the - NCSL InternationalWILDHACK, who will temporarily transfer from hi s f ormer assignment as...

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CHIVECOPV

_____National Confe rence of S tandards Labo at r es

NCSL NEWSLETTER 67-2 JUNE 21 1967

MAINTAINABILITY AND THE hUMAN FACTOR

There is growing concern in the United States with something called maintainshyability It is evidenced in the increased number of papers presented at techshynical meetings in the expansion of journal articles and even in the publicity given the subject in the popularly-read magazines Procurement by military agencies is hedged these days by inclusion of a r ecurring question Can this item be maintained in the fi eld There is a slow but sure recognition on the part of manufacturers rendered to an item so often neglected in production design-shythe HUMAN FACTOR

We are led to believe by persistent advertising of commercial products that the consumer is always the first consideration in product design Unfortunately too often the consumer believes after trial of a new product that the first considerashytion in design is rapid obsolescence

It is of interest to note that one instrument manufacturer was sufficiently conshycerned about the subject to include the topic of human factors in precision inshystruments as one major item for presentation and round table discussions at a one-day symposium (see page 48 for more details) To further demonstrate the wid e spread interest in the topic an original carton related to the subject was sent us by our contributing editor on the West Coast--Bob Couture Even George Washington

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University included maintainability as a special course in its regular Summer schedule of instru tion at the Center f or Me surement Science June 12- 16 ~

Perhaps the growing concern of consume s of mi litary agencies and f 1na1l of commercial producers J may contribute to a mo usefUl and more economical proshyduct in the not too-distant future

1968 STANDARDS LABORATORY CONFERENCE

NCSL Program Chairman E ARSENAULT r eports preliminary arrangements ve been made for t ile 1968 Standards Laboratory Conference Host will be t he Nat ional Bureau of Standards Laborat ory at Boulder Colorado Timi ng is t ent ativel y set for the week of Augus t 26 1968 No other progr am detai l s are ava i l abl e at pressr time but more informat i on wi l l be available er the NCSL Board of D1r ector s

meeting in September at Chicago

NBS NEWS I TEM

Effective March 1 1967 Dr A Ast i n Pi r ect or NES as s i gned Dr R HUNTOON Director or NBS IBS to a new and s i gnifi cant t ask Dr Hunt oon has been appointed to Dr Astin s st f t o examine the relationship of NBS to t he developing needs of science and i ndustry Wor ki n Within the new Bure au at the Budget f r amewor k of Program-PIan- Budget procedures his task ia to cor r el at e all t he resources of the Bureau and t he programs undertaken by the Bur ea It represents a clear change in management concept and will present a ch e e to the previous philosophy and thinking of the Bure u Assisting him wi ll be W A WILDHACK who will temporarily transfer from hi s f ormer assignment as Associ at e Director-IBS

NCSL NEWS I TENS

Although not mentioned in the news of pendi ng Wor kshop Sessions f or the Chicago meetings in Septembe BILL BOS~ICK indi cat es a pl an is underway t devote a session to the problems of keeping the NCSL Di rectory up to date The 1967 revision is coming along and he and iPAUL LONG r e still expecting a bring it out in the early Fall of this year

A special thank you to BOB COUTURE of NAAAutonetics for all the cart OIlS inmiddot this issue and for supplying pages 4 5 6 7 50 and 51 to JERRY yg of USN Metrology Enginee ing Center for pages 20 21 and for news of the col or film page 33 and to Hbull LEE MASON of NBSIBS f or ages 22 23 24 d 25 0

this Newsletter i s sue They have helped swell this issue to the biggest eve r

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THANK YOU FELLOWS

The Newsletter again is deeply app reci at ive of extensive feedbac k from reader s In parti cul a r t hi s issue has carried many pages of material forward by Bob Couture at NAA Autonetics Af3 an incentive for further contributions by West Coas t people the following notice is included

NOTE TO WE3TERN MEMBERS

St art preparing your contribution to the Sept embe r NCSL Newsletter right away shyDont Wait - Send your technical articles editorials cartoons r elative to NCSL life (or ideas for cartoons) questions or answers news items or announceshyments of interest t o NCSL members or any other Words of Wi s dom 11 to

BOb Couture AutQnetics D073 B257 3370 Miraloma Avenue Anaheim Calif 92803

If you can It s end them in this week be sure to get them t o Bob by August 18 1967 Subs equent Newsletters will be pr i nt ed quarterly in December March June and Sept ember Your submittals s hould get to Bob at least two weeks pr i or t o the 1st of t he mont h in which you want your information printed

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We would like to point out t hat there are two gat he r i ng point s so far on the East Coast Feed information to Frank Sci a cchi t an o Measur ements St ds Lab Grumman Aircraft Engr g Co Bethpage N Y1l714 or Val Gersbach co Honeyshywell 2427 Lindan Lane Silver Spring Md

HOW COULD WE DO WITHOUT IT SO LONG

Nomograph accurately converts Hz into cps Sir

The accompanying nomograph was designed to facilitate convershysion f rom he rtz into cycles per secshyond Although as shown it spa ns only two decad es it can be extended to hi gh er and lower frequenc ies by maki ng use of the well-known re la shyt ionships 10-x 10 = 1 an d slipshyping the decimal point

Another nomogr aph is now in t he process of va lidation by extensive comp uter r uns It will mechanize the conversion f rom cycles pel sec shyond into hertz

Guy Fawkes F leagle Design Inc Bost on

ELECTRONIC DES IGN 7 Apr il 1 1967

Hz - cps t 1shy9 9 -a a shy7 7 shy6 6 -

5 5shy

4 4 -

3 3 shy

2 2 shy

J 1shy9 9 shy8 8 shy7 7 -6 6 -

5 5 shy

4--4shy

3--+- - 3 shy

2 2 -

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CALIBRATION TRAINING

The need for trained cal~bTation technicians is well known to standards laborashytory managers Most ~echnicians receive their initial calibration training in industrial laboratories after learning basic electronics in the military or at a trade school Very few begin work with specialized calibration training such as that given by the military or after completing a concentrated degree program in metrology such as that offered by Geotge Washington University Some junior colleges do provide a course or two on the subject of instrument calibration or metrology in general however these colleges do not usually offer a continuous program of related stUdy

Los Angeles Trade-Technical College (LATTC) recognized the need for cali shybration training in 1963 Under the guidance of a Precision Measurements Association advisory committee LATTC established a residence c ourse in Precision Calibration The LATTC Precision Calibration Program is conshyducted six hours a day five days a week from 800 am to 230 pm and leads to the Associate in Science degree by inclusion of certain required academic courses within a two-year period In addition LA TTC just recently inaugurated an evening course in instrument meter movement repair

But LATTC IS efforts to fulfill industrys need for -t r a i ned calibration techshynicians hasnt stopped with residence courses It is now lookLng toward educashytional TV LATTC has just completed a series of three one-half hour color television programs featuring MT Gerald Don Grounds instn_ctor for courses in metrology and electronic s The series which was broadcast as a b reakfast 11 show between 630 and 700 am included the following subjects

1) History of Metrology 2) Calibration Case Histories 3) Modern Preclsion Resistance Measurements

When interviewed Don reported that he has received an OK for another series of half-hour shows on calilgtrati~n that are scheduled to be taped early this Fall and broadcast in November Also under consideration by LA T7C is the televishysion programming of a series of college Courses on electrical metro~ogy wherein the viewer may earn complete college credit The credit is expected to be transshyferable to any college or university According to Don the broadcasting of this course on a nation-wide network is a definite possibility

What do you think about the idea of metrology training via television If you are interested in a college-credit television course in electrical metrology (or any other subject in the electronics field) please writ~ to

Mr G D Grounds Los Angeles Trade-Technical College 400 West Washington Boulevard Los Angeles California 90015

Dont delay -- if sufficient interest is shown the course can be taped in the Fall and broadcast in the Spring The vieWing time either am or pm or bot h and the possibility of a nation-wide telecast will depend on you YOUR LETTERS ARE NEEDED

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CALIBRATION PROCEDURES COMMITTEE MEETING

The NCSL Calibration Procedures Committee held a two-day lIManufacturers 1 Meet ing at the Vandenberg Inn in Santa Maria California on June 6th through 7th 1967 This meeting was des~ed to accomplish two thLngs namely to introduce the NCSL Procedure and its contents in full detail and to obtain final inputs to the NCSL Procedure from equipment manufacturers Experts from industry the Department of

De f en s e and other responsible contributors were on hand to provide suggestions on the use of this national fonnat

The meeting agenda included the following presentations

Welcome Address by A J Wooding+on General DynamicsConvair San Diego California

Gener aL Impressions on the NCSL Calibration Procedure and Its Applicat ion - - Jerry Hayes Director USN Metrology Engineering Center Pomona California

The Autonetics Calibration Procedures Program -- R Ernst Ch ie f Metrology North American AViationAutonetics Anaheim Co2L T i r

Our Interest in Calibration Procedures -- Bob Little field Hewlett-Packard Palo Alto California

Ca Ltbrat ion Procedures at Leeds amp Northrup -- Robert Verity Leeds amp Northrup Philadelphia Pa

NCSL Calibration Procedure Part 11 Dave Worden USN Metrology Engineering Center Pomona California

NCSL Calibration Procedure Part II -- John Van de Houten Aerojet-General Sacramento California

NCSL Calibration Procedure III -- Clyde Moss 2802 Inertial Guidance amp Calibration Group Newark AFS Ohio

NCSL Calibration Procedure Part IV1 -- George Vincent Electro Scientific Industries Portland Oregon

Allied subjects were discussed by guest speakers at a barbecue and at luncheons Time was also available for group discussions lead by NCSL Calibration Procedure s Committee and Procedures Library Members

THE OPTIMUM CALIBRATION INTERVAL

How often should we calibrate instruments Should we try to have 95 percent of our measuring instruments within tolerance at recalibration or 99 or 90 or perhaps 80 percent And what significance does this percentage in-tolerance at recalibration figure have anyway Should we not be more concerned how the instruments perform when they are Ln use rather than back in the calibration lab

Rolf B F Schumacher Autonetics in his recent paper A Unified Approach to the Maintenance and Calibration of Measuring Instruments has taken a fresh look at these and many more related questions His paper shows a way of taking the

lt answers to these questions out of the realm of dogma speculation and gut-deveI fee Lang and putting them on a rational basis The paper was presented at the

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Second Annual Nat i onal 1M Instrument Maintenance Symposium April 24-26 1967 at Houston Texas the theme of which was Instrument Maintenance Optimization The paper will be reprinted in the transactions and may also appear in the Journal of the 1M A limited number of copies are available by writing to Rolf directly at Autonetics 3370 Miraloma Avenue Anaheim California 92803 Departshyment 073 Building 257 But dont expect any easy answer to a complex problem

METRIC and YOU

Read Is Metric in Your Future in The Electronic Engineer (April 1967) for a summary of the pros and canis of the US adopting the metric system Associate Editor Smedley B Ruth has compiled lists of the arguments used by opponents as well as proponents of the change Data for the article was prOVided by Mr Lawrence J Chisholm Technical Director at NBS - Gaithersburg

A news brief in Industrial Research (May 1967) report s that a bill to study the metric system for increased use in the United States is making its way through Congress If approved this bill will authorize up to $500000 for a three-year study to be conducted by the Commerce Department According to the article the House Committee on Science and Astronautics has incorporated two points of emphasis in the bill

1 All aspects of the problem are to be considered the hard as well as easy and

2 Segments of the economy which may be affected are to participate in the planning the study itself and its evaluation

NEWS FROM THE PRECISION MampASUREMENTS ASSOCIATION

I Precision Measurements Association (PMA) to Hold First ConferenceNCSL Workshop

The PMA is holding a Precision Measurements School Conference and Exhibit on January 22 23 and 24 1968 at the Disneyland Hotel Anaheim California

NCSL Workshops are planned for JanUary 25th and 26th

More information on both of these programs will be forthcoming but now is the time to enter these activities in middotyour travel project budget

II Phil Painchard Appointed Liaison to PMA

Mr P A Painchard Corporate Quality Assurance Manager for E H Research Laboratories has been appointed as NCSLs Liaison Representative to the PMA Mr D A Brungart Metrology Manager for Teledyne Systems Company had previously been made and remains as PMAs Liaison Representative ~o NCSL

III Ventura Section Establi shed by PMA

The PMA has continued to expand throughout the country The latest section tomiddot be authorized is the Ventura Section which includes all the area within Ventura County in California and such establishments as the Pacific Missile ltange atmiddotPoint Mugu Oxnard Air Force Base Raytheon and etc

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other Sect ions already established this yea r LncLude the Central Texas --- Metropolitan New York FLo r ida and San Francis co Ba y Ar ea Se rt i

The g r owt h of PM1- symbolizes renewed int e rest in p r ec ision mea surement s and our national mea surements syst ems

While other articles have been written on tJee e f f ect s of 1 j e t t in g through -llIe zones none have seemed to describe t he p r ob l e m a s conci se y as +h e f ol l owing ( from 11Today s Sec ret a r-y May 1967 )

Is Your Boss Discombobulated CouJd be if he f l ie s a lot Ihe F de r aJ Av ishyat i on Agency reports that any s T~l ift tri p t h r ough sever al time zones C lU cause I severe body malfunction disrupt ion of normal thought proce sses and sever e depression To pr ov e the point seas oned scient i st - guinea pigs h ave rnade a serie s of f l ight s from Oldah oma Ci t y to various g l obal zone s On az r v aJ h Manila (ten time zone s away) Ph D s well ver s ed 521 the most comptex mat heshymatical f o rmulas couldn it add simple columns of numbers Reac t i on t ime wa s twice as long a s usual it took four days f o r hear t and b ody t emp er a t u r e s +0

return to normal mental a ertness suffered fo r t went y - four hours Tho se jet shyting t o Santiago (5 000 mile s away but in t he same time zone ) a r r i ved llit h out disorientation or m~funct ion Taylor Instr wents -Corp (Roc he ste ) ow advi se s its executives jett~ lg through several zone s t o po stpone an meet ing - - st at i ug the reason honestly--if t hey haven t ad j ust ed t o the change b y t h e t ime of t h e meet ing Other compan i e s may f o=ow (Sale s 1-1anagemell ) 11

ON MI CROn Jeli ~1EAS ~ lEMEIfSCONTACT FORCE ( easurdng Pre s sure ) I q

Er r or sources in gages are now corr ect ed by shop per sonne L manufactu r-I ng part s with tolerances of less than 50 micro i nche s These error s ourc s were pr ev i oLJ sl S c onsidered only by metrologists calib r ating gage s i n th la~ o rat ry A preshydominant cau se for measurement disagreements bet ween supplie r a nd c us t omer is t he error introduced by the mea surement contact f or c e of t he ength c ompa ra tior- Knowing what happens at the point of contact bet we en tLe mea s r e en t s t y l us arid part allows for the identlfication and correction of hi s e r r or As l ong 9

parts a re measured that have perfectly smooth h omogeno us surfaces ve c an u s i ng clas s i c formula accurately make c ompensation f or t a is e rror Em ver~ surfa ce texture and po r os i t y exist even i n the most pe r f ect l y con struc t ed gt~ s To proceed into t he one - mi crcdnch accuracy rea lm the metrolog i st must est a bl ish the functional surf ac e I l oc ation by identifying t h e chara ct er istics of t he SDr shy

f ace in relation to it s i ntended use

The ab ove is the abst ract f or a comprehensive pape r on measur ement pr ob l ems caused by ela stic de f ormation wr itt en by Me s s r s R V Al1deTson and A J Lauerman of the Autonet i cs Met r ol og y Labor atory Mr Lauer man p e s t ed th paper t th Met r ol ogy Division of the Ame r i can Society for Qua l i ty Cont r ol In Los AngeLe s LlJ April

Copies of this p aper may be obtai ned by wr i t ing t o

Mr A L Lauerman Aut on et i c s 3370 Miral oma Avenue - D 073 ) B257 Anahe im Ca lifor nia 92803

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BACKGROUND MATERIAL REFERENCES

A Make Your Next Proposal Sell P Budzilovich Electronic Design May 24 1967 How to present your case to customer -- or management

B Whats Wrong With Sweeper Specs M J udd EEE - Circuit Design Engineering May 1967 A manufacturer I 6 enginee r calls his own industry to task

C Dont Gamble on System Performance I J Boatwright Electronic Design Dec 6 1966 Background information on analysis of circuitry exposed to random or noise signals

D Flufdf cs S Shinner Electro-Technol ogy Mirch 1967 Review of new field

E ProbIng the Minds Computer R Einhorn Electronic Design May 24 1967 Interesting review of medicalelectronic brain research

F liThe Kirchhoff-Planck Radiation Law J Agassi Science April 7 1967 Background on development leading to quantam theory

G The Ever-Widening Gap P Blackett Scd ence February 24 1967 Disshycussion of the significance and causes of the economic gaps between nations

H t1Satellite Communication Systems J Barstow Microwave Journal November 1966 Review of Early Bird circuits and planned expansion

I The Academic Gap in Applied Science B Lax Microwave Journal October 1966 Editorial on growing failure of universities to cope with industrial needs in research

J Acouatd cs Optics and Electromagnetics tl R Hansen Microwave Journal

March 1965 Editorial review on rise of hologram research

K The Earths Radiation Belts tl RS White Physics Today October 1966

Tutorial article

L ItThe Hall Effect U A Beer International Science and Technology December

1966 Tutorial artic~e

M t1Electrostatic Engineeringtt R Williams International Science and

Technology January 1967 Tutorial with stress on present day applications

N II Communication satellites Haney amp Thompson International Science and IITechnology January 1967 Wider scope than reference uR

o t1ffow We Find Patterns V Giuliano International Science and Technology February 1967 Finding information in apparently-random data

P IIA Nonmagnetic Laboratory for the NBS F Harris IEEE Spectrum November 1966 The new facility at NBS gives hope for vast improvements in absoluteshyampere measurements

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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RADIO UNION (ORSI )

The Sp r i ng Meet i ng of the URSI Commissions from the United St at es was held at the University of ottawa May 23-26 1967 in combination with the Canadian middotCommissions Of interest to NCSL members were the papers presented in sessions sponsored by Commission l--Radio Measurement Methods lnn Standards These included

11-1) Micr-ovave Arsenide

Power Measurement by Use of the Hall Effect in Indium Prof J C Beal of Colorado State University

11-2) A Microwave Differential Phase Shifter Communications Establishment ott awa

J E Keys Defence Research

11shy 3) Quarter Wavelength Sections of Waveguide AB Standards of Reflection Coefficient R W Beatty B C Bates of NBS-Boulder

11-4) Laboratory Standard Connector Dimensions for Series N TNC and BBM N Anderson of Amphenol Danbury Ct

C BNe SC

12-3) On the International Coordination of Atomic Time Scales J T Henderson A G Mungall of Nat onal Research Council ottawa

1 2-4) A Low-Resolution Power Spectrum Technique For ~eti8uring Complex Permittivity of Low-Loss Materials at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths K H Breeden A P Shepard of Georgia Institute of Technology

DR J T HENDERSON and R F CLARK of National Research Council at Ottawa were session chairmen US Commission 1 Chairman DR J M RICHARDSON (NBS) welcomed panadian Commission 1 Chairman C F Pattenson to a business meeting of Commission 1 Of significance to NCSL was a report submitted by Co-editors R W BEATTY and B O WEINSCEEL that t he special issue of the IEEE Proceedshyings devoted to precision measurements in radio frequency and microwave spectrums would be available as the June 1967 issue This is a comprehensive study in Depth not only of the technical aspects of measurements but also of the economic and political aspects~ on a world wide basis

NEW PUBLICATIONS

Discussion of Errors in Gain Measurements of Standard Electromagnetic Horns R Beatty NBS Tech Note 351 March 1967 $30 at Supt of Documents US Gc) Ptg Office Washington D C 20402

Units of Weight and Measure L Chisholm NBS Mis c Pub 286 May 1967 $1 50 at supt of Documents

ASGI Metric Practice GUide NBS Handbook 102 March 1967 $40 at supt of Documents

ltMethods for Performance-Testing of Electromechanical Pressure Transducers Tl

p Lederer NBS Tech Note 411 Feb 9 1967 $25 at Supt of Documents

Technology and World Trade NBS Mis Pub 284 $1 25 at Supt of Documents Proceedings of Symposium Nov 16-17 1966 dedicating new NBS facilities

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WORTH REPEATDlG

Several short articles in the March 1967 issue of EEE-Circuit Design Engineering caught this Editors eye and are reprinted

Standards for Non-standard Standards

The frequency with which we read such phrases as the size of a pinhead II no bigger than a paper clip lithe size of a cube of sugar ll and similar phrases makes it clear that some sort of standardization is necessary for the benefit of all engineers Ifuile we will leave the task of providing traceable primary standards t~ NBS we offer the following list of conversion factors for interim use Linear Measure 2345 linear pinheads = 1 linear matcbhead 452 linear matchheads = 1 linear paper clip 273 paper clip lengths = 1 king-size cigarette Area 6345 sq pinheads = 1 sq matchhead 212 sq matcbheads = 1 sq matchbook 505 sq matchbooks = 1 sq breadbox Volume 1465 cu pinheads 1 cll matcbhead0

703 cu matchlieads = 1 cu matchbook 2674 cu matchbooks = 1 breadbox

Steinmetz Challenges Hertz

There may be a new move afoot to change the designation for the unit of freshyquency Some people feel that NBS and all major electronics publications may have missed the boat in adopting a designation honoring the radio-waves pioneer Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)

They feel the honor rightfully belongs to the pioneering advocate of alternating current Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923) Since Charles Proteus worked for General Electric for the last 30 years of his life GE engineers would no dsubt be ardent supporters of the move to change the frequency designation from hertz to Steinmetz The abbreviation of course would derive from Steinmetzs initials

Perfect Defects

Most large electronics and aerospace companies have Zero Defects programs for encouraging meticulous workmanship Boeing has one too And back in December a Boeing-New Orleans technician Leonard Payne received a ZD award for prOducshying perfect defects

His job was to make bad welds so that engineers could stUdy their strength He did beautifully Accordjng to the January 1967 issue of BoeLng Magazine It is hard to do a consistenly bad job of welding But through perseverance devotion to duty and superior skill Payne did the worst welding j ob ever turned out at Boeing 1I

NBS NEWS -ll-

The calibration accur ac y for mi crmvave bolometri c devices has been improved significantly by the NBS Radio St andar ds Laboratory in Boulder Color ado What usually i s called the IIdc--rf substitution e r ror of bolometer unit s her etofore has be en the l argest s i ngle source of un ce rtainty in calibration Rece nt expe r iment al and theoretical st udies have r educed the l imits of this e rror f or the Rad io St andar ds Laboratory (RSL) mi crowave power s tandards to ~O 25 percent instead of the forme r 1 pe r cent

The RSL working standards are ba rretter-type wavegui de bol omete r units i n whi ch both d- c power and microwave power are dissiptat ed i n a ve ry fine plat i nu wi re However the t emperature distribution pr oduced by mi cr owave power di f fe r s from that produc ed by de power) and t hi s gi ves rise t o the subs t i t ut ion e r r or

Thi s work p~ rmits improved measurement accuracy f or bol ometer units and boloshymeter- coupler un i ts calibr ated fo r other l aboratories The ove r all uncertainty i n the measu rement of ef f ective effic i ency of waveguide bar ret t e r - type 0010shymete r units in the f r equenc y range 395 to 8 2 GHz is nowt O75 percent inshystead of t 15 pe r cent A s imila r i mpr ovement in accur a cy i s avai labl e f or t he measu rement of effective ef f ic iency of thermi s tor~ type bolometer un i ts ) the measurement of cal i br at ion f actor of thermi st or and barrette r -type bolome ter units ) and the cali br at ion f actor of bolometer-coupler units The frequency range covered includes two waveguide s izes WRl37 (3 95 t o 5 85 GHz) and WRl87 (5 85 to 8 2 GHz ) Power calibrations usually are perf ormed at a nominal power value of 10 mi l l iwatts

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To aid t he many us e r s of photographic systems F E Washe r of the NBS Institute for Basic Standards ) has devi sed a t e chnique f or predicting l ens resol vi ng power that gives good ag reement wi t h measured values The met hod can be used t o prepare t able s of l ens r es olving p ower at s elect ed values of X (relat ive contrast) f or a s e ries of values of f-numbe r (relat i ve apert ure) and l ongitushydinal chromat i c abe r r ation (de) This work i s expected t o el imi nate some of the uncerta i nty in designing photographi c systems ) and to provide l ens manushyf acturers with a means t o a ccurately evalua t e r es olving power

In phot ogr aphi c l enses ) r es olving power i s usuall y dete rmined by eXallil nl ng the i mage t hat the l ens f orms of a ser ies of pat terns of dane and light lines of equal widths and lmown separat ions The l ine separation varie s f rom patt ernshyt o-pattern by a known r atio In t he image ) each pat tern i s char acterized by a r es olving power value expressed in lines mID

The NBS re solving power computati ons a r e based on an empiri cal met hod with which t he re solving powe r of a lens can be predicted throughout t he r egion of us ef ul imagery provided that rel iable values of l ongitudinal sphe rical and chromati c abe rrat i on are known In the course of t he study it became evi dent that i n mos t ca ses the chr omat i c aberrat ion was the prime factor i n t he re shyducti on of r es olving power

For further de tails) s ee Effect of chromat i c abe r rat ion on t he r es olving power of phot ographic object ives) by F E Washe r) J Opt Soc Am 57 (May 1967)

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The usefulness of high-quality oscillators often is limited by the presence of signals from frequency-modulation (FM) components usually induced or picked __ up from power frequencies as well as from a background of FM noise The FM products can be troublesome whenever frequency multiplication is used with a stable oscillator to obtain a high-quality standard operating at higher freshyquencies In energizing an oscillator with commercial power RM signals can be introduced in the output by sinusoidal frequency modulation of the carrier at modulation frequencies of the fundamental and harmonics of 60 Hz or other power frequencies

To gai n a knOWledge of these modulation products it is necessary to analyze the power spectrum of the oscillator n1e power spectrum indicates the reshylative energy distribution of the frequency components including both the carrier frequency and the extraneous FM products and it is a measure of the frequency purity of an oscillator

Usually the presence of extraneous amplitude-modulation components -is not troublesome in high-quality oscillators used as frequency standards However the presence of FM components produced by amplitude modulation is observed in the measurement system

Use of an ~mnonia-beam maser in a spectrum analyzer system has proved to be the best means available to perform such an analysis The advantage of using an ammonia-beam maser is the excellent frequency purity of its energy output Expressed in terms of spectral width the maser energy line has a half-power line width of only 02 Hz With the availability of such a signal source the measurement of FM products in a frequency-standard oscillator is affected but little by the operating properties of the spectrum analyzer

Because the operating frequency of the ammonia maser is high in the microwave region (approximately 227894217 GHz when using the N15H3 isotope ammonia) it is necessary to use frequency multiplication and heterodyning techniques in order to analyze the FM products of a precision oscillator operating at a relatively low frequency say 1 MHz However a very distinct advantage is gained in frequ~ncy multiplying (in part a phase-iocking technique) the oscillator frequency because the FM products are greatly enhanced and any amplitude modulation products present are minimized by limiter circuits

~nimal Requirements

Precision standard-frequency oscillators (signal sources) submitted for measureshyment of spurious FM components from power frequencies and random FM noise (continshyuous spectrum) must meet certain minimal requirements in order that they can be subjected to an accurate frequency-power spectral analysis At present this measurement service is available from the Radio Standards Laboratory at nominal oscillator (carrier) frequencies of 1 25 5 and 10 MHz Operating frequencies should not deviate more than 4 parts in 105 from the nominal The power output of the signal source should be at least 20 milliwatts into a matched load othe r requirements are given

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Minimum Signal shy Max imum Modulation Os c i l lat or Freq to-Noise f or Ranshy Index for Sinusoi dal (Carrier Fr eq ) dom FM Noise FM x 10-4

1 MHz 90 db 4 2middot 5 82 10 5 75 20

10 70 40

The modulation index is the r atio of f requency deviation from the carrier to the modulat i on frequency

Calibration Report

A spectrum analysis is r eported in t e rms of discrete lines in the continuous spe ct rum of the frequency-standard osc i l lator The modula t i on f requency of the disc r ete lines (FM components) is given as t he f requency diffe r ence f rom the fundamental or carrier frequency of the os cillator be i ng tested The inshyt ensity of t he discrete lines relative t o the central line or carr ier freshyquency of the spectrum exp ressed in db pe r k i lohertz bel ow t he central line indicates the magnitude of the powe r spe ct rum of extraneous FM components The cont i nuo us spect rum or random noise i s i ndicated in fre quen cy bands ranging from approximately 50 Hz to 1 bull bullkHz in frequency differences from the carrier The intensity of the continuous spect~~ r elat i ve to the ce ntral line or carrier frequ ency of the spe ctru~ expressed in db pe r Hert z bel ow t he central line indicates t he magnitude of the r andom FM noi se backgr ound

-- Dr H L Mas on has been appointed Coordinator for Measurement Services of t he Institute f or Basic Stand a rds Dr M B Wal lens tein Act ing Director has announced

Two r e cent s t udies have indicated t he desirability of more cent r al ized r eshyspons ibil i t y for promoting customer relations fo r expedi t ing t he fl ow of work fo r adjusti ng prices to cover dir ect and indirect costs and for planning the orderl y expans i on and contrac t i on of se rvices t o meet changi ng needs of the national measurement s ystem in fields a ccu r acies and r anges Dr Mason wi l l administe r t hese functions and will advi se Dr Wallens t e i n on r elated policy mat te r s

Dr Mason has been wi th t he Bur eau s i nce 1952 except f or a year as Ass ociate Chief of a VA Research Support Cente r While at NBS he has worked i n the Office of Basic Instrumentation and Data Processing Systems Division and the Office of the Di rector IBS He hol ds degrees from Rutgers Columbia and Iowa St ate

He has been Dir ector of Research for Taylor Instrument Companies and has served as Cha i rman of the ASME Research Committee and of the Terminology Committee of t he Ame rican Automatic Contr ol Counc i l and t he International Federat i on f or Automatic Cont rol He is a r egistered professional enginee r a membe r of the Philosophical Society ASEE I SA and is a Fellow of ASME and t he Was hingt on Academy of Sc i enc es

-14shy

For accurate measur ement of very small values of reflection coefticient magnitude i l in coaxial transmission line systems the Radio Standards Laboratory (RSL) Boulder Colorado of the NBS Institute for Basic Standshyards has de veloped an all-coaxial waveguide reflectometer system A calibrashytion service is available in the frequency range of 1 to 4 GRz

Reflectometer techniques have been used extensively for a number of years to reflection coefficient magnitude in both rectangular and coaxial waveguide systems at frequencies of 4 -GHz and above For lower frequencies such systems become impractical in rectangular waveguide because of the large sizes required Prior to the development of the all-coaxial reflectometer coaxial slotted lines were the principal tool used for measurement of ~ I at frequencies in the vicinity of 4 GHz and below Slotted lines however have accuracy limitations due to inherent structural imperfections which introduce appreciable uncertainties This combination of circ~tances constituted a deficiency in measurement capshyabilities for small values of r in the 1 to 4 GEz region and the all--coaxial reflectometer was developed to mee t the measurement needs in this particular area

An urgent need for more accurate measurement of small values of reflection coefficient magnitude in the 1 to 4 GEz range arose i n connection with the developr ment of specifications for precision coaxial connectors by the Technical Subshycommittee on e ci s i on Coaxial Connectors of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Group One criterion of primary importance to precision coaxial connectors is ll l (usually expressed as the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) of a mated pair of connectors It was quickly realized that the vSvrn specificashytions desired f or a mated pair of precision coaxial connectors _would be too lt stringent for verification by existing capabilities and that improved accuracy capabilities would be required It was at this point that NBS supported by the Sandia Corporation began development of the all-coaxial reflectometer

The completed system incorporated commercial components where possible but a number of items were designed and constructed at NBS-Boulder especially for the system because they were not commercially available Most important of these were the tuners and sliding terminations used in tuning the reflectometer to a reflectionless initial condition A parallel substitution system of attenuation measurement was used whi ch incorporates a 30 MHz waveguide below-cutoff piston attenuator as the standard for determining the reflection coefficient magnitude of the unknown with respect to the initial condition

Although the reflectometer prOVides accuracy capabilities in which are better than those attainable with slotted lines it has not been used at RSL to provide phase information and for this r ea s on slotted lines retain an important place in providing immittance calibration services in the high freshyquency region

For a number of years dating back to 1947 the National Bureau of Standards provided a service for the calibration of waveguide attenuators The calibrashytions were performed by the NBS Radio Standards Laboratory (RSL) now at Boulder Colorado and were first made on the popular X-band size covering a nominal frequency range of 82 to 124 GHz The bas i c measurement system originated elsewhere and RSL has added successive refinements that greatly improve its

---

-15shy

efficiency and accuracy Known as the IF-substitution method this system is adaptable to a wide variety of waveguide sizes and provides good accuracy over an attenuation range of 0 to approximately 50 db but it has the disadvantage of requiring two microwave signal sources The systems that use the audioshyfrequency or d-c substitution methods have other disadvantages Another system incorporating the modulated subcarrier t echnique combines the advantages of several methods and yields a high-level of measurement accuracy It was developed by Schafer and Bowman of the Radio Standards Engineering nivisio~of

RSL in 1960 and was first reported at a London England meeting in 1961

At present modulated subcarrier measurement systems are available at RSL for attenuation calibrations in WR90 waveguide (82 to 124 GHz) and in WR62 waveshyguide (124 to 180 GHz~

Improvements in equipment for the subcarrier technique were worked out over a period of several years In the ea r l y stages of the effort) there were no commercially-produced variable waveguide attenuators with the scale resolution of precision of operation commensurate with the accuracy capability of this system However there were in-house needs for high resolution and accuracy as in the calibration of an attenuator for a noise-temperature measurement system and in the calibration of new types of high-precision waveguide attenuators being developed by the Radio Standards Engineering Division

Dean G Melquist of the Microwave Calibration Services Section is responsib~e

for a number of recent improvements in the technique These include (1) an improved const~nt-amplitude l OOO-Hz phase shifter and associated electronic circuitry (2) an improved null-detector amplifier that provides a greater signal-to-noise ratio and minimizes the adverse effects of harmonics (3) the use of a coherent detector as the modulation frequency null detector which provides a high degree of sensitiVity in nulling the signals from the subcarrier channel and the reference standard channel and (4) the use of an auxiliary microwave mixer that improves the overall stability of the system

Effective July l 1967 the National Bureau of Standards will discontinue supplying its Viscometer Calibrating Liquids However an equivalent series of liquids is now available from the Cannon Instrument Company Box 812 State College Pennsylvania sponsored and supervised by Research Division VII section A Committee D-2 of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Orders for delivery of these liquids after July I 1967 should be addressed directly to Cannon Instrument Company at the address given

The transfer foJ-lows a lengthy study by representatives of NBS and ASTM to develop a more effective and efficient method of supplying all laboratories in the United States with the calibrati~~ liquids they require The need for such liquids developed more or less simultaneously among two different groups The first primarily from the petroleum industry has been serviced by the ASTM series of liquids The other group from other industries and university labshyoratories has been supplied by the NBS series

-16shy

Initially a slightly greater range will be provided by the combined series which is now available from Cannon (NBS has collaborated and will continue to collaborate with ASTM in this program) It is expected that by combining the ASTM and NBS series into a single one economies will be realized which will enable the range to be expanded when and if) satisfactory liquids are found

Future NBS activities in this field in addition to its continuing collaboration with ASTM on the new series will be devoted to accelerating its present work on new and improved measurement methods This should lead to increased accuracy of calibrating liquids available particularly in the higher viscosity ranges

The NBS Office of Standard Reference Mat er i als has recently issued a new zinc freeZing point standard that can be used as a fixed point on the International Practical Temperature Scale This standard is one of the more than 600 standard reference materials issued by the Bureau

In 1960 the General Conference on Weights and Measures placed the freezing point of zinc on a par with the boiling point of sulfur as a fixed point of the Inshyternational Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) This was stated in a footnote to Table 1 of the 1960 text revision of the 1948 IPTS as follows

In place of the sulfur point it is recommended to use the temperature equilibrium between solid zinc and liquid zinc (Zinc point) with the value 4195050 C (Int 1948) The zinc point is more reproducible than the sulfur point and the value which is assigned to it has been so chosen that its use leads to the same yalues of temperature on the International Practical Temperature Scale as does the sulfur point

The zinc point is eventually expected to replace the sulfur point on the IPTS Such an action will be an important step f urward in the maintenance of the maintenance of the temperature scale and it will require the international availability of well characterized high-purity zinc standards

The National Bureau of Standards has therefore unaertaken the task of preparing a zinc freezing point standard that will meet all the requirements of a fixed point on the International Practical Temperature Scale This standard is now available as NBS Standard No 740 Zinc

NBS No 740 is a solid piece of zinc metal cut from a cylinder 2 inches long and 2 inches in diameter The standard weighs 350 grams and has a purity of 999999 percent It costs $65 per unit

The material for thib standard was supplied by the Cominco middotAmer i can Corporation Spokane Washington Evaluations for purity and homogeneity were made in the NBS Institute for Materials Research by Robert Powell of the Cryogenic Proshyperties and Solids Section and by Robert Alvarez and Paul Paulson of the Spectrochemical Section Temperature studies were performed on the material by John p Evans of the Temperature Section NBS Institute for Basic Standards

-17shy

WORK WORK HORK

Comparati vel y f ew attendees at the I EEE International Confer ence in New Yor k a r e aware of the t echnical wor k i n measurements which goes on behind the scenes Typical are meet i ngs of the NCSL Executi ve Boar d USASI Committee C-lOO) IEEE I ns t rmaent ation and Measur ement Gr oup IEEE Technical subcommit t ee on Pulse Technique s and don t f orget the demands and pr essur es upon the exhi bitors t echnical staffs He r e a r e a f ew rand om shots of people in a ct i on

W Wildhack) J Hadley O Linebr ink

and J van de Houten) E Ars enault) D DeLauer hear NCSL Chmn White out l i ne p rogr amsbull

bull and D Hervi g W McPhee S Ri chardson whi l e W Vandal loads camera and W Holmes make mental notes

C Boyer and L Deane participate cha ired by W Shi r k while i n USAS I C- I OO meet ing bull C Scharle acts as secr etary bull

-18shy

R~ Thompson (ASTM) and A Dunn listen to bull bull

Occasionally t he wor-ker s see the f mnily members a t lunch as t he shot of Mr s C Imi t e and Mr s and Dr T Arney at test bullbullbull

po i nts raised by P Pa i nchaud also acting a s secretary for IEEE subcommit tee on Pulse Techn iques headed by J Hubbs (next pa ge )

but me n on t he f l oor are under constant pressure e g G McCouch (past Cbmn of Boston Sec tion - IEEE) intently listens to a customer

-19shy

M Steinberg bull J Hubbs

while R Est opp ey

M Aranson

and H Brownel l l ook f orwar d t o clos i ng time

-20shy

CALIBRATION PROCEDURE CONTENTS

We are indebted to Jerry Hayes of the US Navys Metrology activity in Pomona California for a copy of an interesting provocative paper which discuss the pros and cons of including adjustment data in calibration procedures Your feeling on the subject are invited in the form of corr~ents to the BditorshyNCSL Newsletter

Adjustment Data in NavyMarine Corps Instrument Calibration Procedures

The Navy Metrology Engineering Center (MEG) has no objection to the inclusion opound adjustment data in ICPs As a matter of fact it is the policy to do so whenever it can be accomplished without unduly delaying or increasing the cost of ICPs The time and cost factors have reduced the amount of adjustment data included to an insignificant amount The following discussion explains some of the problems

1 It is MEC policy to include as many similar instruments in one proshycedure as possible without unduly complicating the test When similar inshystruments are included particularly when more than one manuf a ct u r er or commercial and military models are involved the adjustment data tends to become quite lengthy because it is different for each instrument involved Also there may be several internal configurations within a single model or the same (military) model may be produced by several manufacturers Thus there may be half a do~en different versions of one instrument with different adjustshyment locations and adjustment procedures Calibration testing depends on the -~

functions parameter specifications and the operating controls and connectors which are normally unchanged and the test instructions can be gene r ali zed to take care of minor differences Adjustment instructions however must be specific and unique for each model and production variation and could easily result in one test instruction being followed by twenty or thirty alternate adjustment instructions depending on the model and serial number block of the instrument

2 It is ME policy to perform calibration by bLack box test methods at a considerable saving of bench time Black box methods are characterized qy the absence of power supply voltage tests and testing which includes the fUnctioning of more than one circuit (from input to output of the instrument if possible) At least three effects are evident here

a When an adjustment is indicated the condition of the power supply should be determined before attempting the adjustme~t Low amplifier gain f or example could be caused by low plate and screen supply voltages and the adjustment of gain pots or feedback controls to compensate for low power supply voltages would obViously be a waste of time

b The order of testing is not necessarily that which would be best when adjustments are being made In fact making adjustments in the same order as the tests appear in the ICP would sometimes result in the misadjustment of other circuits On the other hand if the ICP f ol l owed the order of testing necessary for optimum adjustment the normal test sequence would be compromised in favor of a minority of cases (recall periods are established for a 10 to 20 out-of-tolerance population at the end of the period and since there may be several adjustments the probability of making any given adjustment during any particular calibration is rather low)

-2lshy

c In case a test involves several circuits an out-of-tolerance condition ~~ may have any of several causes and the correct adjustment may not be preshy

dictable In the typical case troubleshooting is necessary to isolate the f ault and to decide what corrective action is required Dividing the overshyall test into individual tests to permit better f au~t isolation would again be a case of compromise for the benefit of mi nor i t y condition In addition it would require mor e time and perhaps mor e equipment for accomplishment

3 It is also inherent in the MEG black box method to perform calibrashytion without removal of the instrument case whenever possible Many times access to adjustments r equi r es removal of the case and if the policy of inshycluding adjustment data were adopted it would be more economical to remove the case at the beginning of the calibration procedure and replace it after calibration is complete However in following this approach i t is a fact that thermal conditions within the instrument are considerably different with the case off and unless compensation is made an instrument adjusted for proper operation with the case rffinoved may be out of tolerance with the case on

4 There is a strong tendency a~ong technicians to adjust each parameter to the center value whether it is out of tolerance or not It is highly probable that this practice does more harm than good ruld in general if an instrument is operating within tolerance it is far better to leave it alone bull

Also there are many instances where one ad justment has been deliberately off shyset for a best compromise condition with other interactive adjustments Testshying without removal of the case discourages such indiscriminate adjustments

5 The inclusion of adjustment data in IePs would involve reproducing some material from the maintenance manual In many cases the extracted inshyfonnation would be quite brief However it would be confined to the adjustshyment of variable resis~ors trimmer capacitors etc prOVided by the manufacturer If this adjusuaent does not correct the observed out-ofshytolerance condition troubleshooting and more sophisticated corrective action is required and use of the mai nt enance manual would be a necessity Thereshyfore the inclusion of simple adjustment data in ICPs would not obviate the need for maintenance manuals Presumably Some troubleshooting and alignment information and a schematic diagram could be included as an appendix to a procedure however the r~sult would be quite bulky the publishing cost would be excessive and some arrangement would have to be made to incorporate manual changes in the IeP1s In those ICP I S applicable to several instruments or to instruments having several manuals applicable to different versions or proshyduction serial number blocks the added complication would be completely prohibitive

NCSL NEWS ITEM

J R VAN DE HOUTEN Chairman of the NCSL Nominations Committee makes the following statement

The Nomination Committee is presently preparing a slate of candidates for consideration by the member delegates As there is no Delegates Assembly planned the election will be by mail ballot A ballot will be mailed prior to Sept ember 1st to each Member Delegate In accordance with Par VIIC of

- the Bylaws additional nominations by petition of three Members I Delegates will be accepted until August 15th SUch nominations should be forwarded to J R Van de Routen 7oAerojet-General Corp Dept 1252 Bldg 2002 Box 15847 Sacramento Calif 95813

-22shy

NBS SPECIAL CO I UTION

In a uresent a~ion to the 51s t Nat i onal Conf e r nce on We i ght s and Measure hel d at Denver ) Color ado on J y 16) 1966 t he lIDS ~ ce of We g ts and Measu~e s

reve ed a new progr am f or stat e standards TLe NevTS le t t e~ has just receaved a copy of t he pr e s en etion by T M Stabl e r rep~ int s i t here as a sel~ic e

to i t s r eaders

TAm1ARDS PROGRAM

The program of t he Federal Gave nmerrt t o suppl Jmiddot new stan ards and instrwnents to each St ate got lmde ~vay d r i ng 1 965 whe n th ConGTes appr opriated $400)000 to supply the f i r s t t e Stat es The s tandards are ~ow be ing manuf act ur ed and the ten States have been chos en to receive th ~n begi nni ng t his winter These initial accompl isbments however az-e only the begLnnfng of a f a r - r ea chi ng program that is now in t he early atage s of development

The New s t at e s St andards Program i s de s i gned to equ i p t he StBte s s o he hey may b e orne s i g cant el ent s i n liThe Na t i onal Mea su-enlent Sys t em 11 lih co will i nc l de t he National Bur e au of St and r ds at t he Feder-al 1 vel r e Gi o ai

gave n ent l ab or at or e s 5 State wei ght and ea s -es aborat ories Lndustr y Laboz-atorLes and educational d sear-ch I n st l t ut i on Th~8 will b e a h j ghLy integ ~ated s ys tem of measmiddot r emen t l ab or ato ~i B t hat ult i ma t el y will effectiv ly serve t he local or gr as s r oo-cs institut i ons

The -amand ~o r better measUQ eme ts and meaBur eITt service is f ar e~eat er than th capability of a c nLral gave nment al a gen cy On out gr mrth of he measu a shyment ( e nand ~S t he NAt onal Conferenc of St anda r s Lab o a t or i es ~hich held i t s third meet ing in May at t he Bur eau I s new sit e i n GaitheJsGU g Mar yL d Several hundred p eopl e i nt e ate i n standards and mea sur ement met t o exchang nf rmashytion concerning l abora t ories and labor a ory oper atLons (Tni s or gantzatI on also sp ons ored by t he lfa t i onal Bur eau of st dar s may develop an assocaate r el ationship wit h t he ifatio - Conf erence on Weight s and Heasures )

The State weLght s and measur-e s l abor a t or i e s w~ll have a ma j or r esp onsi bili t y and fi ll pl ay a ma j or r ole i n t he N tio al Iv eSUI ment Sys t em As i n tbe past the rTa-t L onaJ Bureau of Standards will continue t f un t i on a s the p r mar y teclmi cal res ou r ce Tbe Bur eau wi ll lend what eve r t e chni cal asa i atance i necess a ry i n t he devel opment OT a Stat e measu erne t cent er - - of the 50 St at e measu ment cent e r s

The St ate wei ght s and measure laboratory wi i n turn serve the state g vernshyment t s commerce and i ndustr y and Lts edu ca t i onal and r e s ea r ch inst i t uti ons I t wi ll per f orm eats on all State f i el d standards o ma s s l engt h and roltLme used bymiddot t he weight s and mea s r e s i nspe ct or s and als o on s t anda r ds used i n t he many other St a t e ag nc es su ch as fo r ex Ie by t he St at e chemi s t vet shye r i nar i an ailJ r f eed and ~ert il zer inspe tor s seed i nsp ec tor s bot anis ts publ i c heattl 1n6pect o 5 J and et r o_eum Labo a or technic i a1s

T~e corrme r ce and 1 du s t r J of s tate may well b the 1ar es t users of tIe we ights and mea sur e s l a boratory capab acy Manuia ct ur e r s p r odu cer s J and buyer s ane seller of commodit i es mus t know t hat he i r oducts meet ce r t a i n mea su r ement cr i teria fhi s is basic to ql~- middott y and quarrtLty co nt r ol Measurement cont r ol

-23shy

i s e s sential in all trad e and the bases f or thi s control a r e the phys i caJ standa rds of l engt h ma s s and voLume Obvi ousl y an i mpor t ant service 0

i ndu s t r y n ll be tes t ing of s tandar ds u s ed by fLrrss w-Jt h i n t he State e gaged i n the ma n f a c t u r e ~epair and mai ntenance 0=cCNnercial we i ghi ng and measur i ng ev i ce s

I t i s essential t ha t t he Sta-te veight s and measure labor a t or y be absol u te y capable of s ervi ng as t he measur-ement cent e f o 1 t he Sta e This l qui r es first that the phys i cal st and s of t he s tate those that r e directly r e shyl a ted t o the natLonaf stan a rds must be maintained and u s ed noel careful l y controlled cond i t i ons

The labor atory techn ologi s t us t have an approp ~iate backgr ound and mus t b _ fuJJ_y trained to ut i ze ~ y ~he accuracy bu It i t o the new s tanda s He Ti l l i n f a c be t he key t t he s cce s s ful oper-a tLon of t he p r ec i sion me as ur ement center He will be resp onsibl e o t he _ eration C the l abe r ato Y or t he cur e and mainte ce of s t anda-rds and f or the calib alions 1 f ul f iD- his role he wi 1 have t o fully a cqua i nt hbl e~f ld vh his i i e l d and t o F 16 e a cont i nuin cours e of s t udy i n meas u emen s c i ence Be must oe a c ~ree r prof es s i onal in every r espect

At t be time t he new s tandarde a nd i ns t rument s are del middot ered to and i ns t alled i n a Sta-ce t he Office of ioieigb s ana Mea sures will assis t In th _ i n i t i al training of t he technol ogi s t lie ~rill_ e middot ntroduceci t o calibration p r ocedur es and wi ll be t aught t he care ma 1ntenmlce and us e of the pr e cis i on i n8t nnnent s As the calib r a t i on program develops t le t ech ol oglst will r e cei ve add i bional t r a i n i ng a t tne stat e ab or af )r~r and a s he advance s he ill hav e t _le oppo un middot t y t a t tend r egi - raining sch ool s az at ie r- state Labora f r i e s Hi s f inal graduate stud i e s )ill be i n t 18 Laoor-a o rLe s of he lmti onal Bureau of Standa rd ab oz-atoz-y learning wi ll be truly a cont inuing ef f ort

The s t anda rds deliver ed to the s tat es middot11 be t he best p r e s errt te ch~ology ofie ~ s

Even s o t hey are only a s good as t he vaJue s a ss i gn ed t t em Initi B~ vaJu es fo r t he stand rd s will be gi ven by t h National Ell eau 0 St anda r ds p r ior Co delivery t o the S a t e Aft er t his t e technologist il l devel op and r e f ine thes e values t h rough in e r compar-Ls ons of s fandards and -r- ugh calib r a t l ons i n his own La or a t o ~

A s econd vital fu nct i on of the techn ol og st II be the promotion of mea su re shyment capabi lit y -t h r ou ghout t he St at e He ay plan an i mp or t ant r ole in fLndLng the answers to sue] que s t ions as Is t here ila s te 1 commer-ce and indus t r y t bvt c ould be el iIcinat ed 1l1QUbb be t ter measurement vio d tnf s r-eeult i n dollar savings and e bet ter end p roduct 11 t L e r margin or p rofit in manshyufactur i ng wouId cl oser con t r ol of me as urements z-esuLt i n a better pr of i t pict -e Would a d if ~erent mea sur ement t e e mi que r e sult i n Lab or- sav t ng r Wil l imp r oved tes t equi p nent reduce s e rvice cos t s

Another and pe r hap s e q ally impor t ant s e rvi ce to be pe f ormed by t he tecrillolshyogist is t hat of mea s ur ement counsel Qu es middot one till be asked What kind of measuri ng i ns t rument s hould a manuf a ctur e r purcha s e f or a specific ~uroos e

What i s t he best balance f or a specit Lc appl i cation Viha t t est we i ght s ldll be most s a tLs ta ctor-yr lrlhat t e chn i que will prov fde -the gr eat es t p r e c i s i o ~1 How do I trace the accur a cy of my v ol umetric mea su re

-21+ shy

Hopefully one of t he princ ipal customers l l of the mea su r ement servi ces proshyv i ded by the s tate laboratory will be the educati onal Lns -titut tons The chemistry zool ogy p hy s ics enGineeri n g) agricultur e med i cal pharmacy a t hletic and many ot he r depar-tauents of a unfver-s ity have parti cular measure shyment needs and mea su r ement probLems J1l1 urriv e r s i tL es wi ll be the s ource f or all Lab oratory te m ologfs ts and hop e y fo r all we ight s and mea su r e s offi shyc ials i n t he futur e Se r vices to educa t anal Lnsti tuti ons mu s t be i ncluded i n t he plan s f or the State weight s and mea s u r e s l ab or a t or y proEram

The f inal and an es s entLal eLemerrt of a stete me a su r ement center i s p r omotion In s ome cases t hi s will b e a major r es po2lli i b i l t v for the department s admi nshyi s t r a t or s a nd in other it wi 1 be the r e sp onsi-) i t y of t he technolog ist In or de r t o identi f y and me et he mea sureme rt n ee d s t hrou ghou t t he Stat e and t o devel op mea su r ement capab i l ity a vigor u s p r- Ilot i on of mea su r ement will be i ni t i ated and sustained And t his promoti onal e f fo r t lilJ t ake many f orms and will requ ire mu ch i ~ tiative

In orde r t hat t he t echnologi s t may develop a nd p r ov e a competence in hi s l ab or atory me a su r ement s t he cali br a tion capab LlLty of the State laborat or i es liJ_I be evaluated through a standa r ds comp a r i s on p rogr am Ca e f ul 1y C Lor a ted standar d s of ma s s lengt h and capac t y L b e sent t o t he St ate laboratori e s f or celLbratLon-o-that i s f or measu r ement and calibration ne reports of t he States will b e c ompiLed and the r esul t s compared The N~S r epor t t o a State riLl gi ve an analys is of t he calib ration r e sults of t hat S-a te and appz 0 shy

p r iate informat i on on comparab i l ity of ot he r States

And so t he plan and the p r ogr am unfold pe r hap s a s exc i t ing a chap t e r i n re i ght s and mea s u r e s as has been encountered to da t e

The f i r s t t en St a t e s t o r e ce i ve standar ds have been selected They a r e California Connect icut) Delawa r e Ill i n oi s Kent u cky ) New Mexi co ) Ohi o Oreeon) Tennessee and Utah Iney ver e selecte d on t he ba s i s of t he i r ful shyf i l l i ng t he requir~nents for phYSl~ampl prep a redne s s need and t he a vailab i l ity of a qualified full -time t eclm ologis t

The total packa ge i nclude s the tol lo wng

l Sixty- s even ma s s standa rds (rnel ric and avoirdupois ) 30 k iLogr-ams t o I mi l l i gram and 50 pounds t o 0 000 001 p ound of 8 0 gcm3 s tainless s t eel

2 Two 500-pound s tafnless steel t ype 30 3 stacki ng we ights

3 One 25 - foot 7 - me t e r p recision s teel t ap e with engraved gr aduat ions

4 One 100-f oot 30 -mete r ste el t ap e

5 One 1 6- f oo t 5- me ter sta i nless s teel l engt h bench precis ion microshys cope tens ion we i ght s and ot he r accessor ies

6 One 18-inch steel rule gr adua-ted i n hundredths sixty- f ou rths thirty shyseconds and s ixteenths of an i nch

-25shy

7 Sixteen automatic volwne standards including 12 pipets and 4 burets 5 liters to 1 mi l l i l i t er and 1 gallon to 1 minim

8 One 5-gallon stainless steel volumetric standard with slicker plate

One 100-gram capacity single pan semiautomatic precision balance9middot with 80 gcm3 stainless steel built-in weights

10 One l-kilogram capacity single pan semiautomatic preclslon balance with 80 g cm3 stainless steel built-in weights

11 One 3-kilogram capacity single pan precision bal an ce

12 One 30-kilogram capacity single pan precision balance

13 One 2500-pound capacity equal-arm precision balance

The new State standards progr~n is one that should benefit directly or indirectly every citizen of the United St at es Its real success will depend largely upon the initiative the industry and the enthusiasm with which the States partici shypate and contribute

Weights and Ineasures supervlslon has been cited as the finest example of FederalshyState relationship in the Nation

This program of standards and laboratories this concept of responsible roles in the National Measurement System is one mor e and an extremely vital opportushynity to demonstrate cooperatively and coordinately Federal-State activity that is truly in the public interest It is a challenge that we will accept with pride and with dedication

From the American Engineer f or February 1967 we extracted the following rather biting news item

Engineering Not Tops in Washington

There are six major universities in the Washington DC area but none of them has a first-rate gr aduat e or undergraduate school in engineering or science a special committee under the chairmanship of J Herbert Hollomon PE Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology has concluded Located at the center of scientific and economic policy decision-making and at the source of funds for engineering and science the met r opol i t an area universities have failed to develop working relationships with the Federal government the committee reported

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NCSL BOARD MEETING

During the meeting of the NCSL Board of Di rectors held in New York on March 19 1967 several points were developed~

1 The four Vice Chairmen vere assigned administrative responsibility for the numerouS NCSL cOITittees thereby r el i evi ng t he load upon the Chairrnan

2 The openi ng of a Secretariat Office at NBS gi ves NCSL a permanent address and a repository for all official documentation and r e cor ds

3 Agencies from outside the borders of the United states a re displaying greater interest in the works of NCSL and ar e desirous of establishing liaison with our organization Several minor problems r ema i n to be r e s ol ved before the accepshytance of such r epres ent a t i on within NCSL is cleared One such difficulty recently encountered involved the restriction of dissemination of calibration procedures beyond the borders of the US--a direct result of State and Defense Department directives concerning r el ease of technical information outside the US

4 NCSL Committee Chairmen would be appointed in the future to hold office until the end of the calendar year of thei r appointment This provides conshytinuity of committee actiVity during the change-over f r om one set of Board members to the next elected set

5 As Recommended Practices are approved by the Board and are made available for distribution all NCSL Delegates and Newsletter subs cr i bers will r e ce i ve copies -

6 Tentative workshops are scheduled for September November and January (more information in anothe r section of ~he Newsletter)

7 The 1967 edi t i on of the NCSL Standards Laboratory Directory is slated for printing during the Summer and distribution before November

8 The Proceedings of the 1966 Standards Laboratory Conference originally scheduled for distribution in February 1967 is still in the proof-reading stage Availability now is not anticipated before August 1967

As a service to readers the constituency of the Board operating committees and liaison delegates is printed on the f ollOWing pages

USASI COMMITTEE C-IOO NEWS

Wes Shirk Chairman called a meeting in New York on March 23 1967 for a report of progress on the Committees study of Electrical Reference Measuring Instrushyments and Devices In draft stage are several procedures 1) Decade Transformer Divider (Voltage Type) 2) Standard Resistors 3) Standard Capacitor 4) Saturated Standard Cells Next meeting is scheduled for Chicago at the ISA Conference in September

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NCSL BOARD OF DIRECTORS - pound167

Charles E fuite Chrnn AvcO MSD 201 Lowell St reet Wi lmington Mass 01887

Edward J Ars enault V Cmn General Electric Co RSD 3198 Chestnut Street Rm 125lA Philadelphia Pa 19104

I

Jerry L Hayes V Chmn Naval Plant Repres entative Metrology Engineering Center 1675 H Fifth - PO Box 2507 Pomona Calif 91766

Orval L Linebrink 1st V Chmn Battelle Institute 505 King Avenue Columbus Ohio 43201

Wi lliam L Vandal V Chm McDonnell Aircraft Co Engineering Instr amp St ds Lab P O Box 516 st Louis l~ssouri 63166

James F Hadley Corr Sec Bendix Corporat i on Metrology Laboratory PO Box 1159 Kansas City Missouri 64141

Donald DeLauer Rcdg Sec Treas USAF Calibration amp Metrology Div Det 2 2802 IGampC Gp P O Box 1525 Vandenberg AFB Calif 93437

William A Wildhack Sponsors Delegate Nat i onal Bureau of Standards Hashington DC 20234

Don I Rervig USA Metr ology amp Calibration Center US Army l~ ssile Command Redstone Ars enal Alabama 35809

Mrs Mary E Hoskins Honeywell Inc Aeronautical Div 2600 Rid geway Road Minneapolis Minn 55113

Charles E Johnson The Boeing Co PO Box 3707 Seattle Washington 98100

Wesley H McPhee Massachusetts Institute of Technology 224 Albany Street Cambrid ge Mass 02139

Shel don C Ri cha rdson General Electric Co Advan ced Tech Lab 1 River Road Schenect ady New York 12305

John R Van de Houten Aerojet-General Corp Bld g 2002 - Dept 1252 P O Box 151347 Sacremento Calif 95813

NCSL COMMI TTEE CHAIRMEN - 1967

~-1 Organi zat ion A J Woodi ngt on GDConvair Div Zone 142-00 PO Box 1128 San Diego Calif 92112

A-2 Nomi nat i ona J R Van de Routen Aerojet-General Corp Bldg 2002--Dept 1252 PO Box 15847 Sacr ament o Calif 95813

B-2 Personnel Development R M Lady Sr Lockheed-Georgia Co Zone 296 Dept 5812 Marietta Geor gia 30061

B-3456 Measurements St andards Labs M T Angelo 1000 0 Plainview Ave Tugunga Calif 91042

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A-3 Finances D 1 Hervig USA Met r ol ogy amp Calibration Center US Army Missile Command Redstone Arsenal Ala 35809

A-4 Meetings E J Ars enault General Electric Co R SD 3198 Chestnut St Room 125lA Philadelphia Pa 19104

A-5 Publicity (Newsletter) C E White Avco Missile Sys t ems Div 201 Lowell s t Wilmington Mass 01887

A-6 Information P H Hunter Wes t ern Electric Co Dept 262 3300 Lexington Rd SE Wi ns t on-Salem N C 27102

A-7 Directory W E Bostwi ck Lawrence Radiation Laborat ory P O Box 808 Livermore Calif 94550

P D Long Western Electric Co Inc P O Box 241 Reading Pa 19603

A-8 National Re~uirements C E Johnson Boeing CoAerospace Div P O Box 3707 Seat t l e Washington 98100

A-9 Recommended Practices W R Holmes GDElectric Boat Div Groton Conn 06340

B-1 Work Load Control D I Hervig USA Metrology amp Calibration Center US Army Missile Command Redstone Arsenal Ala 35809

B-7 Procurement Regulations F C Russell NAA Space amp Information Syst ems Div 12214 S Lakewood Blvd Downey Calif 90241

C-l 2 3 4 Criteria f or St andards Mrs M E Hoski ns Temp Honeyvre11 IncAeronautical Div 2600 Ridgeway Road Minneapolis Minn 55113

C-5 Measurement Agr eement Comparison S C Richardson GERes earch amp Development Center 1 River Road Bldg 5-206 Schenect ady N Y 12301

c-6 Calibration Procedures D De Lauer Det 2 2802d I GampC Gp PO Box 1525 Vandenberg AFB Calif 93437

C-7 St at ist i cal Procedures D B Sharp IBM-Measurements Standa rds Laboratory Monter ey amp Cottle Roads San Jose Calif 95100

D-l Program R H Verity (D-IE) Leeds amp Northrup 4901 St ent on Ave Philadelphia 19141

R B Ernst (D-IW) QAampL Div NAA Autonetics 3370 Miraloma Ave Anaheim Calif 92803

D-2 Audi t s W H McPhee Mass Institut e ~f Technology 224 Albany st Cambridge Mass 02139

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NCSL C~rrTTEE ADMINISTRATION - 1967

LABORATORY TECENICAL INFORMATIONSUPPORT

Reporti ng to O L LINEBRJJfK and including Committees A-6 A-8 A-g B-7 C-l234 and C-7

ACTIVITIES

Reporting to E J ARSENAULT and i ncluding Committees A-4 A-5 and D-l

OPERATIONAL

Reporting to J L BAYES and i ncluding Commi t t ees A-I A-2 A-3 c-6 and D-2

LABORAfORY MANAGEMENI ADMINISTRATION

Reporting t o W L VANDAL and including Commit tees A-7 B-1 B-2 B-345 6 and C-5

COMMUNI CATIONS WITH LIAISON DELEGATES TO NCSL

Respons ibi l i ty of Corresponding Secretary J F HADLEY

LIAI SON DELEGATES TO NCSL - 1967

NAME ADDRESS

J G CAMERON QA BranchMaterial Connnand Cdn Govt Ptg Bureau Bldg Sacre Coeur Blvd Hull Quebec

Repr es ent i ng Canadian Dept of National Defence

J A CAFFIAUX Electronic Industries Assn 1721 DeSales st NW Washington DC 20036

Repr esent ing EIA

C E WHITE Avco Missile Syst ems Division 201 Lowell s t Wilmington Mass 01887

Repre senting Institute of Elect r i cal and Electronics Engineers

P J SMITH American Soci ety for Testing and Materials 1916 Race s t Philadelphia Fa 19103

Representing ASTM

E G HOEFS American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1290 Sixt h Ave New York N Y 10019

Representing AIM

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A W YOUNG

Representing

L D LAIffiENCE

Representing

Representing

F McGDlNIS

Representing

O L LINEBRINK

Representing

DR W G AMEY

Representing

J J GAUDET

Representing

H E BARNEIT

Representing

N L LOCK

Representing

D A BRUNGART

Representing

DR N L GRISAMORE

Representing

D ANTONUCCI Delegate to

Engis Equipment Co _ --I i

8035 Austin Ave Morton Grove Ill 60053 American Ordnance Assn

North American Aviation - SIS Division 12214 Lakewood Blvd Downey Calif American Society for Quality Control

USA Standards Institute 10 E 40th st New York NY 10016 USASI

Sperry Gyroscope Co MS lp4 Great Neck NY 11020 American Ordnance Assn

Battelle Memorial Institute 505 King Ave Columbus Ohio 43201 Instrument Society of America

Research Center - Leeds aDd Northrup Dickerson Road North Wales Penna Scientific Apparatus Makers Assn

Sanders Associates 95 Canal Street Nashua N E 03060 Institute of Environmental Sciences

British Calibration Service Ministry of Technology Abell House John Islip St London SWl England B C S

Ministry of Aviation - EID Aquila Golf Road Bromley Kent England EID

Teledyne Systems Co 12525 S Daphne Ave Hawthorne Calif 90252 Precision Measurement Association

George Washington University--School of Engineering and Applied Science Washington DC 20006 GWU

NCSL LIAISON DELEGATES

Electronic Systems Center-Grumman Aircraft Co Plant 14 Bethpage NY 11714 IEEE Instrumentation amp Measurement Group Subcommittee on Pulse Techniques

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E-H Research Laboratories Inc 163 Adeline st P PAINCHAUD Oakland Calif 91~ 607

Delegate to Precision Measurements Association

Weston Instruments Inc K KOEP 614 Fr el i ngnuysen Ave Newark NJ 07114

Delegate to USA Standards Institute Cow~ttee C-IOO

SCOPE amp MEMBERSHIP OF NCSL COMMITTEE STRUCTURE

A-l ORGANIZATION - To maintain a continuous re vL ew of Ni ~ ~ J IJ~ middot ure ~ 1 Tshy

poses policies and activities and make r-e commendatLcns to t he Chairshyman and to the BoaJd of Directors A J WOODINGTON Chairman W A WllDHACK J R VAN DE HOOTEN L B WllSON C E WHITE

A-2 NOMINATIONS - To prepare a slate of candidates for elective offices to distribute the ballots and report the returns J R VAN DE HOOTEN Chairman P H HUNTER S C RICHARDSON R H VERITY AJ WOODINGTON

-- A-3 FINANCES - To prepare an annual budget at the beginning of each administrative year and a fiDEUcial report at its close D I HERVIG Chairman D DE LAUER H W LANCE

A-4 - MEElINGS - To establish a schedule of dates and locations for NCSL conferences workshops and seminars and make provision for all local arrangements E J ARSENAULT Chairman O LINEBRINK W L VANDAL

A-5 PUBLICITY - To report news of prospective and retrospective interest to NCSL delegates and prospective delegates and to supply authorized announcements of NCSL activity to the technical press C E WHITE Chairman R ERNST F SCIACCITANO

A-6 INFORMATION - To identify sources of bibliographical information covering both instrumentation and management and to promote dissemination of this material P H HUNTER Chalrmanjgt

A-7 DIRECTORY - To maintain revise and publish the NCSL Directory of Stanshydards Laboratories including NCSL members and others with indication of their special fields of competence W E BOSTWICK Chalrman P D LONG W R TITLEY H L MASON

A-8 NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS - To identify and assign priorities to new or extended calibration services needed by and not available to standards laboratories C E JOHNSON Chairman

I

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A-9 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES - To develop a concensus within NCSL on desirable practices either in management or technical operations and to prepare - _

drafts of NCSL Recommended Practices for publication W R HOLME3 Chairman R L MASON L D BERRINGER

B-1 WORKLOAD CONTROL - To develop improved methods for scheduling and conshytrolling facilities personnel and items to be calibrated D I HElWIG Chairman C L RUDD W L VANDAL W BATES H DURKING J R NEYERS H F SNYDER J E VONDRACEK

B-2 PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT - To survey the needs for and to develop me~hods

for improving the qualifications evaluation and training of laboratory personnel R M LADY Chairman N GRISAMORE F T KALLET

B-3456 MEASUREMENTS STANDARDS LABORATORIES - To make studies of and preshypare reports with recommendations related t o the organization functions and operations of measurements standards laboratories connected with or part of mass production facilities research actiVities corporate entities and commercial sale of services M T ANGELO Chairman H O STORY R L SCHNEillER R V GANE J D GHESQUIERE W G CARTER W T BOYD D H CUSICK R W McCUSKER W H MC PREE

B-7 GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT REGULATIONS - To review and draft recommendations relative to the concepts and language of government specifications and directives which affect the r equirements imposed upon contractor calibrashytion programs F C RUSSELL Chairman F J DYCE D G RANSOM R H RUPKEY

C-l234 CRITERIA FOR STANDARDS - To establish definitions classifications test methods and performan~e r equirements for electrical and electronic equipment in the f requency range from direct current to 1 Megahertz and above 1 Megahertz to the optical range for mechanical dimensional stanshydards including but not limited to pressure vacuum temperature vibrashytion and acceleration mass and flow Mrs M E HOSKmS Chairwoman P KOGUT L O BEDlHQLD Jr bullbull C TUCKER W MC CALLUM B WILSON J C MOODY

C-5 MEASUREMENT AGREEMENT CCMPARISON - To develop methods and procedures to be used for an inter-company measurement -agreement comparison program conduct such a program and evaluate the need for such programs S C RICHARDSON Chairman H D BARNRART F K ~IS W SNYDER R P HECKELMANN H S INGRAHAM Jr W B MC CALLUM J S BEERS J M CAMERON

c-6 CALIBRATION PROCEDURES - To develop r ecommended content and format for calibration procedures and establish a library for their accumulation and loan D L DE LAUER Chairman S CRANDON H DANEMAN D ERB D FORRESTER D HERON C KOOP G KUBICEK A KOENIG M LEIGHT J LYELL R MOBLEY J MURPHY M MUZZEY C RUDD R RUPKEY H STEVENS W WATERHOUSE D BRUNGART

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C-7 STATISTI CAL PROCEDURES - To develop specific or gener ali zed methods for completion and analysis of measurement and calibration data by s t atis t ical and compu t at i onal procedur es D B SHARP Chairman J M CAMERON W G EICKE T J ROLLINS E M PERRNE D M SCHNEIDER

D-l PROGRAM - To develop progr ams f or NCSL conferen ces workshops or seminars on topics or themes approved by the Boar d t o solicit speakers s ession organizer s and chainnen and arrange f or r evi ew editing and publication of pr oceedings

R H VERITY and R B ERNST Co-chafrmen L R ALLACE R P HECKEIMANNbull

D-2 AUDIT - To audit pe r iodical l y the methods and accounts of the Finance Committee and the NCSL Treasurer W H MC PREE Chairman D HERVIG D DE LAUER

MEASUREMENTS PUBLIC RELATIONS

A 15-minute color film Why Calibrate was recently produced f or the Quality and Rel i ab i l i ty Group of the Navy 1s Special Projects Of f i ce (POLAR IS ) under t he technical direction of US Navy Metrology Engineering Center The purpose of the film is t o mot i va t e all personnel from t echnicians to managers concerned wi t h measur i ng and test equipment t oward a be t t e r understanding and app reciati on of cal ibr at i on By use of cartoon characters drawn f rom naval history circa 1800 t he film demonstr ates the importance of calibration for mai nt a i ni ng reli~ ab i l i ty and quality control

lt

The film may be purchased under Navy Film Number MNlOI05 f r om

DuArt Film Laboratories Inc 245 West 55th St r eet New York New York 10009

It may also be obtained on l oan by contacting the Public Affairs Of f i ce r at the nearest Naval District Headquarters list~d below

Cormnandant Commandant 1st Naval District 9th Naval District 495 Summer st Bldg 3209 Boston Mas s 02110 Great Lakes Ill 60088

Corrnnandant Commandant 4tb Naval District 11th Naval Di s t r fc t Bldg 4 U S Naval Base Seattle Wash 98115 PhfLadeLpnfa Penn 19l12

Commandarrt Commandant 13th Naval District 5th Naval District Sea t t l e Wash 98115 Norfolk Va 23511

Commandant Commandan t 14th Naval District 6th Naval District Box 110 Naval Base FPO San Franci sco 96610 Charleston S C 29408

Commandant Commandant 17th Naval Distric 8th Naval Dis trict FPO Seat t le 98790 New Orleans La 70140

-34shy

A MISREAD INSTRUCTON

CAN LEAD To DESTRUCTION -

-35shy

MORE NBS NEWS

Recent advances i n operationa l runpl ifiers and i nduc tive vol tage dividers have made poss ible wide- range a-c voltage st andards (calibrated s ources) wi t h inshyc reased linearity and day- to-day s tabili ty These improved power sour ce s have i n turn cr eated a need f or be t ter a ccu r acy in bas ic ac -dc t r ansf e r s tandards t han t he 0 01 t o 0 02 per cent previous ly avai lable

In a cont i nuing program t o obtai n be t ter ac- dc t r ans f er measurement F L Hennach and E S Wi l l iams of the NBS I nstitute f or Bas i c Standards (U S Department of Commer ce ) have developed the rmal vol tage converters with ac -dc t r ansfe r accuracy be t te r than 10 ppm (parts pe r mi lli on) at audio f r equenc i es In add i t ion they have deve l oped a t e chnique fo ~ comparinE the rmoelements t o a p r ecision of 2 ppm Thi s has r esulted i n a-c measurements wi t h accurac ies 10 t ime s be t ter than we r e p r eviously avai lable

The NBS Radi o Standards Labo r atory Boulde r ) Col orado announces a calib r ation service f or t he measurement of effect i ve e f f i ciency of coaxial bolometer units fi tted wi t h 14-mm precis ion conne ct ors over a cont i nuous frequency range from 4 to 85 GHz Use of 14-mra preci s ion coaxial connect ors permi ts greater accu racy of measurement at radio frequencies t han wi t h t he older lyle N connectors At p r e sent the calibration s e r vi ce i s available f or measurement at a nominal powe r of 10 milliwatts and for bolometer un i ts fitted wi t h the rmistor-typ e element s havi ng a nomi nal operat i ng res ist ance of 200 obms

The calibrat i on of coaxial bolometer uni ts in t he f r equency r ange of 4 t o 85 GHz i s based upon a t echnique developed by Glenn F Engen of the Radio Standards Engi neering Division The t e chnique p r ovide s a means of t rans f erring the cali shybrat ions of bolometer units in rect angular waveguide systems t o coaxial bo loshymeter uni ts This is accomplished with the aid of a coaxial-to- wave- guide t r ansition Although a t r ansfer i s made f r om one t ype of t ransmission line t o another the uncertainty in measurement of effe ctive effic iency of t he coaxial unit i s reasonab ly small

In the f reque ncy r ange of 4 t o 7 05 GHz the limits of uncertainty are 15 GHz the limits of unce r t a i nty a r e 1 percent Thes e limits of uncertaint ies r epr e s en t a 0 5 pe rcent i mprovement ove r t hose obtai ned with Type N connectors Because of r es onance ef fects at higher frequencies i n present ly avai l ab le l~middot nun connectors no calibr at ion se rvi ce i s provi ded above 85 GHz

One of the problems f acing today s space p rogram i s that of obt aining rel i able the rmal emit t ance measurements of nonmetals at hi gh t empe ratures Emittance measurements are essential f or determini ng t he heat-t ransfer and heatshydiss i pat i on propert ies of compone nts us ed in a ircraft missiles and space cr aft

In a rece nt s tudy J C Richmond D L Kelley and M Mulbrandon of the NBS I nstit ute f or Basic St andards r evealed i ntole rably large e r rors i n the p r eshyvious ly used shallow- cavi ty method of emi t tance measurement This s tudy

~) sponsored by t he Air Force r esulted i n t he development of t wo t echni que s that gi ve hi gher a ccu rac ies in high-temper ature emit tance determinations

-36shy

rThermal emit t ance measurements at temperatures above 2000 oK where standard platinum-base thermocouples cannot be us ed have never been satisfactorily achieved Nonmetals particularly the ceramic oxides usually have low thermal conductivity and relatively high thermal emittance and are translucent to appreciable depths below the surface Tnese properties make it difficult to measure accurately the t emperature of emitting specimens But since emittance is defined as the ratio of the flux per unit area emitted by a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody radiator at the same temperature and under the same conshyditions accurate measurements of specimen temperature are needed for good reshysults One method of avoiding this difficulty has been to make the blackbody a shallow cavity that is an integral part of the specimen In this case the blackbody and specimen are at approximately the same temperature and emittance measurements can be made by comparison without determining the temperature

In shallow-cavity emittance measurements the specimen--or the reference cavity-shyemits vertically to an optical focusing system which directs the flux to a thershymocouple detector By alternately measuring the specimen and reference cavity a ratio of specimen and reference emittance is obtained

Shallow Cavity Measurements

The NBS study has revealed that the shallow cavity is not a good blackoody reshyference The method therefore is accurate only when the specimen walls are opaque and diffusely reflecting and when the emittance and temperature of the cavity walls are the same as those at the top of the specimen

A detailed error analysis of shallow-cavity emit t ance measurements with a variety of materials showed that in many materials er r or s arise from scattering specishymen translucency and thermal gradients The scattering error can be separated and corrections applied However the translucency of some specimens produced e r r or s as large as 60 percent of their emittance values and thermal gradient errors on the order of 10 percent were found

In view of the large errors that were found in the shallow-cavity method two emittance measurement techniques called the center post and deep cavity methods were devised Each method is based on a comparison of the specimen flux to that of a reference In each of the new methods however the temperatures -of both reference and specimen can be determined

Center Post Technique

In the center post t echnique a specimen in the form of a thick-walled cylinder is pos i t i oned in a tungsten mount which has a center post of the same diameter as the center hole of the specimen The top of the post is flat and serves as a comparison standard of known emittance The center post also heats the specimen and so reduces thermal gradients Thus if the specimen and the refershyence standard are at the same t emperature or if corrections are applied to compensate for the t emperature difference accurate emi t t ance measurements may be obtained by comparison

In this vmethod some temperature difference ordinarily exists between the reshyference standard and the specimen It is possible t9 correct for this difference however because the center-post temperature can be determined with an optical ~~

-37shy

pyr omet~r The ef f e ct i ve t emperatur e of the spe cimen can also be determined by a knowledge of i t s t hermal conduc t ivi ty and ext i nct i on coshyef f i ci ent This involves a great deal of c ~nputation however t he inshyvestigators a r e now in the p r ocess of developing a comput er program fo r timeshysaving reduct ion in det ermination of speci men t empe ratu re

Deep Cavity Technique

The deep cavity method i s similar to t he center post t echnique except that inshystead of a center post the center of the cylindrical speci men is used as a de ep cavity providing a reasonable app roximation of a true blackbody In this method the specimen emit t ance i s compared to t hat of the deep-cavity blackb ody If the temperature of the specimen and t he refe r ence standard a re not the s ame corrections must be applied as before

The deep cavity temperature can be measured with an optical pyrometer because it is a close approximation to a true blackbod y Speci men temperature may be calshyculated by the same procedure as us ed in the center post technique Thus r eas onably accurate emittance measurements may be obtained because corrections can be made for temperature differences

Both of the improved methods substantially decreas e the errors in emi t t ance measurements The center post t echnique however appears to be more precisej its uncertainty of measu r ement is less than 0 05

Although these methods have i mproved the accuracy of emittance measurements ~ the 0 05 uncertainty is relatively large fo r same specimens NBS is now i n

the process of developing an i ntegrating sphere r eflectometer that promis e s t o measure emittance with an uncertainty less than 1 pe rcent

A stable highly sensitive instrument that accurately measures extremely short distances has been developed by R D Young of the NBS Institute for Basic Standards Thi s device a fi eld emi s s ion ultramicrometer operates in spaces as small as a few hundred angstroms without the need for physical contact with the object being measured Calculat i ons indicate that the instrument can measure distances of 10-3 to 10-6 cm with a calculated r eproduci bi l i ty within 1 part i n 105 and with an accuracy limited only by available calibration techniques

The field emission ultramicrometer is basically an arrangement of field emission electrodes in a vacuum chamber The electrodes are connected to a constantshycurrent electrical circuit in such a way that a precise voltmeter i n the electrical circuit indicates a voltage which is di r ectly r elated by a well shydeveloped theory to the spacing between the electrodes

The ultram1cr ometer promises t o have a variety of uses as a strain gage to measure the deformation of structural materials as a differential thermal expansion cell as a contact-free delineator of surface profiles and contours and as a means for measur i ng the diameters of balls and holes

-38shy

The operation of the instrument in the various applications is essentially the same For example as delineator of surface profile a fi eld emi s s i on tip serves as one electrode (at a high negative voltage) and the surface to be obs erved is the other electrode AE the field emitter moves across the surface r ecorded changes in voltage indicate changes in profile Equations fi x the relationship between the voltage and the distance from the emitter to the surface

With the increasing use of high-precision mechanical devices a need has developed for more refined measurement of distance displacement surface contour and surface profile Devices for precise measurement of short distances have been available but they are limited in two important r espe ct s (1) they involve delicately balanced bridges and mechanical or optical levers which often have high-temperature sensitivity and (2) they involve physical contact with the object to be measured

The NBS instrument avoids both of these limitations It is particularly suited to the measurement of curved surfaces where evror may be introduced by depressshying or scratching the surface Another important advantage is the simplicity and small size of the sensor-

The accuracy of the minimum detectable displacement depends on solutions of Laplaces equation the precision of the voltmeter the stability of the conshystant current source and mechanical stability of the components These factors can all be evaluated without recourse to experiment The feasibility of the ultramicrometer was t ested by moving a field emitter to within a few hundred angstroms of a tantalum strip and measuring the emitter-anode voltage while maintaining a constant current It was shown that this process can be carried out without spurious currents or electrical breakdowns even when the emitter is close to the surface

Shakers vibrators for calibrating accelerometers have been SUbstantially improved at the NBS Institute for Basic Standards since 1960 NBS research and development especially by Todor Dll~off Earle Jones B F Payne ~~d D R Bryant have considerably extended the usable frequency range and reduced the transverse motion of shru~ers

Recently Mr Dimoff advanced shaker design by using a pi ezoelec~~lc acceleroshymeter in place of the shakers velocity coil and by using a permanent magnet to provide the field The redesigned moving element was made of ceramic mateshyial further reducing its mass improving its stiffness and ampimplifying its design The high resonance frequency of this moving elemen~ extends shaker operation to 5000 Hz The new suspension system which incorporates air bearshyings reduces undesired transverse motion and makes it easy to r emove and exshychange shaker armatures

A recent study at the NBS Institute for Materials Research investigated the feasibility of using pyroelectric materials as thermometer sensors to measure minute temperature changes in the cryogenic region Pyroelectric materials are asymmetrical crystals that become polarized by changes in temperature

--

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-39shy

Thi s experimental s t udy of pyroelectric t he rmometcy was partially supported by t l- 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administr ation Under t he di r ect ion of Sidney B Lang of the Bur eau 1 s Cryoge ni c Divi s Lon t he pyroelectric ef fe ct in thr ee polari zed ce r ami c materi als vTas investigated

The phenomenon of pyroelectri city was fi r st observed in Europe in 1703 by Dut ch t r ade rs v ho had a cqu i red t ourmaline crystal s in Ceyl ong f or gemstone s The t r aders not i ce d that the tourmaline when place d in a f ire ) f i r st a t t racted ashe s and then r epelled t hem

Si nce that t ime) scientifi c r esearch ha s r evealed t hat pyr oelect r i c crystals can be r egarded as having a bu Ll t - i n or permanent electri c pola ri zation When such a crystal is held a~ cons t ant t empe r ature) t hi s poiari zation i s not evident However) when the t emperatur e of t he c ryst~ i s rai s ed a small amount the magni shytude of t he polar i zation change s Conve r s el y i f t ile t emper ature of the mateshyr ial is Love r ed by t he same amount t he absol ut e magnit ude of t he change in polarization i s t he same ) bu t the di r ection of t h cnange i s r eversed Such re search has s ho~~ tha t a thermomet e r empl oyi ng s h materials as sensors would make pos s i ble t be measur ement of t emperatur e d ~f~erences smaller than onp mi l l i ont h of a de Gr ee a limit now unobtainable

The Bureau rs i nve s t i gat i on cent e r ed about the exaui et ion of t hree types of commercial ceramic mate r i als f or use as poss bl e s e s i ng element s Two of the compounds wer e p r i ncfpafLy composed of lead zi r conate t i t anace while tbe t hi rd compound consis t ed mainly of bariurn t i tanate

Becaus e rel i able pyroelectric data i n the low t empe Ccrtur e regions i s scarce the inves tigators wer e f orced t o design and de e l opment equi pment wi t~1 which t o car ry out t he st udy The equ i pment as des i gned to make a ccu r at e ne sur e shyment s of the pyroelectric coeff i cients ) de diel e ct r i c constaht s ) and vol ume r esistivities for al l t hree mater i al s s t udied) a t t emperatur es ~ang ing from 4 to 1~25 degK

Results of this etudy s howed that the bari um t itanate compound had many phase transitions vht ch voul d r esult i n an unstable t hecmometer if i t were used as a s ensor element ~le pyroelectric coeffic ients o~ two l ead zirconate i t arillt e compounds however) vere f ound to be r ep r oducible in t ests which subjected t hem to various conditions and env i r onment s

Thus it was concb~ded t hat e i the r of t he l ead zirconate t i t anat e compounds would make suitable sensors in a pyroel ect r i c therm~uete r f or maki ng a ccurate sensitive mea su rement s in the temperature r egion be t ween 4 and 3000K Such a device would be extremely usefUl in calor etry or electromagnetic radiation detection where t emperature changes of the or de r of mi crodegrees must be sensed

Beg ning at 2100 UT of Apr i l 28 1967 the voice announcements on the br oad shycasts from _ S s t andard s s tat ions WWV (For-t Colli ns Colo ) and WWVH (Maui) HalVaii) i l l give t he t tme whLch i s cu r rent at -the Greemrich Meridian in England r ather t t he curr ent standard tune i n either _ocal zone This change is being mad e to avoid misunders tandi ngs about what is meant by Mountain Standard

-40shy

Time and Hawaiian Standard Time which by Public Law e 9- 387 will be advanced an hour in lieu of being replaced by Daylight Savi ng Time It is also being made becaus e Greenwich Mean Time is already used by many WWV and WWVH listeners--largely scientists ham operators and operators of military and civilian communication networks--to some of whom it is known as Universal Time (UT )

The new announcement will be hear d for the first time from WWV a t 1400 Mount a i n Standard Time and from WINE at 1100 HavaILan St anda r d Time on Friday April 28 both the same as 2100 Greemvich Mean Time Friday April 28 The announcement will be gi ven every fi ve minutes just before the audio tone it refers to For example just prior to 1435 Mountain Standard Time the announcement from 1fWV will be National Bureau of Standards WWV Fort Collins Colorado Next tone begins at 21 hours 35 minutes Greenwich Mean Time Just prior to ll35 Hawai in St anda rd Time t he announcement for WWVH vTill be National Bureau of Standards ~ Maui Hawaii Next t one begi ns a t 21 hours 35 minutes Greenshywich Mean Time II

Users of the time signals especially users recelVlng both WWV and W1YVH simultaneously are reminded t hat the WWVH announcement occurs during the first half of the minute preceding the tone In this way it does not intershyf er e with the vMV announcement which occurs du ring the second half of t he minute immediately before the tone

According to present information the only two standard time stations directly broadcasting the internationally r ecognized unit of time (the atomic second) according to a coordinated system are the National Bureau of St andar ds s t a shytion WWVB at Fort Collins Col orado and station DCF77 at Mainflingen West Germany associated with the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunshys chweig and operated by t he west German Post Office Both stations use the Stepped Atomic Time System in Which the time pulses are one atomic s econd apart and the carrier frequencies r emain constant at their nominal values

However their signals also provide an approximation to Uni versal Time (UT) for use (among other purposes) in earth navigation UT is a slightly variable time scale since it is adjusted to be in synchronization with the earths rotation The approximation to UT is achieved by occasionally making 02shysecond clock retardations or advancements in the epoch of the pulses Thi s is done as needed to maintain the approximation of UT within about 100 IDSand the changes are announced in advance As a result the time broadcast by these stations differs from the uniform atomic time scale by varyi ng integral mulshytiples of two-tenths of a second--for the present beginning 1 March the difshyference is 5 6 seconds

The two stations by working through the Bureau International de lHeure are now coordinated that is their time pulses are now synchroni zed to within 1 mil+ishysecond To preserve coordination they will hereafter make all step adjustshyments simultaneously- The last step adjustment of 200 IDS announced by the BIB was to be e f f ect ed on 1 June 1967

-41shy

The broadcasts from ot her s t at t ons including the other NIlS s tat ions employ

- a system based in part up on ~arr i e r f requencies t hat are offset by 300 parts in 101 0 below t heir nominal va l ues This necessitates that oc casional adjust shyments be made both i n t he offse t a~d in t he clock r eadi ng i n order to app roxishymate UT

Many s ci entific expe riment s ar e conducted at very low tempe rat ures St ud ie s of rocket fuel superconduct ivi ty and of sol i d - s t ate components for use in outer space require measurements of t emperature down t o 2 oK

In a n effo r t t o obtai n be t te r accuracy and pr ecision at t he se tempe r atur e s Yl R Dodge S R DomeR D D Hoppes and A L Hirshfel d of t he NBS Institute f or Bas i c Standards recent ly adapted a si l i con r adiation detector to Low temp e rashyture t he rrnomet ry The device gi ves s t ab le high-precis i on temperature measur eshyments and i s well sui ted f or incorpor ati on i nto a l ow- temperature- servo system

The thermomete r is based on the f i ndi ng t hat when t he t empe rature is suffi shyciently l owered t he product kT becomes much l ess t han t he ioni zation ene rgies of the impuri t i e s in a sil i con r adiation detector Thi s re su l t s i n a sharp vTell -defi ne d transition in t he detector depletion depth occurri ng f or al l detector bias f iel ds gr eat er than app r ox linately 100 VOltsem The t emperature a t which t he transition i n depletion depth occurs is independent of the usual t he rrnodynamic variables and depends only on the detector i mpurity concentr ati on and i oni zation ene rgy Thus pulse he ight i s d irect l y related to t emperatur e

The the rmometer consis ts of a sens or mnplifie r integral discriminator and s caler The s i l i con r ad iat i on detector and a small mass of b ismut h 207 poloniurn 210 or other sui table r adioactive material are mOUl1ted i n a metal casing t o pr OVide a compact low-tempe r atur e sens or ~ne sens or output pulse s produced by the detector in r e spons e to t he particles emi t ted by t he r adioactive mass a r e transmitted ove r a coaxi al cable t o a t emperatur e-indicating circuit In the indicating circuit the pulse s are amplified in a sui table pulse ampl ifie r discriminated as t o pulse he ight a nd i f passed by t he discriminator counted by a s caler Therefor e a serie s of detectors designed to detect pulse s repre sent ing d ifferent t empe rat ures p r OVide a multivalue low-temperatur e t he rrnometer

AUTOTRANSFORMER USE PRECAUTION

To avoi d possible damage to instruments it i s r ecornmend ed t hat autot ra~sfo rmers

be ad j us ted to the app r ox imat e nominal line voltage before use It i s pos sible t o obtain f r om ze r O to around 15 0 vol ts at the out pu t pl ug Appl ied voltages t hat a re t oo high can damage power supply components vol t ag es that are t oo l ow can resul t in burned r elay contacts or dmnaged motors The r e commende d pr actice is t o plug in the aut otra~s f ormer alone set t he swi t ches t o met er t he out put volt age and adjust t he control for 115 to 120 vo l t s be fore plugging in an in- struroent After the instxwnent is draWing norrnal current t he auto t ra~sfoTI1e r may be readjus ted to the des ired vol t age This seque nce Ifi l l be ref lected in al l fut ure NavJT ICPs (Courtesy USN Metrology Engineering Cente r)

BEHIND THE SCENES IN THE NEWSLErlER EDITORS OFFICE

Newsletter readers are not aware of the amount of spare time given to producti~n

of an is sue by a group of unknown unsung volunteers at headqua r t ers (AVCO MSD) To better illustrate the point s cenes below are typical of the rush to meet deadshylines which usually involves gi vi ng up parts of lunch hours or typing assembling and mailing chores before and af t e r r egular working hours

(1 ) The Editor obviously is expect ed to take advantage of moments free from r egular business chores--including (2) lunch time so t hat Ethel Uzalinski can keep the typeshy

written page s coming out at top speed bull bull

(3) or gi ve Janice Robinson pa r t of t he heavy typins load

which mean s t hat Joyce Fishe r mus t r ush mate r i al to the mailing offi ce a ef ore she has fini shed eating

(4 )

-43shy

bull bull meanwhi le Ann Tor r e s i is wonde r ing what happened to t he corrections fo r t he mail l ist bull

and Mary Cunniff s ighs with relief - - he r sha r e is compl e t e

-a

(6)

bullbull Ethel says ltGl ad that s

I f eel l i ke AUTO CAL

-44shy

ENGINEERS ]MAGE STILL WEAK

An editorial in the Journal of tbe Engineering Societies of New England Marcb 2 1967 issue had some interesting statistics on the pUblic~ knowledge and appreciation of the engineering profession The article is presented below

Engineers are little known and understood by the general public according to a recent survey undertaken for tbe Steering Committee of Engineers Week for Los Angeles

In a survey of the general public John B Knigbt and Associates public opinion analysts sought to find what tbe public thinks of engineers

Despite the glamor of spacecraft and moon rockets tbe general public still tends to tbink of an engineer as one wbo guides a locomotive rather than in otber more dramatic roles tbe poll showed

The Knigbt organization asked tbe question When you hear the word engineer wbat is t he first thing that comes to your mind Of the respondents 67 8 pershycent said railroadsj 192 percent bighwaysj 154 percent aircraft and aeroshyspace 71 percent bridges buildings and electrical things

Very few respondents identified engineers as professionals Only 58 percent tbougbt of the engineers as being bighly educated When asked to list types of engineers beyond the driver of a railroad engine or a steam engine some responshydents listed higbway engineers and mining engineers but most could not define any field of engineering

Only 23 6 percent of tbose queried could pick out and identify on a printed sbeet tbe correct definition of an engineerj 764 percent picked wrong definitions including tbose of medical doctor

Only 57 percent were able to identify an engineer as one who works witb figures 707 percent didnt know that engineers use calculations in their work

Only 12 percent tbought an engineer could be tbe life of tbe partyj 25 percent said tbe engineer is I just about like mos t of tbe other people II

A wbopping 562 percent said Mr Engineer was a ratber dull quiet person

Personally the Newsletter Editor believes that tbe survey must bave been conshyducted amongst rather dull but not so quiet persons I who dont seem to have stayed in school beyond tbe 10tb grade and dont read the newspapers very much

USEFUL STANDARDS ONLY~

In Sound and Vibration January 1967 Niitor L S Goodfriend had some points to make about cbanges to an existing ASTM standard for measurement of sound transmission losses In particular be expressed a philosopby wbich should be the working creed of every standards committee His editorial Standards for Standards Sak e included these words--shy

-45shy

liThe br oade r problem that has appeared wi th r espect to standards in the a r eas of sound and vibration is t hat we are not dealing with a single industry reshysearch speci alt y or product type In acoustics today the areas of industry research and products which are affected by simple changes in test procedures definitions and measurement methods are numerous and diverse They may have different requir6rlents and for reasons of history or tradition use different terminology vfuen new standards are written solely by the acoustical community we often t end to overlook the specialized requirements of the industrial and commercial user of such standards

Better coordination is needed bet ween t he standards writing gr oups and t he probable user s This is not always easy since t he potential users may not be a1vare of the writing actiVity or the possible effect on them of a proposed new sta~dard Nonet hel es s it is the responsibility of any standards body to obt ai n comments f r om each t ec~~ical area that may be affected by t he standard bei ng written It is true that writing and r evising standards is a timeshyconsmning task but a little bi t of has t e after f our or five years of writing and r evision could vitiate t he ent i r e work of t he writing standards body

We look forward to an era of more useful and bet t e r coordinated standards that will meet not only t he needs of the acoustical expert but will serve t he ent i re scientific engineering and industrial conmunl tLes s

NCSL WORKSHOPS

A At the ISA Conference in Chicago September 11-14 1967 1 The Derivation and Statement of Mea surement Uncer t a i nt y

PAUL H HUNTER Session Developer Sept 14 from 1000 AM to 1230 PM

Paul notes that various appr oa ches to the derivation of accuracy statements will be explored at a combined lecture panel discussion and workshop session sponsor ed by s ever al NCSL Committees Following an introductory lecture by H H KU of the NBS Statistical Engineershying Laboratory a panel representing the manufacturers and users of measurements standards and instrumentation will present various opinions on the need for an i ndustry standard on measurement data analysis and interpretation The r e will be an opportunity during the workshop portion of this session for participants to cons~der

and discuss a list of questions bea r i ng on the problem of deriVing meaningful and uniform accuracy statements on measurement apparatus

2 Workload Control for Standards and Calibration Laboratories DON J HERVIG Session Developer Sept 14 from 2 30 - 530 PM

Don expects to present drafts of Recommended Practices at three sessions of his workshop Present planning includes subjects reshylated to a) Data Collection and Utilization Programs b) Development of Techniques to Measure Efficienqy Effectiveness and Productivity of Laboratories and c) ReductionJof Standards Laboratory Operating Costs The presentation is also planned for a repeat performance at a t entative meeting to be held in Anaheim California in January 1968

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3 Government Re~uirement8 - Calibration Control of Mea suri ng and Tes t Equipment FORREST C RUSSELL Program Developer Sept 13 from 230-500 R~

Forrest proposes to discuss the aims plan of actionand data gathered by his NCSL B-7 Committee Three other participants wi l l view aspects of the government re~uirements

B At the NE MConference i n Boston November - 3 1967 1 NCSL Measurement Agreement Compari son Wor shop )

S C RICHARDSON Session Developer Nov 3 from 930 AM to 1230 PM

Shel rates this 8S a wor kshop par t i cular ly directed toward NCSL member bu t other per s ons with a genui ne i nter es t i n this workshop pa rti cipation are i nvited AL-t r a br ef r evi w of t he most recent natio vi de measurement comparison t he wor kshop wi l l concent a t e on two area s Fi r s t will be an analysis and eval etion of t he comparison r esults reported i n the Pr oceedings of the 966 Standards Laborat ory Conference Second wi ll be a redeterminat ion of the speci f i c i nshyteres t s and object i ves for the next compari son

2 I nformat i on Committee Workshop (tent at i ve ) PAUL HUNTER report that LARRY DARLING JOE CAMERON and pos sibly LEE SON will put t gether a set of meet I ugs details t o f ol l ow l a ter

C At the Anahei Con erence Janua ry 25- 26 1968 L MORT ANGELO i s put t i ng together a Workshop devot ed to Mea urements

Standa r ds Laboratori es - Organi za tion and Oper at i on He hopes t o pre ent result s of a survey now being conduct ed and t init iat e some Standar d Pra ct i c s

Oops

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NABNRC ADVISORY COMMITrEE TO NBSIBS

lIT IS THEREFORE THE UNANIMOUS OPINION OF YOUR COMMITTEE THAT NO MORE ESSENshyTIAL AID COULD BE GIVEN TO MANUFACTURING CoMMERCE THE MAKERS OF SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS THE SCIENTIFIC WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SCHOOLS COLLEGES AND UNIVERSrrIES THAN BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INSTITUTION PROPOSED IN THIS BILL

Posed beneath these words carved in the marble of the entrance to the Administrashytion Building of the National Bureau of Standards is the National Academy of SciencBs Adviaory Committee to NBSIBS on calibration and Measurement Services as photographed by Chairman C E White Left to right are S RICHARDSON W AMEY M FRIEDLAND A WOODINGTON and J VAN DE HOUTEN Missing ia B Weinschel This Committee (and its predecessor) has been meeting with Bureau officials for over seven years studying the needs of industry for calibration services the Bureau1s programs to meet the needs and in general serving as a communications link between industry and gover nme nt It is a hard Working committee putting in a Workday that is 12-14 hours long on many occasions

At its latest meeting on May 11-12 1967 the Committee met with the neWlyshyappointed management team at IBS consisting of Dr M WALLENSTEn left and Dr H MASON right

-48shyAfter a hard two-days workout (left) as captured py Shel Richardson

Committeemen Van de Houten Hi caa on and Woodington depart for their homes and a well-earned rest

LampN SYMPOSIUM

On May 19 1967 Leeds amp Northrup Company presented a special program at the new research center in North Wales Pa 0 primary interest to measurement s people was a standards laboratory symposi 1 keyed to the need for a clearer de f ini t i on of the problem areas for the future devel opment of the next generation of l ab shyoratory instrumentation Highlight s of the morning program included discussions by C PETERSON (NBS) and W AMEY (L8cN) on Development of Standards and Compar shy

ison Techniques ll by L RUBIN (M L T) and R CHERRY (LampN) on Ant i cipat ing

Research Applicati ons II by C WHITE (Avco) and J THOMAS (LampN) on liThe H n Factor in Precise Measurements and by A PAYNE (NASA) and D EKVALL ( LampN) on flTranslating Instruments to Field Appl i ed Systems II bull After an outdoor l uncheon featuring an address by LampN President G E Beggs Jr a represent ative of Worchester Polytechnic Institute r eceived from J Quereau a brand new potenti oshymeter to replace one returned by Worcest er as the oldest type K potentiometer in service In the afternoon a concurrent program was presented of round t able panel discu sions cont i nued f r o t he morning presentations and of visitat i on to the new standards laboratory at North Wales

Some scenes from the meetings are shown on the Opposite page Included are

1) C PETERSON calls upon DR J THOMAS for development of a point in discussion

2) MRS B DUNFEE (NBS) rises in answer to Mr Peterson 1s query for elaboration of a procedure

President BEGGS braves the wind at the outdoor luncheon

Mr QUEREAU presents the nell potent i omet er to the WPI representative

Hard-working HANK DANEMAN ( ) reads a paper for absent A PAYNE

A fast-talking round table group go to work

While proud BOB VERITY shows vi si t or s around his new laboratories

More Laboratory 9) More Laboratory 10) Still more Laboratory

11) Visitors view a new production unit on display

-49shy

STANDARDS LABORATORY SYMPOSIUM

--

-50shy

QUESTIONS LOOKING FOR ANSWERS

In connection with investigations into error sources encountered in the measureshyment of spherical gyro rotors to microinch accuracy it is found that elastic deformation due to measuring force is a s lgnifLcarrt error source Two major questions are still unresolved and are related to the problem of the elastic properties of hard chromium plating which is deposited on the outer surface of the sphere

Question 1 Does hard chromium plating possess the same deformation behavior as other elastic bodies Conversations with our plating specialists reveal to us that in their opinion the plating cracks rather than deforms If this is so it is likely that chromium-plated objects do not follow the classical Hertzian deformation formulas If not is there another mathematical expression that describes the deformation The spheres are one-inch diameter the plating is 0004 inch thick and the vertical measuring force range extends from 2 to 8 ounces between flat parallel contacts

Question 2 If the chromium-plated spheres do follow the Hertzian formulas are Poissons ratio and Youngs modulus for hard chromium plating the same as for pure chromium

Answers will be appreciated by

R V Anderson Autonetics - D073 B257 3370 Miraloma Avenue Anaheim California 92803

FROM LITTLE ACORNS

There was a time when a man took such pride i11 his work that he chose his name from his craft ~ Names like Smith Baker Taylor Potter and Carpenter tell us what these men did

Since a persons reputation amp-11d name were often based on his work and how well he performed it you can be sure he made every effort to do his best Pride in ones product was a rule

Times have changed But people havent Our attitudes may shift with the times but the same things that gave men satisfaction hundreds of years ago continue to do so today Being proud of our work is one of these

No price tag can be put on personal satisfaction A deep wish to achieve has moved painters and musicians -- inventors and scientists -- to reach daZZling heights That same feeling knits families together builds churches and produces brilliant - scholars Achievement is one of manls noblest goals

No one can make you take pride in your work You only feel it When youve done that special something of which you can be proud What can be asked of us--of everyone--is to do such an efficient careful job that we just automatically - feel a sense of achievement Wnen we turn out our best work we cant help but be proud of our accomplishment

-51shy

Achievements don t have to be monumental Little routine t asks can be a source of unexpected satisfaction we can take pride in the small details of our work-shydone right without waste without c ompromise

Quality is a proud word It means that we pour attention and care into what we do And its greate st reward is the sense of accomplishment we feel~

- ANONYMOUS

HOW MANY MEASUREMENTS

The total uncertainty of a calibration includes both t he random and the systematic errors of the measurement pr oces s Systematic errors other than those which can be detected and eliminated must be estimated Random errors on the other hand evidenced by chance variations can be measured and calculated their effect can be minimized bv increasing the number of measurements

You cant afford to take 1000 or even 100 measurements to assure that you have reached the required level of confidence in your calibrations Read Rolf Schumachers article on Random Error in the March 1967 Instruments and Control Systems magazine

In his article Rolf descr ibe s a method fo r estimating the random eL~~~ of any measurement process and determining the minimum number of measurements required for a given random error uncertainty Included is an example laboratory pr oce shydure for use in the calibration or ring gages

Unfortunately several printing errors have slipped into the ar t i cl e a s Rolf tells us Thus the symbol s x i n equations (1) and (3) and in the third line of the article should have been provided with a bar over them to read x and to distinguish mean values from individual values The same is true for the two x-symbols in paragraph (i) and the one x-symbol in paragraph (j)

AlSO in paragraph (k) the calculation should read

or

151 plusmn 20 pin I

The second sentence under Special Note should read

For instance if the fi r st five measurements had yielded 142 156 157 148 and 15 3 pin di fference and the next four values obtained were 167 174171 and 176 pin difference it should be suspected that the two series of values were obtained from two different processes

-52shy

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

1 Damping System Eliminates Vibrations in Sensitive Elements Leonard and Esch Laboratory Management May 1967 Tennis balls and forced air supports in another application

2 Selecting a Balance R Richardson Laboratory Management May 1967 Proper evaluation when considering purchase

3 Impedance Measurement Techniques H McGregor Environmental Quarterly March 1967 Helping to understand transducer operation

4 Current Practices in Shock and Vibration Sensors Butler and McWhirter Instrumentation Technology March 1967 Review of SUbject

5 Precise Resistance Thermometry - A Review Daneman and Mergner Instrumentation Technology May and June 1967 (Two parts--DC Methods and AC Methods)

6 Thermocouples Resistance Temperature Detectors Thermistors - Whichlll R Loeffler Instruments and Control Systems May 1967 A review of measurement principles and comparison of qualities

7 Tiny Thermocouples ll T Sannes Instrumentation Technology March 1967 New designs advance applications in many fields

8 High Temperature-High Vacuum Thermocouple Drift Tests ll Hendricks and McELroy Environmental Quarterly March 1967 Results of stability tests in 1200-14500 C range

9 Birdcage Resistance Thermometry II Toenshoff and Zysk Instruments and Control Systems May 1967 A high-resolution device

10 Facile Thermocouple Calibrations E Jones Instruments and Control Systems May 1967 Simpler method than involved multi-degree equation

11 Easily Fabricated High-Vacuum Wire Seals II Tang and Collins Research Development March 1967middot Aluminum wire seals for high vacuum joints

12 Hall Effect Gaussmeters Electronic Products March 1967 Check List for selecting units

13middot Man-Made Noise - Parts I and II E Skomal Frequency Jan-Feb and Mar-Apr 1967 Experimental data is compared against theory in analysis of sources amp densities

14 Getting the Most OUt of Microwave Noise Sources Wheeler and Olson Electronic Products March 1967 Practical approaches

15 Survey of Noise Generators ll EEE-Circuit Design Engineering April 1967

16 Analyzing Microwave Spectrum Analyzers ll W Segallis Electronic Products May 1967 Guide line for purchase decisions

5 3

17 PuLse Generators II Electronic Products June 1967 Check list for selecting units

18 Frequency Control SymposLum Frequency May-June 1967 Review of 1967 Frequency Control Symposium papers

19 A Survey of Frequency Synthesizer s EEE- Circui t Design Engineering March 1967

20 Simplify Capacitance Measurements I R Lee Electronic Design March 15 1967 Nomograph for lead inductance corrections

21 Capactive Voltages Are Found Eas i l y A Rosenboom Electronic Design March 15 1967 Nomograph

22 Capacitance Measuring Techniques J Donovan Instruments and Control s yst ems March 1967 A survey

23 Selecting a Charge Amplifier p Smith Instruments and Control Systems April 1967 Review

24 Calibrating Charge Amplifiers R Morrison Electronic Products March 1967 Precautions to take

25 Panel Meters EEE-Circuit Design Engineering April 1967 Purchase Guide

26 General Purpose Table top Analog and AnalogHybrid Computers Electronic ProduGts June 1967 Check-list for purchase

27 Linear Dynamic Range B Melton Electronic Products February 1967 Requirements for specifying ranges

28 Suppressing Harmonics With Inductive Coupling R Lafferty EEE-Circuit Design Engineering April 1967 Design Hints

29 Simplified Tabular Determination of Resonant FrequencyLC C Vale Frequency May-June 1967 Computer-derived tables

30 Scales Simplify Graph Reading D Blattner EEE-Circuit Design Engineering April 1967 How to make reference scales

31 Random Error R Schumacher Instruments and Control Systems March 1967 A practical mathematical approach

32 Accuracy for Engineers R Kemp Instrumentation Technology May 1967 Another presentation of familiar material

33 Maintainability Specs Bothering You J Okamura Electronic Design May 10 1967 Background information on government specifications

34 Compilation of An International Di ct i opary of Legal Metrology K Shirokov Izmeritel naya Tekhnika ~o 9 Sept 1966 English translation Meas Tech March 1967 Interesting review of Europeon Instrumentation and ~easurement March 1967

-54shy

35 Modified Technique for Measur i ng Diele~ tric Constants Using a Rectangular Cavity Resonator J Sinha IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Mea sur ement March 1967 --shy

36 Application of Precision Connectors t o High-Fr equency Measurements R Soderman IEEE Trans on Inst and Meas Mar ch 1967

37 liThe Signal-to-Noise Ratios of Constant - Ctrrrent and Constanti-Temperatu re Rot-Wire Anemometers I Kidron IEEE Trans on Jns t and Meas March 1967

38 Some Techniques fo r Measur i ng Small Mutual Inductances D Homan NBS Journal of Research Section C Oct -Dec 1966

39 Reproducibllity of Germanium Resistance Tbennomet er s at 4 20K Edlow amp Plumb NBS Journal of Research Sec t C Oct - Dec 1966

40 Calibration of Vibrating-Sample Magnetometers Case amp Harrington NBS Journal of Research Sect C Oct -Dec 1966

41 Ultrasonic Measurement of Cylfnder Expansion at Pressures t o 40 ktLobars Heydemann amp Houck NBS Journal of Research Be t C Jan-Mar 1967

42 Germanium Resistance Thermometry in the Range 2 1 to 50oK DHow amp P1~b NBS Journal of Research Sect C J an -Mar 1967

43middot A New Near-Zone Electri c- Field-Strength Met er F Greene NBS JournaJ of Research Sect C Jan-Mar 1967

v I d Otllf ) ItO~)

b Lit t~~~

itpound 10 D ~

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-55shy

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

NAT roNAL CONFERENCE OF STANDARDS l1BORATORIBS

Name of Labor ator y- or Org ani za ion

AddrsLls

appl i e f or membership i n t he Ntional Conf er enc e of St ndarde Laboratories and appoi nt s as i t s

Del egat e

N me an d Titl e

who will serve unt Il J ne 30 1968

Si gned

Ti t l e

Dat e

The NCSL is a cont inuing non-profit associat i on whose members ar e either measur em ent standards and cali br at i on l aborn aries 0 ganizat ions maintaining such act i vi t i es or ot her organizations having rel at ed inter ests whether oper at ed under academic s ci enshytific industria l commer ci a or gover nment auspice

Application for member hip is made by complet in~ the above form and submitt i ng it together with the annu 1 due of f i f t y dol l ars ($50 00) Checks should be made payable to the Nati onal Conf er ence of St and r d Labo a t or i es

Appl i c tiona may b mailed to

Nati onal Conference of St andards Laborator ies co National Bur eau of Standa rds Was hingt on DC 20234

If an otherwis e qual ified organizat i on finds it impossi bl e to become a member organshyizat ion by payment of duaa as such i t may be granted member privilegesay payment of

~ an equivalent regi trotion f ee in advance of t he Del egat e s Assembly

~

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PRINTING amp DISTRIBUTION COURTESY OF

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201 LOWELL S T R E ET WILMINGTON M ASS 0188 7

C E WHITE - EDITOR

CONTRIBUTORS

J HAYES - USN METROLO GY ENGRG CNTR R COUTURE - NAAAUTONETICS H MASON - NBS IBS

- 2shy

University included maintainability as a special course in its regular Summer schedule of instru tion at the Center f or Me surement Science June 12- 16 ~

Perhaps the growing concern of consume s of mi litary agencies and f 1na1l of commercial producers J may contribute to a mo usefUl and more economical proshyduct in the not too-distant future

1968 STANDARDS LABORATORY CONFERENCE

NCSL Program Chairman E ARSENAULT r eports preliminary arrangements ve been made for t ile 1968 Standards Laboratory Conference Host will be t he Nat ional Bureau of Standards Laborat ory at Boulder Colorado Timi ng is t ent ativel y set for the week of Augus t 26 1968 No other progr am detai l s are ava i l abl e at pressr time but more informat i on wi l l be available er the NCSL Board of D1r ector s

meeting in September at Chicago

NBS NEWS I TEM

Effective March 1 1967 Dr A Ast i n Pi r ect or NES as s i gned Dr R HUNTOON Director or NBS IBS to a new and s i gnifi cant t ask Dr Hunt oon has been appointed to Dr Astin s st f t o examine the relationship of NBS to t he developing needs of science and i ndustry Wor ki n Within the new Bure au at the Budget f r amewor k of Program-PIan- Budget procedures his task ia to cor r el at e all t he resources of the Bureau and t he programs undertaken by the Bur ea It represents a clear change in management concept and will present a ch e e to the previous philosophy and thinking of the Bure u Assisting him wi ll be W A WILDHACK who will temporarily transfer from hi s f ormer assignment as Associ at e Director-IBS

NCSL NEWS I TENS

Although not mentioned in the news of pendi ng Wor kshop Sessions f or the Chicago meetings in Septembe BILL BOS~ICK indi cat es a pl an is underway t devote a session to the problems of keeping the NCSL Di rectory up to date The 1967 revision is coming along and he and iPAUL LONG r e still expecting a bring it out in the early Fall of this year

A special thank you to BOB COUTURE of NAAAutonetics for all the cart OIlS inmiddot this issue and for supplying pages 4 5 6 7 50 and 51 to JERRY yg of USN Metrology Enginee ing Center for pages 20 21 and for news of the col or film page 33 and to Hbull LEE MASON of NBSIBS f or ages 22 23 24 d 25 0

this Newsletter i s sue They have helped swell this issue to the biggest eve r

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- 3shy

THANK YOU FELLOWS






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THANK YOU FELLOWS






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151 plusmn 20 pin I



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v I d Otllf ) ItO~)

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itpound 10 D ~

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