Carbon Sequestration Carbon Sequestration Challenges in KentuckyChallenges in Kentucky

J.A. Drahovzal, B.C. Nuttall, S. F. Greb, J.A. Drahovzal, B.C. Nuttall, S. F. Greb, T.M. Parris, D.C. Harris, and Cortland EbleT.M. Parris, D.C. Harris, and Cortland Eble

Energy and Minerals Kentucky Geological

Survey

AAPG Annual MeetingSan Antonio, Texas

April 21, 2008

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements•• PartnersPartners

–– Basin Petroleum, Big Rivers Electric Corp., Basin Petroleum, Big Rivers Electric Corp., ConocoPhillips, E.ON U.S., LLC, GEO Consultants, ConocoPhillips, E.ON U.S., LLC, GEO Consultants, LLC, Henderson County LLC, Henderson County RiverportRiverport Authority, ICON Authority, ICON Construction, Inc., Kentucky Syngas, LLC, Kentucky Construction, Inc., Kentucky Syngas, LLC, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Kentucky GovernorGovernor’’s Office of Energy Policy, Praxair Inc., s Office of Energy Policy, Praxair Inc., Smith Management Group, State of Illinois Office of Smith Management Group, State of Illinois Office of Coal Development, Schlumberger Carbon Services, Coal Development, Schlumberger Carbon Services, Sunshine Oil and Gas, Tennessee Valley Authority, Sunshine Oil and Gas, Tennessee Valley Authority, University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, URS Corp.Research, URS Corp.

•• PIs for the Western Kentucky Deep Drilling PIs for the Western Kentucky Deep Drilling ProjectProject–– David WilliamsDavid Williams–– Rick BowersoxRick Bowersox

OutlineOutline•• Kentucky House Bill 1 legislation that:Kentucky House Bill 1 legislation that:

–– encourages development of coalencourages development of coal--gasification facilitiesgasification facilities

–– provides Kentucky Geological Survey provides Kentucky Geological Survey funding for geologic carbonfunding for geologic carbon--storage storage researchresearch

•• Resulting KGS carbon storage projectsResulting KGS carbon storage projects•• Western Kentucky deep drilling projectWestern Kentucky deep drilling project

BackgroundBackground•• Kentucky HB 1 passed in August 2007 Kentucky HB 1 passed in August 2007 •• Provides financial incentives for Provides financial incentives for

development of coaldevelopment of coal--gasification plants gasification plants –– In KentuckyIn Kentucky–– Use Kentucky coalUse Kentucky coal–– CarbonCarbon--capture readycapture ready

•• Provides $5 million to KGS for geologic Provides $5 million to KGS for geologic carbon storage research carbon storage research

•• Encouraged to use the $5 million to match Encouraged to use the $5 million to match available federal and private fundsavailable federal and private funds

2007 HB 1 Directives2007 HB 1 Directives•• Quantify the potential for:Quantify the potential for:

–– COCO22 EOREOR–– CO2 EGRCO2 EGR

•• Test the organicTest the organic--rich Devonian gas shales rich Devonian gas shales –– COCO22 EGR EGR –– COCO22 storage potentialstorage potential

•• Drill deep testsDrill deep tests to estimate permanent to estimate permanent storage potentialstorage potential–– Eastern Coal FieldEastern Coal Field–– Western coal FieldWestern coal Field

Major coal-producing areaCoal field

Deep Drilling in the two Deep Drilling in the two Kentucky Coal FieldsKentucky Coal Fields

Organization of PartnershipOrganization of Partnership

•• KGS realizes that $5 million is not sufficient KGS realizes that $5 million is not sufficient to accomplish all these goalsto accomplish all these goals–– Developed and is still developing partnershipsDeveloped and is still developing partnerships

•• Created a joint industryCreated a joint industry––government government consortium to carry out the directivesconsortium to carry out the directives–– Kentucky Consortium for Carbon StorageKentucky Consortium for Carbon Storage

(KYCCS) administered by KGS at the University of (KYCCS) administered by KGS at the University of KentuckyKentucky

–– Web site: Web site: www.kyccs.orgwww.kyccs.org

Five SubprojectsFive Subprojects•• COCO22 enhanced oil recoveryenhanced oil recovery

•• COCO22 enhanced gas recovery/Devonian shale enhanced gas recovery/Devonian shale

•• Western Kentucky deep COWestern Kentucky deep CO22 storagestorage

•• Eastern Kentucky deep COEastern Kentucky deep CO22 storagestorage

•• Public relations and technology transferPublic relations and technology transfer

Western Kentucky Deep Drilling Western Kentucky Deep Drilling ProjectProject

•• Funding PartnersFunding Partners–– ConocoPhillips, E.ON U.S. LLC, Kentucky Syngas, ConocoPhillips, E.ON U.S. LLC, Kentucky Syngas,

LLC, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of LLC, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Kentucky GovernorKentucky, Kentucky Governor’’s Office of Energy s Office of Energy Policy, Smith Management Group, State of Illinois Policy, Smith Management Group, State of Illinois Office of Coal Development, Schlumberger Carbon Office of Coal Development, Schlumberger Carbon ServicesServices

•• Associate PartnersAssociate Partners–– Big Rivers Electric Corp., GEO Consultants, LLC, Big Rivers Electric Corp., GEO Consultants, LLC,

Henderson County Henderson County RiverportRiverport Authority, ICON Authority, ICON Construction, Inc., Praxair Inc., Tennessee Valley Construction, Inc., Praxair Inc., Tennessee Valley Authority, Sunshine Oil and Gas, University of Authority, Sunshine Oil and Gas, University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, URS Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, URS Corp.Corp.

•• Open to other participantsOpen to other participants

Partnership RolesPartnership Roles•• Partners (utilities, energy companies, service Partners (utilities, energy companies, service

companies, state agencies, U.S. DOE) are companies, state agencies, U.S. DOE) are agreeing to:agreeing to:–– contribute cashcontribute cash–– provide inprovide in--kind serviceskind services–– provide well sites provide well sites –– share in the planningshare in the planning

•• NotNot--forfor--profit organization: profit organization: Western Kentucky Western Kentucky Carbon Storage Foundation Inc. Carbon Storage Foundation Inc.

•• KGS selects projects and sites, and allocates KGS selects projects and sites, and allocates fundsfunds

•• All results are public All results are public

Project ScheduleProject Schedule•• Project will require 3 to 4 years for completionProject will require 3 to 4 years for completion•• Projects to run concurrentlyProjects to run concurrently•• Deep drilling is the first priority due to lead time Deep drilling is the first priority due to lead time

required in identifying partners, drilling rigs, and required in identifying partners, drilling rigs, and fundingfunding

•• Western Kentucky deepWestern Kentucky deep--drilling project starteddrilling project started–– Drilling expected to commence within the yearDrilling expected to commence within the year–– Collecting seismic data in area of well before drillingCollecting seismic data in area of well before drilling

•• Partners for the other projects currently being Partners for the other projects currently being soughtsought

DOE Phase I CODOE Phase I CO22 Storage Storage EstimatesEstimates

6.1

25.1

0.31.1

0

10

20

30

Oil & GasFields

Coals DevonianShale

Deep Saline

Bill

ion

tonn

esB

illio

n to

nnes

Total: 32.5 billion tonnes total (>300 years of Kentucky emissions)

* Does not include the Knox Group and the Precambrian * Does not include the Knox Group and the Precambrian sandstonessandstones

Spec

ulat

ive

Not Demonstrated

*

Basement sedimentary and igneous rocks (mostly seal; some sink)

Sink and seal (depends on horizon)

Unconformity

Caprock- seal interval

Potential CO2 sinks/ reservoirs

Western Kentucky Stratigraphic Units Western Kentucky Stratigraphic Units with COwith CO22 Storage PotentialStorage Potential

•• Mt Simon Mt Simon considered a considered a major sink in E major sink in E MidcontMidcont.; tight in .; tight in KyKy

•• Knox Group both Knox Group both sink and seal; sink and seal; greater sink greater sink potential in Kypotential in Ky

•• Some units above Some units above this including:this including:

–– Deeper Deeper Mississippian Mississippian sands and sands and carbonatescarbonates

–– New Albany New Albany ShaleShale

–– Silurian Silurian DolomitesDolomites

Rock units

Black River Gp (High Bridge Gp)

Joachim Dol

St. Peter Ss

Plattin Fm

Pecatonica Fm

Lexington Ls

Maquoketa Gp

Wells Creek-Dutchtown Fm

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower

East Continent Rift Basin/ Granite-Rhyolite Province

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Knox

Gp.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Eau Claire Fm

?

Western Kentucky Deep Drilling Western Kentucky Deep Drilling ProjectProject

•• Farthest along of the projectsFarthest along of the projects•• DrillDrill--site selection criteria (primarily geologic)site selection criteria (primarily geologic)

–– As representative of the regional geology as possibleAs representative of the regional geology as possible–– Maximum depth 8,000 feetMaximum depth 8,000 feet

•• Porosity of the Mt. Simon is higher at shallower depthsPorosity of the Mt. Simon is higher at shallower depths•• Drilling and testing cost considerations (up to $7 million)Drilling and testing cost considerations (up to $7 million)

–– Test the entire sedimentary section to basement for both Test the entire sedimentary section to basement for both sink and seal characteristicssink and seal characteristics

–– Target reservoir zones below 2,500 feet depthTarget reservoir zones below 2,500 feet depth•• Knox Group: Primary targetKnox Group: Primary target•• Mt. Simon Sandstone: Secondary targetMt. Simon Sandstone: Secondary target•• Other targets: New Albany Shale, Silurian dolomites, St. Peter Other targets: New Albany Shale, Silurian dolomites, St. Peter

Sandstone, Gunter Sandstone (Knox), Precambrian sandstonesSandstone, Gunter Sandstone (Knox), Precambrian sandstones–– Must be within the western coal producing areaMust be within the western coal producing area

•• Screening for location relied regional seismic Screening for location relied regional seismic data (only 7 basement test)data (only 7 basement test)

Storage Potential Greater in Knox Storage Potential Greater in Knox than in Mt Simonthan in Mt Simon

•• DuPont Waste Injection DuPont Waste Injection Well, Louisville, KYWell, Louisville, KY

•• 750 ft of Mt. Simon has low 750 ft of Mt. Simon has low permeability (not used)permeability (not used)

•• Best permeability in 1870 ft. Best permeability in 1870 ft. of Copper Ridge Groupof Copper Ridge Group–– Five thin zones of vuggy, Five thin zones of vuggy,

fractured dolomitefractured dolomite–– 150 150 g/mg/m @175 psi or @175 psi or

1/3 MMT CO1/3 MMT CO22 /yr)/yr)–– Sink and Seal Sink and Seal

0 200GR

5 15CALI

2 3RHOB

30 -10SNP

140 40DT

KnoSt.

RoCo

Eau

Pre

Mt.

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

000

Core 2

Core 3Core 4Core 5

Core 6

Core 7

Core 8

Core 9Core 10

Core 11

Core 12

Core 13Core 14

Core 15

Core 16

Okb

Eau Claire

Mt. Simon

Basement

K

n

o

xC

oppe

r Rid

ge

Storage Potential of Knox ConfirmedStorage Potential of Knox Confirmed

•• Waste water injection well in Waste water injection well in Butler Co. Butler Co.

•• 1,760 ft open hole1,760 ft open hole•• Injection zones unknown, Injection zones unknown,

but note spikes on the but note spikes on the density porosity logdensity porosity log

•• CO2 injection rates and CO2 injection rates and storage capacity similar to storage capacity similar to the DuPont wellthe DuPont well–– Injection rates not maximized in Injection rates not maximized in

wellwell

K

N

O

X

Joachim, St. Peter4690’

6450’

1,76

0’

U

Screening for the Deep WellScreening for the Deep Well

U H DH-1

B

OM B-1

B-2

L

Based on proprietary seismic data

t Kn th Kn t EC t MS th MS t B4227 3638 7865 8225 600 8900

Depth of Top (t) and Thickness (th) in feet

Hancock Co.: as shallowas possible and still be in the W. Ky Coalfield

Western Kentucky Coal Field

Seismic Line and Drill Location in Seismic Line and Drill Location in Hancock Co., KentuckyHancock Co., Kentucky

Hancock Co.

Ohio R.IN

KY

Proposed drill site

0 10Miles

N

NN--S Seismic Line in Hancock Co.S Seismic Line in Hancock Co.Projected Drill Locations

pC 5*

pC1*pC 4*

Cms

DnaOmqOCknCec

0 2Miles

pC

Cms pinches out to South

•• Knox ~4,000 ft. thickKnox ~4,000 ft. thick•• Gentle N dipGentle N dip•• Mt. Simon pinches out to SMt. Simon pinches out to S•• pC units are likely sedimentarypC units are likely sedimentary•• pC1* nearly conformable with pC1* nearly conformable with PzPz•• pC4* folded and pinches out to SpC4* folded and pinches out to S•• pC5* thrust and fold belt (note pC5* thrust and fold belt (note

angular relationships)angular relationships)

Modified from Drahovzal, 1997, figure 2

1s

1.5s

0.5s

S N

NN--S Seismic Line in Hancock Co.S Seismic Line in Hancock Co.

•• Knox Group is up to about 4,000 ft. thick at drill siteKnox Group is up to about 4,000 ft. thick at drill site——primary targetprimary target•• Mt. Simon is up to nearly 600 ft thickMt. Simon is up to nearly 600 ft thick——likely thin (<100 ft?) to missing likely thin (<100 ft?) to missing

at drill siteat drill site——secondary target (land acquisition problems prevented secondary target (land acquisition problems prevented drilling farther N)drilling farther N)

•• Possible sandPossible sand--rich facies below in pC1*rich facies below in pC1*---- could represent reservoir could represent reservoir rock (not previously drilled)rock (not previously drilled)

OCkn

CecCmspC

pC5*pC4*

pC1*

Mile0 1 N

Cms pinches out to South

Modified from Drahovzal, 1997, figure 2

Top of Knox Group in Hancock Co., Kentucky*Top of Knox Group in Hancock Co., Kentucky*(in thousands of feet sub sea)(in thousands of feet sub sea)

0 10

Miles

*Based on proprietary seismic datain adjacent counties of northern Kentucky and southern Indiana

N

-5 -4 -3

High

CI=500 ft

Knox Group is at about -3200 ft sub sea or 3750 ft depth**.

**Assuming ground elevation of 550 ft.

Top of Eau Claire Formation in Hancock Co., Top of Eau Claire Formation in Hancock Co., Kentucky* (in thousands of feet sub sea)Kentucky* (in thousands of feet sub sea)

0 10

Miles

*Based on proprietary seismic datain adjacent counties of northern Kentucky and southern Indiana

N

-9 -8 -7High

CI=500 ft

Eau Claire Formation is at about -7200 ft sub sea or 7750 ft depth**.

**Assuming ground elevation of 550 ft.

Top of Precambrian Basement in Hancock Co., Top of Precambrian Basement in Hancock Co., Kentucky* (in thousands of feet sub sea)Kentucky* (in thousands of feet sub sea)

0 10

Miles

*Based on proprietary seismic datain adjacent counties of northern Kentucky and southern Indiana

N

-11

-10 -9

-8

-7

High

Precambrian Basement is at about -7500 ft sub sea or 8050 feet depth**. It is likely that Mt. Simon will bethin (<100ft) or missing.

CI=500 ft

**Assuming ground elevation of 550 ft.

Approximatesouthern limit of Mt. Simon

Data to be Collected and Analyzed Data to be Collected and Analyzed

•• Additional seismic data will be collected prior to Additional seismic data will be collected prior to drillingdrilling——will tell us if Mt Simon is at drill locationwill tell us if Mt Simon is at drill location

•• Whole core and sideWhole core and side--wall cores in reservoir and seal wall cores in reservoir and seal intervals intervals

•• Run and interpret extensive suite of well logsRun and interpret extensive suite of well logs•• Collect fluid samples (brine, oil, gas) from target Collect fluid samples (brine, oil, gas) from target

zones for geochemistryzones for geochemistry•• Analyze core samples for porosity, permeability, Analyze core samples for porosity, permeability,

mineralogy, mechanical strength, and other physical mineralogy, mechanical strength, and other physical propertiesproperties

•• Conduct injection tests using fluid, air, or COConduct injection tests using fluid, air, or CO22

ConclusionsConclusions•• HBHB--1 is an opportunity to assess geologic 1 is an opportunity to assess geologic

COCO22 enhanced recovery and permanent enhanced recovery and permanent storage options in Kentucky with better data storage options in Kentucky with better data sets than in the pastsets than in the past

•• The deep drilling project in western Kentucky The deep drilling project in western Kentucky has progressed the farthesthas progressed the farthest

•• Updated results of this and the other projects Updated results of this and the other projects will be reported at future meetings over the will be reported at future meetings over the next 4next 4--5 years5 years

•• Still looking for partners Still looking for partners

Supplemental SlidesSupplemental Slides

The following slides were not The following slides were not used in the presentation and used in the presentation and are for additional informationare for additional information