he portion of the overall

information carried by the packet

+e4uence I#

I#s where the information

belongs in relation to the

rest of the information

1nd of 5essageI#s the end of the

packet


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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The #nternet

ow Information 'ravel 'hrough the Internet

hen you connect to a eb site through an I+) and start

echanging information, there isn9t a fied connection

between your computer and the eb server computer

hosting the eb site. Instead, information is echanged

using the best possible path at that particular time.

+pecial computers called routers determine these paths,avoiding slow links and favoring fast ones.

;our

!omputer

I+)

outers

eb

+ervers


- A"

- &A"

- )eer to )eer

Fiber *ptic !able


- I) Addresses

'opologies

- +tar

- %us

- ing

Firewalls

outers

ireless "etworks

'he Internet

eferences


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,eferences

Intel !orporation, /200@. www.intel.com. etrieved 5ay

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The Basics of Computer Networking-editted

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