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Europe

How is Europe different from the

cultures studied so far?

----- in general terms

----- in musical styles

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General Means of Unification

s Linguistic relationships.

s Cultural history.

s Religion (Christianity).

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European Folk Music:

Means of Unifications Clear division between folk and art music

(but also constant contact between the two).

s Strophic form Poems arranged in 2 or more related lines.

Poetic lines related by no. of syllables, rhyme, etc.

Text and musical phrases usually coincide.

Text accents may be reflected by musical means.

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European Folk Music:

Means of Unification

s Scales

Common diatonic intervals (2nds, 3rds). Often having narrow ranges.

7-note scales are usually modal.

Pentatonic scales.

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European Folk Music:

Means of Unification

s Meter

Regularly recurring accent.

Isometric (single metric pattern predominating). Related to organization of poetry.

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European Folk Music:

Means of Unifications Parlando-rubato

emphasis on words

free tempo/meter

frequent ornamentation

s Tempo giusto clearer tempo and meter

less emphasis on words

more emphasis on melody

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European Folk Music:

Means of Unification

s Unaccompanied solo song.

s Epic songs with instrumental accompaniment.

s

Emphasis on vocal ensembles.s Use of polyphony.

s Types of instruments:

bagpipes

fiddles

vertical flutes

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s Duda (Slovakia) Gaida (Bulgaria)

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s Spanish Zampogna (Italy)

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s Veuzes (France) Dudlesack (Germany)

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European Folk Music:

Means of Unifications Song types

Narrative songs

Ballads (love-related topics)

Ceremonial Agricultural

Humorous

Dance types

s older, simpler (rituals, ceremonies)s later, more complex (social occasions, couples dances)

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European Folk Music:

Possible Similarities/Differences

s Singing style degree of tension

amount of ornamentation

accentuation

nasality

pitch level

vocal blend

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Eastern Europe

s Transposition (M2nd, m/M 3rd, or P5th).

s Rhythm is highly influenced by language.

s

Tense singing styles.s Vocal polyphony is dissonant.

s Reverting or transposing forms

(ABA, AABA, A-A5- A5-A).

s Dances use asymmetrical rhythms.

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Bulgarian Dances

s Pravo Horo: duple meter

s

Paiduska: 2 beats in 5/8 meter(2+3)s Racenica: 3 beats in 7/8 meter(2+2+3)

s Eleno Mome: 4 beats in 7/8 meter(2+2+1+2)

s Povarnato Horo: 4 beats in 9/16 (2+2+2+3)

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Examples from Bulgaria

s no. 28:

slow, parlando-rubato melody,

then a pravo horos nos. 1 and 20: racenica

s no. 6: povarnato horo

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Vocal Music -- solos

s solo female Bulgaria, no. 22: Dino said to Rada:

O Rada love, Rada dear, Do you see, Rada, do you see? Down below are two graves, And theyre dark and black, And my heart is dark too . . .

Bulgaria, no. 19: O Yana Yana, lovely Yana, Yana, dont lie out there in the yard, for the bachelors in the village, Lovely Yana, Have sworn theyll tie you up.

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Vocal polyphony

Bulgaria, 2 females, no 7: Three stars shine earliest of all. The first shines below the village. The second shines within the village. The third shines above the village. (field-work song)

Yugoslavia, nos. 15-17 (3 females): no 15: Even the trees in the woods have joined their leaves; I have nowhere to meet my lover (harvest song).

no. 16: Sitato (harvest song).

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Vocal Polyphony (cont.)

s Instrumental imitation of vocal polyphony:

dvojnice(Yugoslavia, no. 17)

s Byelorussia:

QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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Epic Poems

s Greece -- Klephtic odes.

s Finland -- Kalevala.

s Russia -- Bylini.s Yugoslavia -- with gusle (1-stringed fiddle):

Improvised to simple melodic formulas.

Often 10 syllables per line (pause on 4th syllable).

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Gusle

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Epic Song from Yugoslavia

s Oj! Neka pravde, sloge I slobode,

s [O long live justice, harmony and freedom!]

s Nek svi zive, koji narod vode!

s [Long life to all the leaders of the people.]

s O svom narodu cubaju slobode.s [They guard over the freedom of all the people.]

s Na hiljadi devete stotine cetrdest I prve godine,

s [In the year one thousand, nine hundred and forty-one,]

s Procvilila sirotinja raja, [The poor enslaved people cried out,]

s Jadna raja od svakoga kraja [Those enslaved from every region . . ]

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British folk songs

s Tragic love; sea; superstitions.

s Humorous; religious.

s

Often 4 phrases; arched contour.

s Henry Martin

s Old Grey Beard Newly Shaven

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German Folk Songs

s Schneewalzer

s Wir machen durch . . .

s Ein prosit . . .sNach hause . . .

s Muss I denn

s Aanchen von Tharau

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