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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my/our*

opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the

award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Urban and Regional Planning)”

Signature : ………………………….........

Name of Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Rafee bin

Majid

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iii

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INVESTIGATING LEAF AREA INDEX OF OIL PALM AND RUBBER

TOWARDS HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE

NORADILA RUSLI @ RUSLIK

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy (Urban and Regional Planning)

Faculty of Built Environment

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JULY 2014

v

I declare that this thesis entitled “Investigating Leaf Area Index of Oil Palm and

Rubber towards Hydrologic Response” is the result of my own research except as

cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not

concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ....................................................

Name : NORADILA RUSLI @ RUSLIK

Date : July 2014

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Specially dedicated to Mak and Abah

I really miss both of you.

Al-Fatihah

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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.

.

viii

ABSTRACT

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ix

ABSTRAK

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x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii

ABSTRACT viii

ABSTRAK ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xviii

LIST OF APPENDICES xix

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Research Objectives 2

1.4 Research Question 2

1.5 Literature Review 3

1.6 Research Methodology 4

1.7 Expected Findings 7

1.8 Structure of Thesis 7

1.9 Summary and Conclusion 7

CHAPTER 2 8

Soil Hydrology, Land Use and Agriculture Measurement and Modelling 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Watershed Planning 8

2.3 Agriculture and Hydrologic Response 8

2.4 8

2.5 8

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CHAPTER 3 10

OIL PALM & RUBBER TREE LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)???? 10

CHAPTER 4 12

Research Methodology 12

4.1 Introduction 12

4.2 Scope of Study 13

4.3 Reviews on Previous Research 13

4.4 Selection of Methodology 13

4.5 Research Planning 13

4.6 Data Acquisition 13

4.7 Research Instruments 14

4.8 Conclusion 14

CHAPTER 5 15

Thirty Years of LULC Changes in Muar River Watershed 15

5.1 Introduction 15

5.1 Description of Study Area 15

5.2 Developing LULC Database 16

5.3 Analysis of LULC Changes 17

5.4 17

5.5 17

CHAPTER 6 18

Hydrological Responses on LULC Changes 18

6.1 18

6.2 18

6.3 18

6.4 18

CHAPTER 7 19

Hypothetical Simulation: Impact of LULC at Sungai Muar Watershed 19

7.1 19

7.2 19

7.3 19

7.4 19

CHAPTER 8 21

xii

Conclusion 21

8.1 21

8.2 21

8.3 21

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Flood occurrences in Malaysia 2

Table 1.2: Existing research on LULC impact on hydrology in South East Asian 10

Table 1.3: Various reviewed research to derive the research gap 11

Table 1.4: Previous study involving suitable methodology 13

Table 1.5: Potential data to be collected 16

Table 3.1: Previous method measuring LAI 2

Table 8.1 11

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xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: The formulation of problem statement 3

Figure 1.2: Rainfall data for seven nearest stations along Sungai Muar 4

Figure 1.3: General diagram of how research questions answering the

objectives 7

Figure 1.4: Brief concept on research gap identification 8

Figure 1.5: Methods derivation based on study objectives 13

xvi

xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

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xviii

xix

LIST OF SYMBOLS

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xx

xxi

LIST OF APPENDICES

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xxii

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

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Table 1.1: Flood occurrences in Malaysia

Jhr Sgr Prk Mlk Ns Phg Ktn Tgu Kl Pls Kdh Pp Sbh Swk

1886

1926

(Jan-Mar) 1967

Nov 1967

1968

Jan 1971

1999

2004

2005

2006 Dec

(11-17 Jan) 2007

(Jan-Feb) 2011

Mar 2012

Source: Compiled from (Hisham et al., (2008) ; San & Selamat (2010) ; Gasim et al., (2010))

2

1.2 Problem Statement

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1.3 Research Objectives

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1.4 Research Question

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1.5 Literature Review

Figure 1.1: The formulation of problem statement

3

1.5.1 Identification of Research Gap

Table 1.2: Existing research on LULC impact on hydrology in South East Asian

Authors Location

1.5.2 Identification of Research Methodology

1.6 Research Methodology

4

1.7 Expected Findings

1.8 Structure of Thesis

1.9 Summary and Conclusion

5

CHAPTER 2

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2.1 Introduction

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2.2 Watershed Planning

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2.3 Agriculture and Hydrologic Response

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2.4

2.5

7

CHAPTER 3

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3.1 Introduction

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3.2 Leaf Area Index (LAI)

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3.3 Previous Method Measuring LAI

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3.3.1 Hemispherical photography

8

3.3.2 Experimental Design

3.4

3.5

9

CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction

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10

4.2 Scope of Study

4.3 Reviews on Previous Research

4.4 Selection of Methodology

4.4.1 Research Design

4.4.2 Research Approach

4.4.3 Research Techniques

4.4.4 Data Analysis

4.5 Research Planning

4.6 Data Acquisition

4.6.1 Spatial Data

11

4.6.2 Non-Spatial Data

4.7 Research Instruments

4.8 Conclusion

12

CHAPTER 5

THIRTY YEARS OF LULC CHANGES

5.1 Introduction

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5.1 Description of Study Area

5.2 Developing LULC Database

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5.2.1 Extraction of Land Cover Map

13

5.3 Analysis of LULC Changes

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5.4

5.5

14

CHAPTER 6

HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES ON LULC CHANGES

6.1 Title

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6.2

6.3

6.4

15

16

CHAPTER 7

HYPOTHETICAL SIMULATION: IMPACT OF LULC AT SUNGAI MUAR

WATERSHED

7.1 Title

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7.2

7.3

7.4

17

18

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

8.1 Title

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8.2

8.3