Name: ................................................... ........... Class: ...................... Date: UNIT 1 FILA A Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is a relatively recent innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200 years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19th and 20th centuries art galleries became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. In Leipzig, in eastern Germany, an old cotton mill, the Spinnerei, has become a gallery. In Essen, in western Germany, an old coal mine, the Zollverein, has become an arts centre and concert hall. This creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent: in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites (among them a contemporary art gallery, Weils, in an old brewery in Brussels; a modern art museum in an old railway station, the Hamburger Bahnhof, in Berlin). This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art. (Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post- industrial-art-gallery ) EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.
Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is a relatively recent innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200 years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19th and 20th centuries art galleries became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. In Leipzig, in eastern Germany, an old cotton mill, the Spinnerei, has become a gallery. In Essen, in western Germany, an old coal mine, the Zollverein, has become an arts centre and concert hall. This creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent: in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites (among them a contemporary art gallery, Weils, in an old brewery in Brussels; a modern art museum in an old railway station, the Hamburger Bahnhof, in Berlin). This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art.
(Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post-industrial-art-gallery)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.1. By a narrow margin. ……………………………………………………2. Group of religious officials (e.g. priests, ministers…). ……………………………………………………………3. Altered for more effective utilization. ……………………………………………………………4. The period of European history between the 14th and 17th centuries when there was a new interest in science and in ancient art and literature especially in Italy. ……………………………………………………………5. Outdoor areas equipped with facilities for recreation. ……………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
…………………………………………………………………………………………2. Art galleries became symbols of national identity in the 18th century. T F
…………………………………………………………………………………………3. Nowadays industrial sites are used to display art. T F
…………………………………………………………………………………………4. It is very expensive to convert old buildings into art galleries. T F
…………………………………………………………………………………………5. Thanks to art, Europe’s old industrial sites are used again. T F
…………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. Who is the Tate Modern gallery in London named after?...........................................................................................................................2. What period of the British Art History does it display?...........................................................................................................................3. What original materials of the old building were used when it was converted into an art gallery?...........................................................................................................................4. When did it open?...........................................................................................................................5. Is it a popular site for tourists?...........................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Vivienne Westwood and her views about fashion..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is a relatively recent innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200 years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19th and 20th centuries art galleries became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. In Leipzig, in eastern Germany, an old cotton mill, the Spinnerei, has become a gallery. In Essen, in western Germany, an old coal mine, the Zollverein, has become an arts centre and concert hall. This creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent: in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites (among them a contemporary art gallery, Weils, in an old brewery in Brussels; a modern art museum in an old railway station, the Hamburger Bahnhof, in Berlin). This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art.
(Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post-industrial-art-gallery)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.1. A right or benefit only given to some people. ………………………………………………
2. A class or group of people considered to be superior. ………………………………………………
3. Taking control of an area and moving in there. ………………………………………………
4. That relates to cities. ………………………………………………
5. The act or process of putting an end to something. ………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).Correct the false ones.1. Before the French revolution, ordinary people could only see art in churches. T F…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. In the 19th and 20th century art galleries became symbols of privilege. T F…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Industrial buildings are nowadays used as art galleries. T F…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Urban regeneration is still not popular in Europe. T F…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Old buildings are converted also for economic reasons. T F…………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. How many sites does the Tate Modern art gallery in London have?...........................................................................................................................2. What kind of building was it before becoming an art gallery?...........................................................................................................................3. What kind of art does it display?...........................................................................................................................4. What were the materials of the original building?...........................................................................................................................5. Does the Tate Modern generate a lot of money?...........................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Vivienne Westwood and her viewsabout fashion..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is a relatively recent innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200 years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19th and 20th centuries art galleries became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. In Leipzig, in eastern Germany, an old cotton mill, the Spinnerei, has become a gallery. In Essen, in western Germany, an old coal mine, the Zollverein, has become an arts centre and concert hall. This creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent: in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites (among them a contemporary art gallery, Weils, in an old brewery in Brussels; a modern art museum in an old railway station, the Hamburger Bahnhof, in Berlin). This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art.
(Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post-industrial-art-gallery)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.
barely • urban • clergy • aristocracy • privilege
1. That relates to cities. …………………………………………
2. A right or benefit only given to some people. …………………………………………
3. By a small margin. …………………………………………
4. A group of people considered to be superior. …………………………………………
5. Groups of religious officials. …………………………………………
English graffiti artist Banksy has become one of the world’s most recognised artists while remaining relatively anonymous. He utilises satire, subversion, dark humour, and irony to create resonant social, political, and humanist messages for the masses on a populous and public level. Banksy’s artistry lies in his ability to use humour to trick viewers into contemplating the underlying seriousness of his messages about capitalism, advertising, politics, and humanity. Banksy chooses anonymity because it removes the status of artist as celebrity, and instead forces a focus on the artwork. Rage, the Flower Thrower (2005) is one of his most important artworks. This work, now covered and protected by a Perspex overlay, features a man dressed up with traditional riot gear, with a bandana obscuring his face and his cap on back-to-front. His position tells us that he is about to throw a Molotov. However, instead of a weapon, he holds a bunch of flowers (which are the only part of the mural to appear in colour.) This piece is located on a wall on the side of a garage in Jerusalem on the main road to Beit Sahour, Bethlehem. By substituting a weapon with a bunch of flowers, Banksy is advocating peace instead of war, and he chose to install this message of peace in a high-conflict area. The work also carries the message that peace comes with active hard work. The bouquet of flowers in this work, in addition to symbolising peace, life, and love, may also be understood as commemorating lost lives in an age-old religious conflict. It is a fine example of Banksy’s use of art to relay messages of social importance.
(Adapted from https://www.theartstory.org/artist-banksy.htm)
Banksy’s Rage, the Flower Thrower
EXERCISE 1. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.1. Unidentified …………………………………………………2. Social standing …………………………………………………3. Represents …………………………………………………4. Supporting …………………………………………………5. Paying a tribute …………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.1. Graffiti artist Banksy makes use of satire and irony toA. deliver messages to politicians.B. make the public appreciate art through dark humour.C. deliver important messages to the masses.
2. Banksy chose to stay anonymous as thisA. makes him more popular as an artist.B. makes people focus on his artwork.C. makes people understand artists are not celebrities.
3. His artwork Rage, the Flower ThrowerA. represents a man who is about to throw flowers.B. represents a man who is about to throw a weapon.C. represents a man who is about to throw a Molotov.
4. It is located in aA. peaceful area.B. high-conflict area.C. neutral area.
5. The bouquet in the artwork is a tribute toA. an age-old religious conflict.B. lost lives.C. active hard work.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
English graffiti artist Banksy has become one of the world’s most recognised artists while remaining relatively anonymous. He utilises satire, subversion, dark humour, and irony to create resonant social, political, and humanist messages for the masses on a populous and public level. Banksy’s artistry lies in his ability to use humour to trick viewers into contemplating the underlying seriousness of his messages about capitalism, advertising, politics, and humanity. Banksy chooses anonymity because it removes the status of artist as celebrity, and instead forces a focus on the artwork. Rage, the Flower Thrower (2005) is one of his most important artworks. This work, now covered and protected by a Perspex overlay, features a man dressed up with traditional riot gear, with a bandana obscuring his face and his cap on back-to-front. His position tells us that he is about to throw a Molotov. However, instead of a weapon, he holds a bunch of flowers (which are the only part of the mural to appear in colour.) This piece is located on a wall on the side of a garage in Jerusalem on the main road to Beit Sahour, Bethlehem. By substituting a weapon with a bunch of flowers, Banksy is advocating peace instead of war, and he chose to install this message of peace in a high-conflict area. The work also carries the message that peace comes with active hard work. The bouquet of flowers in this work, in addition to symbolising peace, life, and love, may also be understood as commemorating lost lives in an age-old religious conflict. It is a fine example of Banksy’s use of art to relay messages of social importance.
(Adapted from https://www.theartstory.org/artist-banksy.htm)
Banksy’s Rage, the Flower ThrowerEXERCISE 1. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.1. Known …………………………………………………2. Spectators …………………………………………………3. Focal point …………………………………………………4. To locate …………………………………………………5. Representing …………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.1. Graffiti artist Banksy makes use of satire and irony toA. deliver messages to politicians.B. deliver important messages to the masses.C. make the public appreciate art through dark humour.
2. Banksy chose to stay anonymous as thisA. makes people focus on his artwork.B. makes him more popular as an artist.C. makes people understand artists are not celebrities.
3. His artwork Rage, the Flower ThrowerA. represents a man who is about to throw a weapon.B. represents a man who is about to throw a Molotov.C. represents a man who is about to throw flowers.
4. It is located in aA. peaceful area.B. neutral area.C. high-conflict area.
5. The bouquet in the artwork is a tribute toA. lost lives.B. an age-old religious conflict.C. active hard work.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
English graffiti artist Banksy has become one of the world’s most recognised artists while remaining relatively anonymous. He utilises satire, subversion, dark humour, and irony to create resonant social, political, and humanist messages for the masses on a populous and public level. Banksy’s artistry lies in his ability to use humour to trick viewers into contemplating the underlying seriousness of his messages about capitalism, advertising, politics, and humanity. Banksy chooses anonymity because it removes the status of artist as celebrity, and instead forces a focus on the artwork. Rage, the Flower Thrower (2005) is one of his most important artworks. This work, now covered and protected by a Perspex overlay, features a man dressed up with traditional riot gear, with a bandana obscuring his face and his cap on back-to-front. His position tells us that he is about to throw a Molotov. However, instead of a weapon, he holds a bunch of flowers (which are the only part of the mural to appear in colour.) This piece is located on a wall on the side of a garage in Jerusalem on the main road to Beit Sahour, Bethlehem. By substituting a weapon with a bunch of flowers, Banksy is advocating peace instead of war, and he chose to install this message of peace in a high-conflict area. The work also carries the message that peace comes with active hard work. The bouquet of flowers in this work, in addition to symbolising peace, life, and love, may also be understood as commemorating lost lives in an age-old religious conflict. It is a fine example of Banksy’s use of art to relay messages of social importance.
(Adapted from https://www.theartstory.org/artist-banksy.htm)
Banksy’s Rage, the Flower ThrowerEXERCISE 1. Draw a line to match the words with the same meaning.1. Unidentified2. Representing3. Social standing4. Spectators5. Paying a tribute
a. Statusb. Viewersc. Anonymousd. Commemoratinge. Symbolising
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.1. Graffiti artist Banksy makes use of satire and irony toa. deliver important messages to the masses.b. make the public appreciate art through dark humour.
2. Banksy chose to stay anonymous becausea. this makes people focus on his artwork.b. this makes him more popular as an artist.
3. His artwork Rage, the Flower Throwera. represents a man who is about to throw a Molotov.b. represents a man who is about to throw flowers.
4. It is located in aa. peaceful area.b. high-conflict area.
5. The bouquet in the artwork is a tribute toa. lost lives.b. an age-old religious conflict.
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in negative reaction to the horrors of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. Whereas photography had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work with the camera and progressive techniques to create images detached from photography’s original uses. Photographs were challenging the viewer’s perceptions, and emphasised the artist’s intent, by presenting familiar images disconnected from their usual context, inviting new perspectives of the ordinary. Artists during this time began to explore revolutionary photographic techniques, which included photomontage, collage, post-production manipulation of photos, staging, and the photogram.Many of these photographers focused on presenting images grounded in reality but which challenged perception, or tricked the eye of the viewer into seeing what lay beneath, forcing a sense of distorted reality. Artists borrowed methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, turning their work into “advertisements” of the individual artist’s mind. Many art journals appeared during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to mass distribute these works of art.
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate endings.1. During the Dada movement artistsA. made use of satire.B. criticised the war.C. documented reality.
2. PhotographsA. portrayed the new reality.B. represented usual and familiar contexts.C. questioned the viewer’s perception.
3. Artists began to exploreA. unusual techniques.B. revolutionary techniques.C. very old techniques.
4. Images often gave a sense ofA. twisted reality.B. accurate reality.C. unfair reality.
5. Many art journals appeared to distribute art toA. the elites.B. the masses.C. the artists.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Steve McCurry and his famous photograph Afghan Girl.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in negative reaction to the horrors of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. Whereas photography had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work with the camera and progressive techniques to create images detached from photography’s original uses. Photographs were challenging the viewer’s perceptions, and emphasised the artist’s intent, by presenting familiar images disconnected from their usual context, inviting new perspectives of the ordinary. Artists during this time began to explore revolutionary photographic techniques, which included photomontage, collage, post-production manipulation of photos, staging, and the photogram.Many of these photographers focused on presenting images grounded in reality but which challenged perception, or tricked the eye of the viewer into seeing what lay beneath, forcing a sense of distorted reality. Artists borrowed methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, turning their work into “advertisements” of the individual artist’s mind. Many art journals appeared during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to mass distribute these works of art.
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate endings.1. During the Dada movement artistsA. criticised the war.B. made use of satire.C. documented reality.
2. PhotographsA. questioned the viewer’s perception.B. portrayed the new reality.C. represented usual and familiar contexts.
3. Artists began to exploreA. unusual techniques.B. very old techniques.C. revolutionary techniques.
4. Images often gave a sense ofA. accurate reality.B. unfair reality.C. twisted reality.
5. Many art journals appeared to distribute art toA. the elites.B. the artists.C. the masses.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Steve McCurry and his famous photograph Afghan Girl.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in negative reaction to the horrors of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. Whereas photography had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work with the camera and progressive techniques to create images detached from photography’s original uses. Photographs were challenging the viewer’s perceptions, and emphasised the artist’s intent, by presenting familiar images disconnected from their usual context, inviting new perspectives of the ordinary. Artists during this time began to explore revolutionary photographic techniques, which included photomontage, collage, post-production manipulation of photos, staging, and the photogram.Many of these photographers focused on presenting images grounded in reality but which challenged perception, or tricked the eye of the viewer into seeing what lay beneath, forcing a sense of distorted reality. Artists borrowed methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, turning their work into “advertisements” of the individual artist’s mind. Many art journals appeared during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to mass distribute these works of art.
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate endings.1. During the Dada movement artistsa. made use of satire.b. documented reality.
2. Photographsa. portrayed the new reality.b. questioned the viewer’s perception.
3. Artists began to explorea. unusual techniques.b. revolutionary techniques.
4. Images often gave a sense ofa. twisted reality.b. accurate reality.
5. Many art journals appeared to distribute art toa. the elitesb. the masses.
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Steve McCurry and his famous photograph Afghan Girl...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the concept of “green building” emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, sustainable architecture has become one of the fastest-growing architecture trends in today’s eco-conscious world. The idea behind sustainable architecture is to use only environmentally friendly techniques and materials during the building process. It also seeks to minimise the negative impact of buildings through efficient energy consumption and development space. Architecture firms who design sustainable buildings typically use natural and renewable resources such as concrete, harvested wood and rock as well as recycled materials like glass. They may also reuse architectural components of other buildings, including doors, windows and flooring in the structure. However, sustainable architecture involves much more than just the materials used. It also focuses on how energy will be used for the structure, and how to effectively conserve it, for example, through good insulation. Sustainable buildings also rely on solar energy or other alternative energy sources. The use of natural and recycled building materials combined with renewable energy sources typically make sustainable buildings much cheaper to construct and maintain. Besides the benefits to the environment and cost savings, one of the greatest benefits of sustainable architecture is that style and design are not compromised. Sustainable architecture, in fact, places emphasis on style and design as well as innovation. The result is that many sustainable buildings are known for their impressive looks. There’s no doubt that sustainable architecture is the way of the future, and will become more prevalent as the concern for the environment grows.
EXERCISE 1. Read the following words, and find their opposites in the text.1. Unaware …………………………………………………2. Increase …………………………………………………3. Inefficaciously …………………………………………………4. Disadvantages …………………………………………………5. Insignificant …………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. When did sustainable architecture start being very popular?........................................................................................................................................................2. What kind of resources are used for sustainable buildings?........................................................................................................................................................3. Does sustainable architecture focus on materials only?........................................................................................................................................................4. What is an example of an alternative energy source?........................................................................................................................................................5. What are the benefits of sustainable buildings?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. Who designed La Sagrada Familia, and what is its architectural style?........................................................................................................................................................2. Who was a famous architect from Finland, and what style is associated with him?........................................................................................................................................................3. Name a famous Italian architect, and one of his most famous works.........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the ‘Starchitects’ who changed the modern world, and their major works. Make sure you analyze:• their innovative designs;• their innovative ideas;• the materials used.
Since the concept of “green building” emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, sustainable architecture has become one of the fastest-growing architecture trends in today’s eco-conscious world. The idea behind sustainable architecture is to use only environmentally friendly techniques and materials during the building process. It also seeks to minimise the negative impact of buildings through efficient energy consumption and development space. Architecture firms who design sustainable buildings typically use natural and renewable resources such as concrete, harvested wood and rock as well as recycled materials like glass. They may also reuse architectural components of other buildings, including doors, windows and flooring in the structure. However, sustainable architecture involves much more than just the materials used. It also focuses on how energy will be used for the structure, and how to effectively conserve it, for example, through good insulation. Sustainable buildings also rely on solar energy or other alternative energy sources. The use of natural and recycled building materials combined with renewable energy sources typically make sustainable buildings much cheaper to construct and maintain. Besides the benefits to the environment and cost savings, one of the greatest benefits of sustainable architecture is that style and design are not compromised. Sustainable architecture, in fact, places emphasis on style and design as well as innovation. The result is that many sustainable buildings are known for their impressive looks. There’s no doubt that sustainable architecture is the way of the future, and will become more prevalent as the concern for the environment grows.
EXERCISE 1. Read the following words, and find their opposites in the text.1. Disappeared …………………………………………………2. Exhaustible …………………………………………………3. Waste …………………………………………………4. More costly …………………………………………………5. Disinterest …………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What happened since the 1960s and 1970s?........................................................................................................................................................2. What kind of materials do architecture firms use for sustainable buildings?........................................................................................................................................................3. What does sustainable architecture focus on?........................................................................................................................................................4. How can energy be conserved?........................................................................................................................................................5. What are the advantages of sustainable buildings?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. Who designed the Guggenheim Museum, and what is its shape?........................................................................................................................................................2. Who was a famous Canadian architect, and what kind of style did he adopt?........................................................................................................................................................3. Name a famous female architect, and one of her most famous works.........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the ‘Starchitects’ who changed the modern world, and their major works. Make sure you analyze:• their innovative designs;• their innovative ideas;• the materials used........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the concept of “green building” emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, sustainable architecture has become one of the fastest-growing architecture trends in today’s eco-conscious world. The idea behind sustainable architecture is to use only environmentally friendly techniques and materials during the building process. It also seeks to minimise the negative impact of buildings through efficient energy consumption and development space. Architecture firms who design sustainable buildings typically use natural and renewable resources such as concrete, harvested wood and rock as well as recycled materials like glass. They may also reuse architectural components of other buildings, including doors, windows and flooring in the structure. However, sustainable architecture involves much more than just the materials used. It also focuses on how energy will be used for the structure, and how to effectively conserve it, for example, through good insulation. Sustainable buildings also rely on solar energy or other alternative energy sources. The use of natural and recycled building materials combined with renewable energy sources typically make sustainable buildings much cheaper to construct and maintain. Besides the benefits to the environment and cost savings, one of the greatest benefits of sustainable architecture is that style and design are not compromised. Sustainable architecture, in fact, places emphasis on style and design as well as innovation. The result is that many sustainable buildings are known for their impressive looks. There’s no doubt that sustainable architecture is the way of the future, and will become more prevalent as the concern for the environment grows.
a. Cheaperb. Concernc. Consciousd. Renewablee. Benefits
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. When did sustainable architecture start being very popular?………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What kind of materials do architecture firms use for sustainable buildings?………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How can energy be conserved?………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What is an example of an alternative energy source?………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What are the benefits of sustainable buildings?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Zaha Hadid, the famous female Arabarchitect..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
“Industrial design has put murder on a mass-production basis” proclaimed Victor Papanek in 1971.Four decades later, Papanek’s viewpoint is widely embraced, in fact contemporary designers share his belief that factories “pollute the air we breathe” or that disposable goods have become “permanent garbage to clutter up the landscape”. In fact, trendy designers today package their products with environmentally sustainable alternatives to the toxic materials that Papanek criticised. However, sustainable design can only reduce the damage done by a product, but Papanek wanted to transform industrial design into a positive force. “Design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes society and himself,” he wrote. In the 1960s Papanek used design to address the isolation of Indonesian villages. He wanted to provide villagers with a source of outside information. The only practical medium was the radio, but standard radio technology was inadequate for people without electricity. So he looked to local sources of energy and designed a transistor radio made from ordinary metal food cans, powered by a burning candle. This technology was sustainable at a sociopolitical level, as it could be locally made, repaired and modified.
(Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.1. Announced officially or publicly. ………………………………………………………2. To have in common. ………………………………………………………3. Harmful effect. ………………………………………………………4. Insufficient for a purpose. ………………………………………………………5. Supplied with energy. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).Correct the false ones.1. Papanek believed industrial design and mass production have negative effectson the environment.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………2. Designers today still use toxic materials in packaging.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………3. Papanek did not believe design could change society.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………4. In the 1960s he used design to address the isolation of the Indonesian villages. T F……………………………………………………………………………………………5. He designed a standard radio.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What is Art Nouveau?........................................................................................................................................................2. What is Alessi?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Bruno Munari.
“Industrial design has put murder on a mass-production basis” proclaimed Victor Papanek in 1971.Four decades later, Papanek’s viewpoint is widely embraced, in fact contemporary designers share his belief that factories “pollute the air we breathe” or that disposable goods have become “permanent garbage to clutter up the landscape”. In fact, trendy designers today package their products with environmentally sustainable alternatives to the toxic materials that Papanek criticised. However, sustainable design can only reduce the damage done by a product, but Papanek wanted to transform industrial design into a positive force. “Design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes society and himself,” he wrote. In the 1960s Papanek used design to address the isolation of Indonesian villages. He wanted to provide villagers with a source of outside information. The only practical medium was the radio, but standard radio technology was inadequate for people without electricity. So he looked to local sources of energy and designed a transistor radio made from ordinary metal food cans, powered by a burning candle. This technology was sustainable at a sociopolitical level, as it could be locally made, repaired and modified.
(Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.1. Accepted enthusiastically. ………………………………………………………2. Designed to be thrown away after use. ………………………………………………………3. Harmful, poisonous. ………………………………………………………4. To think about and deal with. ………………………………………………………5. With no special or distinctive feature. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).Correct the false ones.1. Industrial design and mass production are negative for the environmentaccording to Papanek.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………2. Toxic materials in packaging are still used today by designers.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………3. Papanek thought design cannot change society.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………4. He addressed the problem of isolation of the Indonesian villages in the 1960s. T F
……………………………………………………………………………………………5. Papanek designed a standard radio, made with technologically advanced materials.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What is Art Deco?........................................................................................................................................................2. Who is Giovannoni?............................................................................................................
............................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Bruno Munari...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
“Industrial design has put murder on a mass-production basis” proclaimed Victor Papanek in 1971.Four decades later, Papanek’s viewpoint is widely embraced, in fact contemporary designers share his belief that factories “pollute the air we breathe” or that disposable goods have become “permanent garbage to clutter up the landscape”. In fact, trendy designers today package their products with environmentally sustainable alternatives to the toxic materials that Papanek criticised. However, sustainable design can only reduce the damage done by a product, but Papanek wanted to transform industrial design into a positive force. “Design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes society and himself,” he wrote. In the 1960s Papanek used design to address the isolation of Indonesian villages. He wanted to provide villagers with a source of outside information. The only practical medium was the radio, but standard radio technology was inadequate for people without electricity. So he looked to local sources of energy and designed a transistor radio made from ordinary metal food cans, powered by a burning candle. This technology was sustainable at a sociopolitical level, as it could be locally made, repaired and modified.
(Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com)
EXERCISE 1. Write the words from the box next to the correct definitions.
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T)or false (F). Correct the false ones.1. Papanek believed industrial design and mass production havenegative effects on the environment. T F
………………………………………………………………………………………………2. Papanek did not believe design could change society.
T F
………………………………………………………………………………………………3. He addressed the problem of isolation of the Indonesian villagesin the 1960s. ❐ T F
………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What is Alessi, and who is their major designer?………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is Art Deco?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on Bruno Munari..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Language is the ultimate power in advertising. A strong company name and tagline can make or break a product. And with the advent of social media and web 2.0, the written word has become more prominent than ever. In fact, people are constantly reading on social media, and advertising has changed as a consequence of it. Once, advertising was confined to the generic – an advert on a bus, a 30 second TV commercial, a half-page in a newspaper. These reached a large audience but were not specific. Now, adverts are much more powerful, as cookies and GPS track your location both online and offline to target you and your individual habits. The power of an advert has, therefore, become much stronger, as it can be personally attached to your own daily life. Language has become more refined in recent advertising,with a tendency to use imperatives and adjectives. Imperatives are used to leave people with no choice.If a slogan says “buy our new product now”, the word “now” commands you in a subconscious way, leaving a deeper imprint than the phrase “buy our new product”. Nike’s “just do it” slogan is an example of powerful use of imperatives. Adjectives bring depth to adverts, for example, the Subway slogan “eat fresh” uses an adjective that suggests their food is healthy. Many adverts also use verbs and adverbs to encourage people to action. The famous Marmite slogan “Love it or Hate it” forces you to choose between love or hate. By using powerful words with intense connotations of emotion behind them, the slogan becomes very effective. Language in adverts is vast, varied, and constantly evolving, and adverts contain many connotations that influence us on a subconscious scale.
…………………… adverts are more specific, and can target their audience more individually. Language has become more refined and more 4. ……………………, influencing us subconsciously. The use of 5. …………………… chosen imperatives, adjectives, 6. …………………… and verbs helps companies sell their products. Slogans touch our 7. ……………………, bring us to action, and use connotations attached to words that can greatly 8. …………………… us.
EXERCISE 2. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.1. Arrival …………………………………………2. Limited …………………………………………3. Mighty …………………………………………4. Connected …………………………………………5. Alternative …………………………………………6. Beneficial …………………………………………7. Continuously …………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What are a designer’s main communication tools?........................................................................................................................................................2. What is a pictogram?........................................................................................................................................................3. What is the Swoosh?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on David Ogilvy..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Language is the ultimate power in advertising. A strong company name and tagline can make or break a product. And with the advent of social media and web 2.0, the written word has become more prominent than ever. In fact, people are constantly reading on social media, and advertising has changed as a consequence of it. Once, advertising was confined to the generic – an advert on a bus, a 30 second TV commercial, a half-page in a newspaper. These reached a large audience but were not specific. Now, adverts are much more powerful, as cookies and GPS track your location both online and offline to target you and your individual habits. The power of an advert has, therefore, become much stronger, as it can be personally attached to your own daily life. Language has become more refined in recent advertising,with a tendency to use imperatives and adjectives. Imperatives are used to leave people with no choice.If a slogan says “buy our new product now”, the word “now” commands you in a subconscious way, leaving a deeper imprint than the phrase “buy our new product”. Nike’s “just do it” slogan is an example of powerful use of imperatives. Adjectives bring depth to adverts, for example, the Subway slogan “eat fresh” uses an adjective that suggests their food is healthy. Many adverts also use verbs and adverbs to encourage people to action. The famous Marmite slogan “Love it or Hate it” forces you to choose between love or hate. By using powerful words with intense connotations of emotion behind them, the slogan becomes very effective. Language in adverts is vast, varied, and constantly evolving, and adverts contain many connotations that influence us on a subconscious scale.
are more3. ……………………, and can target their audience more individually. Language has become more refined and more effective, influencing us 4. ……………………. The 5. …………………… of carefully chosen imperatives, adjectives, adverbs and 6. …………………… help companies sell their 7. ……………………. Slogans touch our emotions, bring us to action, and use connotations attached to words that can greatly 8. …………………… us.
EXERCISE 2. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.1. Result …………………………………………2. Public …………………………………………3. Customs …………………………………………4. Controls …………………………………………5. Intensity …………………………………………6. Obliges …………………………………………7. Various …………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What is the role of designers?........................................................................................................................................................2. What are the four basic elements of a brand?........................................................................................................................................................3. What does each letter stand for in SWOT analysis?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on David Ogilvy...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Language is the ultimate power in advertising. A strong company name and tagline can make or break a product. And with the advent of social media and web 2.0, the written word has become more prominent than ever. In fact, people are constantly reading on social media, and advertising has changed as a consequence of it. Once, advertising was confined to the generic – an advert on a bus, a 30 second TV commercial, a half-page in a newspaper. These reached a large audience but were not specific. Now, adverts are much more powerful, as cookies and GPS track your location both online and offline to target you and your individual habits. The power of an advert has, therefore, become much stronger, as it can be personally attached to your own daily life. Language has become more refined in recent advertising,with a tendency to use imperatives and adjectives. Imperatives are used to leave people with no choice.If a slogan says “buy our new product now”, the word “now” commands you in a subconscious way, leaving a deeper imprint than the phrase “buy our new product”. Nike’s “just do it” slogan is an example of powerful use of imperatives. Adjectives bring depth to adverts, for example, the Subway slogan “eat fresh” uses an adjective that suggests their food is healthy. Many adverts also use verbs and adverbs to encourage people to action. The famous Marmite slogan “Love it or Hate it” forces you to choose between love or hate. By using powerful words with intense connotations of emotion behind them, the slogan becomes very effective. Language in adverts is vast, varied, and constantly evolving, and adverts contain many connotations that influence us on a subconscious scale.
EXERCISE 1. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
emotions • specific • influence • subconsciously • past
1. Nowadays language is more important in advertising than it wasi n the ………………………………… .
2. Adverts used to be generic, while today adverts are more ……………………… .
3. Language influences us ………………………………… .
4. Slogans touch our ………………………………… .
5. The use of connotations attached to words can greatly ………………………… us.
EXERCISE 2. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.1. Result2. Powerful3. Public4. Alternative5. Obliges6. Beneficial7. Various
a. Audienceb. Forcesc. Consequenced. Variede. Mightyf. Healthyg. Choice
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What are the four basic elements of a brand?…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2. What is the Swoosh?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on David Ogilvy..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Andy Hayles has worked in the world of theatre consultancy and design for the best part of two decades and was a theatre electrician and lighting designer before that. Hayles believes there are some exciting emerging design trends. Five of these are:1. Renovating existing theatres. The demand for renovation and adaptive use projects is growing, particularly as it’s a cheaper and more environmentally sustainable way of doing things.2. Flexibility in the theatre. Directors and designers love flexibility. For example, automation – putting staging and seats on lifts and so on – is very expensive, but it can be replaced with a “back to basics” approach, easier to maintain. Flexibility can be improved by minimising heavy machinery.3. Theatres in found spaces. It’s certainly becoming increasingly popular for young theatre-makers to put on shows wherever they can. Any building can be a theatre – from an old warehouse to a multistorey car park. The advantage of found spaces is that they can become the centre of really immersive theatrical experiences.4. Temporary theatres. Temporary venues are often the best solution for someone with a limited budget and the need to create something a bit different. You don’t need to spend hundreds of millions to realise a great theatre.5. Theatres as community spaces. Making theatres more inclusive and accessible to the whole community is a really exciting emerging trend.
EXERCISE 1. Find the opposite of the following words in the text.1. Boring …………………………………………2. Decreasing …………………………………………3. Worsened …………………………………………4. Permanent …………………………………………5. Exclusive …………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate ending.1. Andy Hayles thinksA. new trends are emerging in theatre design.
2. Renovating existing buildingsA. is not cheaper.B. is less costly.
3. AutomationA. can be minimised.B. can be improved.
4. Found spaces areA. old and new venues.B. unusual venues.
5. If budget is limited, the best solution isA. community spaces.B. temporary theatres.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What did dramatists write during the English Renaissance, and who ruled at the time?........................................................................................................................................................2. What happen during the Interregnum?........................................................................................................................................................3. Who was Oscar Wilde?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on scenography..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Andy Hayles has worked in the world of theatre consultancy and design for the best part of two decades and was a theatre electrician and lighting designer before that. Hayles believes there are some exciting emerging design trends. Five of these are:1. Renovating existing theatres. The demand for renovation and adaptive use projects is growing, particularly as it’s a cheaper and more environmentally sustainable way of doing things.2. Flexibility in the theatre. Directors and designers love flexibility. For example, automation – putting staging and seats on lifts and so on – is very expensive, but it can be replaced with a “back to basics” approach, easier to maintain. Flexibility can be improved by minimising heavy machinery.3. Theatres in found spaces. It’s certainly becoming increasingly popular for young theatre-makers to put on shows wherever they can. Any building can be a theatre – from an old warehouse to a multistorey car park. The advantage of found spaces is that they can become the centre of really immersive theatrical experiences.4. Temporary theatres. Temporary venues are often the best solution for someone with a limited budget and the need to create something a bit different. You don’t need to spend hundreds of millions to realise a great theatre.5. Theatres as community spaces. Making theatres more inclusive and accessible to the whole community is a really exciting emerging trend.
EXERCISE 1. Find the opposite of the following words in the text.1. Disappearing …………………………………………2. Inelasticity …………………………………………3. More difficult …………………………………………4. Less and less …………………………………………5. Unrestricted …………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate ending.1. New trends are emergingA. in theatre lighting.
2. Renovating old theatresA. is less costly.B. is not cheaper.
3. Hayles states that automationA. can be improved.B. can be minimised.
4. Theatres in found spaces meanA. venues can be unusual places.B. venues can be old and new.
5. The best solution for limited budgets isA. temporary theatres.B. community spaces.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What kind of plays did Shakespeare write? Who ruled at the time?........................................................................................................................................................2. What happened in 1660?........................................................................................................................................................3. Describe how the introduction of a new medium challenged live theatre performances.........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on scenography...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Andy Hayles has worked in the world of theatre consultancy and design for the best part of two decades and was a theatre electrician and lighting designer before that. Hayles believes there are some exciting emerging design trends. Five of these are:1. Renovating existing theatres. The demand for renovation and adaptive use projects is growing, particularly as it’s a cheaper and more environmentally sustainable way of doing things.2. Flexibility in the theatre. Directors and designers love flexibility. For example, automation – putting staging and seats on lifts and so on – is very expensive, but it can be replaced with a “back to basics” approach, easier to maintain. Flexibility can be improved by minimising heavy machinery.3. Theatres in found spaces. It’s certainly becoming increasingly popular for young theatre-makers to put on shows wherever they can. Any building can be a theatre – from an old warehouse to a multistorey car park. The advantage of found spaces is that they can become the centre of really immersive theatrical experiences.4. Temporary theatres. Temporary venues are often the best solution for someone with a limited budget and the need to create something a bit different. You don’t need to spend hundreds of millions to realise a great theatre.5. Theatres as community spaces. Making theatres more inclusive and accessible to the whole community is a really exciting emerging trend.
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate ending.1. Andy Hayles thinksa. new trends are emerging in theatre design.b. new trends are emerging in theatre lighting.
2. Renovating existing buildingsa. is not cheaper.b. is less costly.
3. Automationa. can be minimised.b. can be improved.
4. If budget is limited, the best solution isa. community spaces.b. temporary theatres.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What did dramatists write during the English Renaissance, and who ruled atthe time?………………………………………………………………………………………………2. What happen during the Interregnum?………………………………………………………………………………………………3. What happened in 1660?………………………………………………………………………………………………
The ancient Egyptians believed that the cosmos consisted of the earth (world of the living), the sky, and a netherworld (world of the dead) and that the natural world of people and the supernatural world of the gods were closely interwoven. Magic and ritual were part of religious practices, used to overcome the challenges of everyday life, such as sickness or injury. Magic was also used to enable the dead to reach the afterlife. It was invoked by pronouncing spells and performing special actions. The Book of the Dead was a collection of about 200 spells that helped the dead person to successfully face dangers and tests in the netherworld and achieve eternal life. The day of burial marked the transition of the dead person from the world of the living to that of the dead. While the dead person travelled as a spirit (ba) through the netherworld, their preserved body (mummy) remained in the tomb. The mummy had to be kept safe so that their spirit could reunite with their body ready for the perfect afterlife. The dead person’s mummified body was taken to the tomb accompanied by members of the family, mourners, and servants bringing grave goods. Small amulets, or charms, were placed on and under the wrappings of the mummy, giving the dead person a range of powers and protection. The dead person, in spirit form, had to journey through the world of the dead either on foot, by boat, or through the air. A Book of the Dead papyrus was made by highly skilled scribes. Usually, more than one scribe worked on a papyrus. Sometimes spaces were left for another artist to add the images. Thousands of Book of the Dead manuscripts have been discovered during the past 200 years.
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.1. Realm of the dead. ………………………………………………………2. Connected, closely linked. ………………………………………………………3. Words believed to have magic power. ………………………………………………………4. Preserved body of a dead person. ………………………………………………………
5. Papyrus manuscript of written spells. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What did ancient Egyptians use magic for?........................................................................................................................................................2. What happened during the day of burial?........................................................................................................................................................3. How could the dead person reach the netherworld?........................................................................................................................................................4. What material was used to write the Book of the Dead?........................................................................................................................................................5. Who wrote the Book of Dead?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. To which god or goddess was the Parthenon dedicated to?........................................................................................................................................................2. Explain what Roman baths were.........................................................................................................................................................3. Who was murdered in the famous Canterbury Cathedral in 1170?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the Art of Ancient Greece.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The ancient Egyptians believed that the cosmos consisted of the earth (world of the living), the sky, and a netherworld (world of the dead) and that the natural world of people and the supernatural world of the gods were closely interwoven. Magic and ritual were part of religious practices, used to overcome the challenges of everyday life, such as sickness or injury. Magic was also used to enable the dead to reach the afterlife. It was invoked by pronouncing spells and performing special actions. The Book of the Dead was a collection of about 200 spells that helped the dead person to successfully face dangers and tests in the netherworld and achieve eternal life. The day of burial marked the transition of the dead person from the world of the living to that of the dead. While the dead person travelled as a spirit (ba) through the netherworld, their preserved body (mummy) remained in the tomb. The mummy had to be kept safe so that their spirit could reunite with their body ready for the perfect afterlife. The dead person’s mummified body was taken to the tomb accompanied by members of the family, mourners, and servants bringing grave goods. Small amulets, or charms, were placed on and under the wrappings of the mummy, giving the dead person a range of powers and protection. The dead person, in spirit form, had to journey through the world of the dead either on foot, by boat, or through the air. A Book of the Dead papyrus was made by highly skilled scribes. Usually, more than one scribe worked on a papyrus. Sometimes spaces were left for another artist to add the images. Thousands of Book of the Dead manuscripts have been discovered during the past 200 years.
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.1. The act or ceremony of putting a dead person in a grave.………………………………………………………2. A building or chamber in which a dead body is kept.………………………………………………………3. An ornament with a magic incantation against evil.………………………………………………………4. A copier of manuscripts.
………………………………………………………5. Papyrus manuscript of written spells.………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What was the ancient Egyptians’ idea of the cosmos?........................................................................................................................................................2. What was the Book of the Dead?........................................................................................................................................................3. Why was it important to mummify dead bodies?........................................................................................................................................................4. Why were amulets and charms buried with the mummy?........................................................................................................................................................5. What material was used to write the Book of the Dead?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What were the three “orders” in Greek architecture?........................................................................................................................................................2. Which emperor established the Roman Colosseum?........................................................................................................................................................3. Who wrote the famous Canterbury Tales?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the Art of Ancient Greece..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The ancient Egyptians believed that the cosmos consisted of the earth (world of the living), the sky, and a netherworld (world of the dead) and that the natural world of people and the supernatural world of the gods were closely interwoven. Magic and ritual were part of religious practices, used to overcome the challenges of everyday life, such as sickness or injury. Magic was also used to enable the dead to reach the afterlife. It was invoked by pronouncing spells and performing special actions. The Book of the Dead was a collection of about 200 spells that helped the dead person to successfully face dangers and tests in the netherworld and achieve eternal life. The day of burial marked the transition of the dead person from the world of the living to that of the dead. While the dead person travelled as a spirit (ba) through the netherworld, their preserved body (mummy) remained in the tomb. The mummy had to be kept safe so that their spirit could reunite with their body ready for the perfect afterlife. The dead person’s mummified body was taken to the tomb accompanied by members of the family, mourners, and servants bringing grave goods. Small amulets, or charms, were placed on and under the wrappings of the mummy, giving the dead person a range of powers and protection. The dead person, in spirit form, had to journey through the world of the dead either on foot, by boat, or through the air. A Book of the Dead papyrus was made by highly skilled scribes. Usually, more than one scribe worked on a papyrus. Sometimes spaces were left for another artist to add the images. Thousands of Book of the Dead manuscripts have been discovered during the past 200 years.
…………………………………………4. Preserved body of a dead person. …………………………………………5. Papyrus manuscript of written spells …………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What did ancient Egyptians use magic for?………………………………………………………………………………………………2. How could the dead person reach the netherworld?………………………………………………………………………………………………3. Who wrote the Book of the Dead?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. To which god or goddess was the Parthenon dedicated to?………………………………………………………………………………………………2. Who was murdered in the famous Canterbury Cathedral in 1170?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on the Art of Ancient Greece................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Pop-up Globe is the world’s first full-scale temporary working replica of Shakespeare’s theatre. It is a New Zealand-born project, and it has become one of the most successful new theatre institutions ever, comparable only to Cirque du Soleil, drawing audiences of more than 450,000 people in thefirst 24 months. It is a three-storey, 16-sided, 900-person capacity theatre. In 2015, Pop-up Globe Founder and Artistic Director, Dr Miles Gregory, was reading a pop-up storybook to his young daughter Nancy, featuring a pop-up of the original Globe Theatre. She asked if the family could visit it. Gregoryexplained it was a long way away… then an idea formed. An international theatre consultant with a PhD in Shakespeare in performance, Gregory envisioned a new type of theatre experience: a temporary, full-scale working replica of the Globe Theatre, complete with its own professional theatrecompany, offering the public the opportunity to experience the magic of Shakespeare’s masterworks staged in the space for which they were originally written and performed. Just 15 months later, in time for the 400th Anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in 2016, the first Pop-up Globe was constructed in downtown Auckland, New Zealand. Twenty-four months later, Pop-up Globe turned out to be the most successful theatre venture in New Zealand history – and one of the world’s most successful theatricaladventures ever.
EXERCISE 1. Read the text and find the words that match the following definitions.1. Lasting for a limited time. ………………………………………………………2. Resulting or ending well. ………………………………………………………3. A person who gives professional advice. ………………………………………………………4. A good chance. ………………………………………………………5. Proved to be. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.1. The Pop-up Globe theatre is based inA. New Zealand.B. England.C. Australia.
2. Gregory had the idea of building it whileA. he was watching a play.B. he was reading a story.C. he was writing a script.
3. It took … to build the Pop-up GlobeA. twenty-four monthsB. a yearC. fifteen months
4. The 400th Anniversary of Shakespeare’s death was inA. 2015.B. 2016.C. 2017.
5. The Pop-up Globe isA. a temporary experiment.B. a great success.C. a failure.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Elizabethan theatre.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Pop-up Globe is the world’s first full-scale temporary working replica of Shakespeare’s theatre. It is a New Zealand-born project, and it has become one of the most successful new theatre institutions ever, comparable only to Cirque du Soleil, drawing audiences of more than 450,000 people in thefirst 24 months. It is a three-storey, 16-sided, 900-person capacity theatre. In 2015, Pop-up Globe Founder and Artistic Director, Dr Miles Gregory, was reading a pop-up storybook to his young daughter Nancy, featuring a pop-up of the original Globe Theatre. She asked if the family could visit it. Gregoryexplained it was a long way away… then an idea formed. An international theatre consultant with a PhD in Shakespeare in performance, Gregory envisioned a new type of theatre experience: a temporary, full-scale working replica of the Globe Theatre, complete with its own professional theatrecompany, offering the public the opportunity to experience the magic of Shakespeare’s masterworks staged in the space for which they were originally written and performed. Just 15 months later, in time for the 400th Anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in 2016, the first Pop-up Globe was constructed in downtown Auckland, New Zealand. Twenty-four months later, Pop-up Globe turned out to be the most successful theatre venture in New Zealand history – and one of the world’s most successful theatricaladventures ever.
EXERCISE 1. Read the text and find the words that match the following definitions.1. An exact reproduction. ………………………………………………………2. Being similar or about the same. ………………………………………………………3. Pictured in his mind. ………………………………………………………4. Performed for public view. ………………………………………………………5. Unusual experiences. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.1. The Pop-up Globe theatre is based in
2. Gregory had the idea of building it whileA. he was reading a story.B. he was writing a script.C. he was watching a play.
3. It took … to build the Pop-up GlobeA. a yearB. fifteen monthsC. twenty-four months
4. The 400th Anniversary of Shakespeare’s death was inA. 2017.B. 2016.C. 2015.
5. The Pop-up Globe isA. a great success.B. a failure.C. a temporary experiment.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Elizabethan theatre...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Pop-up Globe is the world’s first full-scale temporary working replica of Shakespeare’s theatre. It is a New Zealand-born project, and it has become one of the most successful new theatre institutions ever, comparable only to Cirque du Soleil, drawing audiences of more than 450,000 people in thefirst 24 months. It is a three-storey, 16-sided, 900-person capacity theatre. In 2015, Pop-up Globe Founder and Artistic Director, Dr Miles Gregory, was reading a pop-up storybook to his young daughter Nancy, featuring a pop-up of the original Globe Theatre. She asked if the family could visit it. Gregoryexplained it was a long way away… then an idea formed. An international theatre consultant with a PhD in Shakespeare in performance, Gregory envisioned a new type of theatre experience: a temporary, full-scale working replica of the Globe Theatre, complete with its own professional theatrecompany, offering the public the opportunity to experience the magic of Shakespeare’s masterworks staged in the space for which they were originally written and performed. Just 15 months later, in time for the 400th Anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in 2016, the first Pop-up Globe was constructed in downtown Auckland, New Zealand. Twenty-four months later, Pop-up Globe turned out to be the most successful theatre venture in New Zealand history – and one of the world’s most successful theatricaladventures ever.
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.1. The Pop-up Globe theatre is based ina. New Zealand.b. England.
2. Gregory had the idea of building it whilea. he was watching a play.b. he was reading a story.
3. It took … to build the Pop-up Globea. twenty-four monthsb. fifteen months
4. The 400th Anniversary of Shakespeare’s death was ina. 2015.b. 2016.
5. The Pop-up Globe isa. a temporary experiment.b. a great success.
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Elizabethan theatre...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The Victorian era, 1837-1901, is characterised as a domestic age, epitomised by Queen Victoria. Accompanied by her beloved husband Albert, and surrounded by her many children, Victoria became an icon of late-19th-century middle-class femininity and domesticity. She was, in fact, a model ofmarital stability and domestic virtue. Her marriage to Albert represented the ideal of marital harmony. She was described as “the mother of the nation”, and she came to embody the idea of home as a cosy, domestic space. When Albert died in 1861, she retreated to her home and family in preference to public political engagements. The transformation of Britain into an industrial nation had profound consequences for women in Victorian times. New kinds of work and new kinds of urban living caused a change in the ways in which male and female roles were perceived. In particular, the notion of separate spheres – woman in the private sphere of the home, man in the public sphere of business, politics and sociability – influenced the choices and experiences of all women, at home, at work, in the streets. It was in this period that motherhood was idealised as the zenith of a woman’s emotional and spiritual fulfilment. Motherhood was a social responsibility, a duty to the state and a full-time job. The domestic sphere was a cultural expression of the female world. Their fashions, etiquette, domestic furnishings, social engagements, religious devotion and charitable activity all served to delineate a universe where women could demonstrate their power. A woman’s place was in the home, as domesticity and motherhood were considered to be a sufficient emotional fulfilment for females.
4. …………………… was women’s highest achievement.5. Women expressed themselves in the …………………… environment.
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and find the words that match the following definitions.1. Perfectly represented. ………………………………………………………2. Life inside a home. ………………………………………………………3. Pleasant and comfortable. ………………………………………………………4. Relating to a city. ………………………………………………………5. Concerned with religious values. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What was Constable’s most recurring subject matter?........................................................................................................................................................2. Who was Theodore Géricault, and what famous work did he paint?........................................................................................................................................................3. What did Van Gogh mostly paint?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 on the late 1890s artists Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The Victorian era, 1837-1901, is characterised as a domestic age, epitomised by Queen Victoria. Accompanied by her beloved husband Albert, and surrounded by her many children, Victoria became an icon of late-19th-century middle-class femininity and domesticity. She was, in fact, a model ofmarital stability and domestic virtue. Her marriage to Albert represented the ideal of marital harmony. She was described as “the mother of the nation”, and she came to embody the idea of home as a cosy, domestic space. When Albert died in 1861, she retreated to her home and family in preference to public political engagements. The transformation of Britain into an industrial nation had profound consequences for women in Victorian times. New kinds of work and new kinds of urban living caused a change in the ways in which male and female roles were perceived. In particular, the notion of separate spheres – woman in the private sphere of the home, man in the public sphere of business, politics and sociability – influenced the choices and experiences of all women, at home, at work, in the streets. It was in this period that motherhood was idealised as the zenith of a woman’s emotional and spiritual fulfilment. Motherhood was a social responsibility, a duty to the state and a full-time job. The domestic sphere was a cultural expression of the female world. Their fashions, etiquette, domestic furnishings, social engagements, religious devotion and charitable activity all served to delineate a universe where women could demonstrate their power. A woman’s place was in the home, as domesticity and motherhood were considered to be a sufficient emotional fulfilment for females.
……………………………………… .4. Motherhood was women’s highest ……………………………………… .5. Women ……………………………………… themselves in the domestic environment.
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and find the words that match the following definitions.1. Successful and admired person. ………………………………………………………2. To represent in human form. ………………………………………………………3. Very strong. ………………………………………………………4. The culminating point. ………………………………………………………5. Designed to help disadvantaged people. ………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What did Monet paint at different times of day, weather conditions, and seasons?........................................................................................................................................................2. Who was the impressionist painter that never worked from nature, and what did he paint?........................................................................................................................................................3. What was the technique explored by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 on the late 1890s artists Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The Victorian era, 1837-1901, is characterised as a domestic age, epitomised by Queen Victoria. Accompanied by her beloved husband Albert, and surrounded by her many children, Victoria became an icon of late-19th-century middle-class femininity and domesticity. She was, in fact, a model of marital stability and domestic virtue. Her marriage to Albert represented the ideal of marital harmony. She was described as “the mother of the nation”, and she came to embody the idea of home as a cosy, domestic space. When Albert died in 1861, she retreated to her home and family in preferenceto public political engagements. The transformation of Britain into an industrial nation had profound consequences for women in Victorian times. New kinds of work and new kinds of urban living caused a change in the ways in which male and female roles were perceived. In particular, the notion of separate spheres – woman in the private sphere of the home, man in the public sphere of business, politics and sociability – influenced the choices and experiences of all women, at home, at work, in the streets. It was in this period that motherhood was idealised as the zenith of a woman’s emotional and spiritual fulfilment. Motherhood was a social responsibility, a duty to thestate and a full-time job. The domestic sphere was a cultural expression of the female world. Their fashions, etiquette, domestic furnishings, social engagements, religious devotion and charitable activity all served to delineate a universe where women could demonstrate their power. A woman’s place was in the home, as domesticity and motherhood were considered to be a sufficient emotional fulfilment for females.
1. Queen Victoria was an ……………………………………… of domesticity.
2. The ideal home was a ……………………………………… space.3. Female and male roles’ ……………………………………… changed.4. ……………………………………… was women’s highest achievement.5. Women expressed themselves in the ……………………………………… environment.
EXERCISE 2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.1. Zenith2. Epitomised3. Icon4. Spiritual5. Urban
a. Perfectly representedb. Successful and admired personc. Relating to a cityd. The culminating pointe. Concerned with religious values
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What was Constable’s most recurring subject matter?………………………………………………………………………………………………2. What did Monet paint at different times of day, weather conditions, and seasons?………………………………………………………………………………………………3. Who was the impressionist painter that never worked from nature, and what did he paint?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on the late 1890s artists Cézanne, VanGogh, and Gauguin.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mexican artist Frida Kahlo is remembered for her self-portraits, pain and passion, and bold, vibrant colours. She is celebrated in Mexico for her attention to Mexican and indigenous culture, and by feminists for her depiction of the female experience and form. Kahlo, who suffered from polio as a child, nearly died in a bus accident as a teenager. After the accident, she began painting while recovering in a body cast. In her lifetime, she had 30operations. The devastation to her body from the bus accident is shown in stark detail in The Broken Column. Kahlo is depicted nearly naked, split down the middle, with her spine presented as a broken decorative column. Her skin is dotted with nails. She is also fitted with a surgical brace. Life experience is a common theme in Kahlo’s paintings, and her physical and emotional painare depicted on canvases. Of her 143 paintings, 55 are selfportraits.Kahlo’s first self-portrait was Self-Portrait in a Velvet Dress in 1926. It was painted in the style of 19th century Mexican portrait painters, who themselves were greatly influenced by the European Renaissance masters. During her life, self-portrait is a subject that Frida Kahlo always returns to, as artists havealways returned to beloved themes – Vincent van Gogh his Sun Flowers, Paul Cézanne his Apples, and Claude Monet his Water Lilies. Frida used to say “I paint self-portraits because I am so often alone, because I am the person I know best”. Frida Kahlo’s fame has been growing after her death. Her Blue House was opened as a museum in the year of 1958. In the 1970s, the interest on her work and life are renewed due to the feminist movement, since she was viewed as an icon of female creativity. In the year of 2002, a movie named Frida was released, starring Salma Hayek as Frida Kahlo, and Alfred Molina as Diego Rivera, her husband. The movie was nominated for six Academy Awards and won for Best Makeup and Original Score.
(Adapted from: https://www.fridakahlo.org/)
EXERCISE 1. Translate the following words into Italian.1. Due to …………………………………………………2. Depiction …………………………………………………3. Starring …………………………………………………4. Greatly …………………………………………………5. Vibrant …………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).Correct the false ones.1. Frida Kahlo portrayed Mexican people.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………2. When she was very young, she nearly died in an accident.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………3. She painted 143 self-portraits.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………4. Frida said she portrayed herself because she was her own muse.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………5. Life experience was often depicted by Kahlo.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. Who were the two painters who initially developed Cubism?........................................................................................................................................................2. What technique did Jackson Pollock use, and what did it consist of?.......................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on New Dada and Pop Art..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mexican artist Frida Kahlo is remembered for her self-portraits, pain and passion, and bold, vibrant colours. She is celebrated in Mexico for her attention to Mexican and indigenous culture, and by feminists for her depiction of the female experience and form. Kahlo, who suffered from polio as a child, nearly died in a bus accident as a teenager. After the accident, she began painting while recovering in a body cast. In her lifetime, she had 30operations. The devastation to her body from the bus accident is shown in stark detail in The Broken Column. Kahlo is depicted nearly naked, split down the middle, with her spine presented as a broken decorative column. Her skin is dotted with nails. She is also fitted with a surgical brace. Life experience is a common theme in Kahlo’s paintings, and her physical and emotional painare depicted on canvases. Of her 143 paintings, 55 are selfportraits.Kahlo’s first self-portrait was Self-Portrait in a Velvet Dress in 1926. It was painted in the style of 19th century Mexican portrait painters, who themselves were greatly influenced by the European Renaissance masters. During her life, self-portrait is a subject that Frida Kahlo always returns to, as artists havealways returned to beloved themes – Vincent van Gogh his Sun Flowers, Paul Cézanne his Apples, and Claude Monet his Water Lilies. Frida used to say “I paint self-portraits because I am so often alone, because I am the person I know best”. Frida Kahlo’s fame has been growing after her death. Her Blue House was opened as a museum in the year of 1958. In the 1970s, the interest on her work and life are renewed due to the feminist movement, since she was viewed as an icon of female creativity. In the year of 2002, a movie named Frida was released, starring Salma Hayek as Frida Kahlo, and Alfred Molina as Diego Rivera, her husband. The movie was nominated for six Academy Awards and won for Best Makeup and Original Score.
(Adapted from: https://www.fridakahlo.org/)
EXERCISE 1. Translate the following words into Italian.1. Depiction …………………………………………………2. Greatly …………………………………………………3. Due to …………………………………………………4. Pain …………………………………………………5. Vibrant …………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).Correct the false ones.1. Frida Kahlo nearly died in an accident.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………2. She made portraits of Mexican people.
T F…………………………………………………………………………………………3. She painted 55 self-portraits.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………4. Life experience was never depicted by Kahlo.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………5. Kahlo said she portrayed herself because she was her own muse.
T F……………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. What is the meaning of Fauvism?........................................................................................................................................................2. Whose theories influenced the Surrealist movement, and what were they?........................................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on New Dada and Pop Art.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mexican artist Frida Kahlo is remembered for her self-portraits, pain and passion, and bold, vibrant colours. She is celebrated in Mexico for her attention to Mexican and indigenous culture, and by feminists for her depiction of the female experience and form. Kahlo, who suffered from polio as a child, nearly died in a bus accident as a teenager. After the accident, she began painting while recovering in a body cast. In her lifetime, she had 30operations. The devastation to her body from the bus accident is shown in stark detail in The Broken Column. Kahlo is depicted nearly naked, split down the middle, with her spine presented as a broken decorative column. Her skin is dotted with nails. She is also fitted with a surgical brace. Life experience is a common theme in Kahlo’s paintings, and her physical and emotional painare depicted on canvases. Of her 143 paintings, 55 are selfportraits.Kahlo’s first self-portrait was Self-Portrait in a Velvet Dress in 1926. It was painted in the style of 19th century Mexican portrait painters, who themselves were greatly influenced by the European Renaissance masters. During her life, self-portrait is a subject that Frida Kahlo always returns to, as artists havealways returned to beloved themes – Vincent van Gogh his Sun Flowers, Paul Cézanne his Apples, and Claude Monet his Water Lilies. Frida used to say “I paint self-portraits because I am so often alone, because I am the person I know best”. Frida Kahlo’s fame has been growing after her death. Her Blue House was opened as a museum in the year of 1958. In the 1970s, the interest on her work and life are renewed due to the feminist movement, since she was viewed as an icon of female creativity. In the year of 2002, a movie named Frida was released, starring Salma Hayek as Frida Kahlo, and Alfred Molina as Diego Rivera, her husband. The movie was nominated for six Academy Awards and won for Best Makeup and Original Score.
(Adapted from: https://www.fridakahlo.org/)
EXERCISE 1. Write the words from the box next to the correct equivalents in English.grazie a • raffigurazione • vivaci • sofferenza • grandemente1. Depiction …………………………………………2. Greatly …………………………………………3. Due to …………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T)or false (F). Correct the false ones.1. Frida Kahlo nearly died in an accident.
T F………………………………………………………………………………………………2. She painted 143 self-portraits.
T F………………………………………………………………………………………………3. Frida said she portrayed herself because she was her own muse.
T F………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.1. Who were the two painters who initially developed Cubism?………………………………………………………………………………………………2. Whose theories influenced the Surrealist movement, and what were they?………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on Pop Art.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
