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ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN KOMUNITAS KOMUNITAS Lia Meilianingsih, M.Kep, Sp.Kom.
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Page 1: ASUHAN- child bearing

ASUHAN KEPERAWATANASUHAN KEPERAWATANKOMUNITASKOMUNITAS

Lia Meilianingsih, M.Kep, Sp.Kom.

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ASSESSMENT

Stressor Degre Of Reaction

ANALYSIS

DIAGNOSIS

PLANNING

INTERVENTION

Primary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

EVALUASI

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A. PENGKAJIANA. PENGKAJIAN

MET0DE PENGUMPULAN DATA 1. Informant interview2. Participant observation Tentang community beliefs, norms, values,

power, influence structures, and problem- solving process

3. Windshield surveys: community’s life and environment (common characteristics of people in the street, neighborhood gathering places, housing quality, the rhythm of community life, and geographic boundaries

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METHODSMETHODS

Data Laporan

1. Secondary analysis: result of community meeting, public documents, health surveys, statistical data, and health records

2. Survey: data from a sample persons

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DATA YANG DIKUMPULKAN……..DATA YANG DIKUMPULKAN……..

Fokus : komunitas sbg partner dan penggunaan proses keperawatan didalam praktik CHN

Core (inti) : demografi, nilai, keyakinan, dan riwayat komunitas

Sbg anggota komunitas akan dipengaruhi oleh delapam subsistem komunitas

Delapan subsistem komunitas: lingkungan fisik, pendidikan, keamanan & transportasi, politik & pemerintahan, pelayanan kesehatan dan sosial, komunikasi, ekonomi, dan rekreasi

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DATA YANG DIKUMPULKANDATA YANG DIKUMPULKAN

Physical Environment

Education

Safety & Transportation

Politics & Govermment

Recreation

Economic

Health & Social Services

Communication

Community

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AA.. DATA DATA KOMUNITAS (INTI) KOMUNITAS (INTI)

A. Riwayat / Sejarah - Terjadinya - Perkembangan B. Demografi – Penduduk Usia, Jenis Kelamin Suku, Tipe Keluarga, Status Perkawinan.C. Angka Statistik Penting Angka Kelahiran, Angka Kematian, Penyebab Kematian.D. Values, Beliefs, dan Agama

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SUMBER INFORMASISUMBER INFORMASI

Sejarah

Perpustakaan

Sensus Penduduk/ Rumah Tangga

Pencatatan Di Kelurahan, Kecamatan, dan Puskesmas

Kontak langsung/ Secara Pribadi.

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B. Data 8 sub sistemB. Data 8 sub sistem1. 1. Pengkajian Lingkungan FisikPengkajian Lingkungan Fisik

Individu - MasyarakatKomponen Sumber Data

Individu Masyarakat

Inspeksi

Auskultasi

Tanda ² Vital

Review Sistem

Laboratorium

Semua Indra

Stetoskop

Termometer

Tensi meter

Kepala Ke Kaki

Darah, RO Foto test lain

“WIENSHIEND SURVEY”

B’JL.MLL Masyarakat

Mendengar Masyarakat

Obs Iklim: Sumber/ Tanda kehidup, kepadatan Penddk

Obs. Sistem Sosisal, Perumahan , Bisnis.

Pusat Penelitan

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Hasil Pengkajian Lingkungan FisikHasil Pengkajian Lingkungan Fisik

Inspeksi Denah daerah

Tanda Vital Iklim/Daerah Banjir

Kepadatan/Luas Daerah

Jumlah Penduduk

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WIENDSHIELD SURVEYWIENDSHIELD SURVEY

Perumahan, Lingkungan/ DaerahBangunan : Tua, Bahan, Arsitektur, Bersatu/ Pisah.Lingkungan TerbukaLuas/ Sempit, Kualitas, Pribadi/ UmumBatasAda batas daerah : Jalan, Sungai, Got,

Kondisi : Bersih/ KotorKebiasaan Tempat Kumpul : Siapa, Jam BerapaTrasportasiCara Datang dan Pergi, Situasi Jalan, Jenis Alat TransportasiPusatKlinik, tempat Rekreasi, Sekolah, Praktek Yan Kes, Tempat Ibadah, Dipakai/ Siap Dipakai

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WIENDSHIELD SURVEY……WIENDSHIELD SURVEY……Toko/ Warung/ Pusat PerbelanjaanJenis Apa, Siapa Pemilik, Bagaimana Mencapai.Orang Di JalanSiapa Yang Di JumpaiSukuTempat IbadahKesehatanAda Yang Sakit Akut/ Kronis, Dekat Rumah SakitPolitikKampanye, PosterMediaTV, radio, Koran, Majalah, Papan Pengumuman, Dll

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2.2.Pelayanan dan Fasilitas Yan Kes & Pelayanan dan Fasilitas Yan Kes & SosialSosial

1. Fasilitas Didalam Komunitas

2. Fasilitas Diluar Komunitas

Data Yang Diperlukan :

Jenis Yan, Bayaran, Jam Yan, SB.Daya, Karakteristik, Pemakai, Statistik (Kunjungan, Hari, Bulan, Tahun)

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3. 3. EkonomiEkonomi

Indikator Ekonomi & Sumber.Informasi

1. Rumah Tangga a. Rata Pendapatan

% Rt. Di bawah Miskin % Rt. Menerima Yan Pem % Rt. Dikepalai Wanita

Sensus, Camat, Lurahb. Biaya Perbulan Masing-Masing Rt Rumah Sendiri, Sewa Sensus, Camat, Lurah

2. Individu Pendapatan/ Orang, % Yang Miskin

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Karakteristik PekerjaKarakteristik Pekerja

Status Pekerja :

• Kelompok Umum (18±)

% Bekerja

% Pengangguran

% Pensiun (Tidak Bekerja) Kelompok Khusus: % wanita dengan anak yang

bekerja Kategori pekerjaan

PNS

Wiraswasta

Petani

Buruh

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44. Keamanan & Transportasi. Keamanan & Transportasi

Keamanan/ Yan Perlindunga. Kebakaranb. Polisic. Sanitasi ; Limbah, Sampah, Air Kotor tata Kota, Dinas Kebakaran, kantor polisi, Dinas PUKualitas AirTransportasi: Swasta/ PemerintahBus, Jalan ; Tol/ By Pass, Udara, Laut, Kapal Api.

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55. Politik & Pemerintahan. Politik & Pemerintahan

PemerintahRt, Rw, Lurah, Camat, DstKelompok Yan. Masyarakat :- PKK - Karang Taruna- LKMD - Posyandu- Panti Werdha - DllPolitikPeran serta Partai Politik dalam Yan Kes, Kebijakan Pem.dalam Yan kes.

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6. 6. KomunikasiKomunikasi

FormalKoran (Sirkulasi, Frek, Lingkup) Kantor KoranRadio/ TV (Stasiun, Komersial, Pendengar, Jam Mengudara) Kantor PemerintahPostel ; kantor, Telpon Umum/ Pribadi Kantor PostelInformalSB : Papan Pengumuman, Poster, Brosur Wiendshield SurveyCara peduduk menerima Informasi • Dari Mulut Kemulut• Surat• Radio/ TV• Pengumuman Keliling

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7. 7. PendidikanPendidikan

Status Pendidikan• TK. Pendidikan• Tipe/ Macam Sekolah• Bahasa sensus, Camat, Lurah

Pendidikan Yang Tersedia Di dalam / Luar Masyarakat• Yan • Sumber• Karakteristik Pemakai • Keadekuatan, Tersedia, D/Dicapai Dik-Bud, Kanwil, Kakandep, Kasek

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88. Rekreasi. Rekreasi

Dimana anak-anak bermain Bentuk / jenis rekreasi Fasilitas rekreasi ? Siapa pengunjung / pesertanya ?

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ANALISISANALISIS

KategorisasiPerbandinganPenarikan kesimpulan

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Analysis: reading through each category of data, compare statistics for at least two point in time

Synthesis: a complete reading through of all material collected; examine data in each category for data that fit with data from another category. Ex. The education level is related to prenatal care; related pieces of information must be located and pulled together to form a community diagnoses

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ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESISANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

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a hypothesis or statement of the outcome of the analysis and synthesis of the data and information

Statement of risks to the population, conditions, trends, potential problems, strengths, or latent situation

Is stated by bringing together the related factors and the supportive data

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COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS: COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS: Definition Definition

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Client focus: community or aggregate vs individuals or families

Content: health status of community/population related to multiple determinant, multidiscipline vs condition of health and illness, nursing intervention

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Community and Nursing DiagnosesCommunity and Nursing Diagnoses

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Focusing effort: improvement of community’s health

Establish boundaries around the problem or situation

Define a problem or situationProvide a common understanding of the

problem

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The Importance of formulatingThe Importance of formulating

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A. Needs is as a gap between current state and what should be Determining the desired state and closing the gap: Why?B. Problem is a specific current situation or conditions (high

death rate or new cases of tuberculosis) that people feel should no longer be tolerated

C. Diagnoses: a hypothesis, is statement about the expected relationship between the factors in a given population

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COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS, NEED, AND COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS, NEED, AND PROBLEM: the differencesPROBLEM: the differences

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Conclusion of data analysis and synthesis stated as a hypothesis about an adverse situation or status, strength, trend, weakness, potential problem, or risk

Description of population, community, aggregate, group to which the conclusion applied; connected to statement with the word “among”

Social, environment, cultural, economic, and other associated characteristics of the community related to the conclusion; linked to the community description by the phrase “related to”

Indicators that the adverse situation or status, strength, trend, weakness, risk, or potential problem; linked to the associated characteristic by the phrase "as demonstrated in”

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Writing a Community DiagnosisWriting a Community Diagnosis

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Risk of death from breast cancer among women ages 50 years and over in …. related to: 42% of women are obese, 10% women have family history of breast cancer, and 15% of women 50 years and older were screened for breast cancer in 1997 as demonstrated in a cancer death rate of 25% per 100,000 in … which is 10% above the national baseline for 1987

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DIAGNOSIS related to diseaseDIAGNOSIS related to disease

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Community cohesion among resident of … related to: history of racial harmony and use of mechanism for peaceful resolution of conflict as demonstration in reduction in the last six months by 20% incidence of physical fighting among adolescence aged 14-17, a 10% decrease in the number of assaults in the last year, and two new coalitions formed to deal with drug use in the community

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Diagnosis related to strengthDiagnosis related to strength

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Risk of contracting tuberculosis among residents of … related to immigrant and refuge residing in …not screened for tuberculosis, incomplete treatment of individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis and 10 new cases of AIDS diagnosed last year, as demonstrated in a rate tuberculosis of 20 per 100,000 compared with a rate of 10 for the state, an increase of 20% in cases of tuberculosis in 1997, and three new tuberculosis cases reported in children 5 years and under during the first six months of 1999

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Diagnosis related to a risk to the populationDiagnosis related to a risk to the population

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COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSISCOMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS

Muecke - Risk of: identifies a specific problem or

health risk- Among: identifies the specific community

client- Related to: describes characteristics of the

community and its environment

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DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN KOMUNITAS………KOMUNITAS………

Contoh : Resiko Peningkatan Gangguan sistem

cardiovasculer pada Komunitas Di RW 05 b.d Kurangnya Kesadaran Masyarakat Tentang Hidup Sehat Yang Dimanisfestasikan Dengan 0,015 Ditemukan Sakit CVS, 50% Mengkonsumsi Lemak Tinggi, 20% Informasi Tentang CVS Kurang

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DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN KOMUNITAS…KOMUNITAS…

Contoh :

Resiko gangguan tumbuh kembang pada balita di Desa Melati berhubungan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan dan kemampuan keluarga dalam menstimulasi perkembangan balita serta rendahnya pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan untuk memantau perkembanga balita.

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C. PLANNINGC. PLANNING

NURSING DIAGNOSIS PRIORITIZATIONGOALS AND OBJECTIVESIDENTIFYING INTERVENTION

ACTIVITIES

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a ranking process to determine its relative importance

according to predetermined criteriaconsideration the contribution of

community members, substantive experts, and administrators, and resources controllers

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Problem PrioritizationProblem Prioritization

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COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS PRIORITIZATION CRITERIAPRIORITIZATION CRITERIA

1. Community awareness of the problem2. Community motivation to resolve or better

manage the problem3. The nurse’s ability to influence problem solution4. Availability of expertise relevant to problem

solution5. Severity of consequence if the problem

unresolved6. Speed with which resolution can be achieved

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COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS PRIORITIZATION CRITERIA……PRIORITIZATION CRITERIA……

BAGAIMANA PENTINGNYA MASLAH UNTUK DIATASI

PERUBAHAN POSITIF PADA KOMUNITAS JIKA MASALAH DIATASI

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS HIDUP JIKA MASAAH DI ATASI

RANKING DARI SEMUA MASALAH

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVESGOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Goals: broad statements of desired outcomes.

Tujuan jangka panjang / Tujuan UmumObjectives: precise statements of the

desired outcomes.

Tujuan jangka pendek / Tujuan Khusus

SMART

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MENETAPKAN STRATEGI MENETAPKAN STRATEGI INTERVENSIINTERVENSI

Merencanakan

What to Do, When To Do It, How To Do It, Who, Will Do It, How Much

Memperhatikan

Program & Organisasi Yang Ada, Situasi, Sumber Daya, Program Yang Lalu

Menetapkan Aktifitas Untuk Tiap Tujuan Yang Telah Ditetapkan

Menentukan Jawaban Atas Pertanyaan

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STRATEGI INTERVENSISTRATEGI INTERVENSI

PARTNERSHIPPROSES KELOMPOK

PENDIDIKAN KESEHATANEMPOWERMENT

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PARTNERSHIPPARTNERSHIP

DALAM MELAKUKAN KERJASAMA PERAWAT DAN

KOMUNITAS BERPARTISIPASI AKTIF DLM PENGAMBILAN

KEPUTUSAN UNTUK MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH MELALUI

KEG. KOLABORASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KESEHATAN

PERAWAT DAN KOMUNITAS SALING BERKONTRIBUSI SESUAI

DG KEMAMPUAN DAN KETRAMPILAN MASING2

DLM KEG. PARTNERSHIP PERAWAT DAN KOMUNITAS SALING

SHARING TANGGUNG JAWAB, PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN,

DAN KOMITMEN TERHADAP TUJUAN.

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PROSES KELOMPOKPROSES KELOMPOK

INTERVENSI DILAKUKAN BERSAMA-SAMA DG

MASYARAKAT MELALUI PEMBENTUKAN

KELOMPOK ATAU SUPPORT SOCIAL YANG

LAINNYA SESUAI DENGAN KEBUTUHAN DAN

KONDISI YANG ADA DI KOMUNITAS TERSEBUT.

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PENDIDIKAN KESEHATANPENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN

PADA DASARNYA PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN

MERUPAKAN UPAYA TRANSFORMASI

PENGETAHUAN DARI PERAWAT KEPADA

KOMUNITAS.

MELALUI PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN INI

DIHARAPKAN KOMUNITAS AKAN MENJADI TAHU,

MAU, DAN MAMPU DALAM MENYELESAIKAN

MASALAH KESEHATANNYA.

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EMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENT

KEGIATAN SALING MEMBERIKAN KEKUATAN,

BAIK IDE MAUPUN PENGETAHUAN

PEMBERDAYAAN DAN PARTISIPASI MERUPAKAN

DASAR TERBENTUKNYA KERJASAMA

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BENTUK INTERVENSIBENTUK INTERVENSI

PENCEGAHAN PRIMERPENCEGAHAN SEKUNDER

PENCEGAHAN TERTIER

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D. IMPLEMENTASID. IMPLEMENTASI

Perawat Bertanggung Jawab Untuk Melaksanakan Tindakan Yang Telah Direncanakan Yang Sifatnya :

Bantuan Untuk Mengatasi Masalah Di Komunitas

Mendidik Komunitas Tentang Perilaku Sehat

Sebagai Advocacy Komunitas & Memfasilitasi Terpenuhinya Kebutuhan Komunitas

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E. EVALUASIE. EVALUASIRelevansi Apakah Program Dilakukan

Yang Ada Atau Yang Baru ?

Perkembangan

Apakah Dilaksanakan Sesuai Rencana? Bagaimana Staf,fasilitas, Peserta ?

Effisiensi Bagaimana Biaya ? Apa Keuntungan Program ?

Efektifitas Apakah Tujuan Tercapai ? Apakah Klien Puas?

Impact Apakah Dampak Jangka Panjang ? Apakah Perubahan Perilaku? Status Kesehatan Meningkat

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Daftar AcuanDaftar AcuanAnderson, E.T., and McFarlane, J.(2000).

Community as partner:Theory and practice in nursing, 3rd.ed, Philadelpia: Lippincott

Allender, J.A., and Spradley, B.W.(2001). Community health nursing : Concepts and practice, 4th.ed, Philadelpia: Lippincott

Clark, M.J.(1999). Nursing in the community: Dimensions of community health nursing, Samford, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange


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