Challenges of World Challenges of World LeadershipLeadership

Cold WarEvents of the 1940s & 1950s

What is a “Cold War”?What is a “Cold War”?

A Cold War is a A Cold War is a state of political state of political tension between tension between two nations, which two nations, which stops short of full-stops short of full-scale war.scale war.

Tension between Tension between SuperpowersSuperpowers

After WWII, the United States & the Soviet After WWII, the United States & the Soviet Union emerged as rivals that were strong Union emerged as rivals that were strong enough to influence world events.enough to influence world events.

Throughout WWII the U.S. & Soviets Throughout WWII the U.S. & Soviets became suspicious of each other, which became suspicious of each other, which was directly related to their conflicting was directly related to their conflicting ideology.ideology.

VS.

United NationsUnited NationsRepresentatives of fifty nations Representatives of fifty nations established a peacekeeping established a peacekeeping organization on April 25, 1945organization on April 25, 1945

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

The Big Three (U.S., Britain, Soviets) met at The Big Three (U.S., Britain, Soviets) met at Potsdam, where it became clear that Stalin would Potsdam, where it became clear that Stalin would prevent free elections & ban democracy in prevent free elections & ban democracy in Russia’s satellite nations.Russia’s satellite nations.

U.S. & Soviet Post-War AimsU.S. & Soviet Post-War Aims

All nations should have the All nations should have the right to self-determinationright to self-determination

Gain access to Europe’s raw Gain access to Europe’s raw materialsmaterials

Rebuild European Rebuild European governments to ensure governments to ensure stabilitystability

Reunite Germany for Reunite Germany for European SecurityEuropean Security

Encourage communism in EuropeEncourage communism in Europe

Rebuild its war-ravaged economy Rebuild its war-ravaged economy with Europe’s resourceswith Europe’s resources

Control Eastern Europe to balance Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. control in Western Europe U.S. control in Western Europe

Keep Germany divided & weak so Keep Germany divided & weak so it will not threaten them again.it will not threaten them again.

Soviets control Eastern Soviets control Eastern EuropeEurope

Stalin took advantage of post-war chaos in Stalin took advantage of post-war chaos in Eastern Europe & installed communist Eastern Europe & installed communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, & PolandCzechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, & Poland

A war between communist & capitalist seemed A war between communist & capitalist seemed to be inevitable.to be inevitable.

U.S. Response to Soviet Build-U.S. Response to Soviet Build-UpUp

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine – President Truman asked – President Truman asked Congress for military aid “to support free peoples Congress for military aid “to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”or outside pressures.” A policy of containment A policy of containment had been adopted by the U.S. against Soviet had been adopted by the U.S. against Soviet expansion.expansion.

U.S. Response to Soviet Build-U.S. Response to Soviet Build-UpUp

Marshall Plan – Secretary of State George Marshall Plan – Secretary of State George Marshall established a policy where the U.S. Marshall established a policy where the U.S. provided aid to all European nationsprovided aid to all European nations “against “against hunger, poverty, desparation, & chaos.”hunger, poverty, desparation, & chaos.”

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

After World War II, Germany After World War II, Germany was divided into four was divided into four occupation zones. The U.S., occupation zones. The U.S., Britain, & France controlled Britain, & France controlled Western Germany while the Western Germany while the Soviet Union controlled Soviet Union controlled Eastern Germany.Eastern Germany.

The German capital of Berlin, The German capital of Berlin, which was located in Eastern which was located in Eastern Germany, was also divided Germany, was also divided between East & West.between East & West.

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift Stalin saw an opportunity to wrestle control all of Stalin saw an opportunity to wrestle control all of

Berlin from the three Allied Nations. In June 1948, Berlin from the three Allied Nations. In June 1948, he blockaded all rail routes & highways into West he blockaded all rail routes & highways into West Berlin.Berlin.

The U.S. & Britain responded with the Berlin Airlift The U.S. & Britain responded with the Berlin Airlift by flying food & supplies into West Berlin for 327 by flying food & supplies into West Berlin for 327 straight days.straight days. By May 1949 the Soviets, realizing By May 1949 the Soviets, realizing their plan had failed, lifted the blockade.their plan had failed, lifted the blockade.

NATONATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established on April 4, 1949. Ten Western Europe established on April 4, 1949. Ten Western Europe nations joined the U.S. & Britain to form a nations joined the U.S. & Britain to form a defensive military alliance.defensive military alliance.

Communism in AsiaCommunism in Asia

U.S. aid to Nationalists in U.S. aid to Nationalists in China failed to control China failed to control communism in China, as communism in China, as Mao Zedong established Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic of the People’s Republic of China.China.

U.S. failure to contain U.S. failure to contain communism in China led to communism in China led to accusations of communist accusations of communist agents working within the agents working within the U.S. governmentU.S. government

The Korean WarThe Korean War

After World War II, the After World War II, the Republic of Korea was Republic of Korea was established in South Korea established in South Korea under the leadership of under the leadership of Syngman Rhee.Syngman Rhee.

At the same time, the At the same time, the Democratic People’s Republic Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was established in of Korea was established in North Korea under Kim Il North Korea under Kim Il Sung.Sung.

Events of the Korean WarEvents of the Korean War On June 25, 1950 the On June 25, 1950 the

Communist North launched an Communist North launched an attack on South Koreaattack on South Korea

On June 27On June 27thth President Truman President Truman authorized U.S. troops authorized U.S. troops stationed in Japan & a U.S. stationed in Japan & a U.S. fleet to assist South Korea.fleet to assist South Korea.

Over 90% of the 520,000 Over 90% of the 520,000 troops sent to aid South Korea troops sent to aid South Korea were American. The force was were American. The force was placed under the command of placed under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.General Douglas MacArthur.

Events of the Korean WarEvents of the Korean War North Korea captured the South North Korea captured the South

Korean capital of Seoul & forced the Korean capital of Seoul & forced the South into a small defensive position South into a small defensive position around Pusanaround Pusan

MacArthur made a surprise MacArthur made a surprise amphibious landing at Inchon, while amphibious landing at Inchon, while another force attacked from Pusan.another force attacked from Pusan.

The majority of North Korean troops The majority of North Korean troops surrendered, while the others were surrendered, while the others were driven back across the 38driven back across the 38thth Parallel. Parallel.

The advance continued deep into The advance continued deep into North Korea.North Korea.

Events of the Korean WarEvents of the Korean War In November 1950, 300,000 In November 1950, 300,000

Chinese communist troops Chinese communist troops joined the war on North joined the war on North Korea’s side.Korea’s side.

The Chinese drove U.N. The Chinese drove U.N. troops out of North Korea & troops out of North Korea & eventually captured Seouleventually captured Seoul

Over the next two years, Over the next two years, Chinese & U.N. forces Chinese & U.N. forces battled without any real battled without any real advance by either sideadvance by either side

Events of the Korean WarEvents of the Korean War General MacArthur called for a General MacArthur called for a

U.S. attack on China, but was U.S. attack on China, but was rebuffed by President Truman.rebuffed by President Truman.

By April 1951, General Matthew B. By April 1951, General Matthew B. Ridgeway had retaken Seoul & Ridgeway had retaken Seoul & pushed Chinese & North Korean pushed Chinese & North Korean forces back to the 38forces back to the 38thth parallel. parallel.

MacArthur continued to push the MacArthur continued to push the idea of attacking China & publicly idea of attacking China & publicly criticized President Truman. This criticized President Truman. This led to Truman firing MacArthur. led to Truman firing MacArthur.

Events of the Korean WarEvents of the Korean War Truce talks began in July 1951 Truce talks began in July 1951

& finally in July 1953 the & finally in July 1953 the opposing sides signed an opposing sides signed an armistice ending the war armistice ending the war virtually where it began.virtually where it began.

A demilitarized zone was A demilitarized zone was established between North & established between North & South Korea.South Korea.

Communism was contained, Communism was contained, but lack of victory in Korea led but lack of victory in Korea led to U.S. citizens rejecting the to U.S. citizens rejecting the Democratic Party.Democratic Party.

Election of 1952Election of 1952

World War II hero Dwight D. Eisenhower became World War II hero Dwight D. Eisenhower became the 34the 34thth U.S. President. U.S. President.

Red ScareRed Scare

In 1949, the Soviets had In 1949, the Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb. exploded an atomic bomb. Paranoia led to thoughts that Paranoia led to thoughts that Americans had passed secrets Americans had passed secrets to the Soviets.to the Soviets.

In 1950, German-born physicist In 1950, German-born physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted to passing Klaus Fuchs admitted to passing atomic secrets to the Soviets.atomic secrets to the Soviets.

Fuchs implicated Julius & Ethel Fuchs implicated Julius & Ethel Rosenberg & they were Rosenberg & they were eventually found guilty of eventually found guilty of espionage & sentenced to espionage & sentenced to death.death.

Red ScareRed Scare Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy

raised accusations that Communists raised accusations that Communists were taking over the U.S. Government.were taking over the U.S. Government.

McCarthyism, attacks on suspected McCarthyism, attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s & Communists in the early 1950s & accusing people of disloyalty without accusing people of disloyalty without evidence, exploited American fear of evidence, exploited American fear of Communism to gain support for Communism to gain support for Republican candidates in 1952.Republican candidates in 1952.

In 1954, McCarthy made Communist In 1954, McCarthy made Communist accusations against the U.S. Army, accusations against the U.S. Army, which led to a televised Senate which led to a televised Senate investigation. His treatment of investigation. His treatment of witnesses led him to lose his public witnesses led him to lose his public support. support.

Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race

The Soviets development of the atomic bomb led The Soviets development of the atomic bomb led to the U.S. developing the H-bomb, which was 67 to the U.S. developing the H-bomb, which was 67 times more destructive than “Little Boy” dropped times more destructive than “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima.on Hiroshima.

Mutual deterrence or Brinkmanship, the fear of Mutual deterrence or Brinkmanship, the fear of nuclear war deterred the U.S. & Soviet Union from nuclear war deterred the U.S. & Soviet Union from acting on their suspicions, led the U.S. to continue acting on their suspicions, led the U.S. to continue to develop nuclear weapons to rival or surpass to develop nuclear weapons to rival or surpass the Soviets.the Soviets.

Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence AgencyThe National Security Act (1957) reorganized the The National Security Act (1957) reorganized the Department of War to Defense and created the Department of War to Defense and created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which used Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which used spies to gather information abroad.spies to gather information abroad.

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

After Stalin’s death in 1953, a military alliance After Stalin’s death in 1953, a military alliance was formed by the Soviets, which linked the was formed by the Soviets, which linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern Europe Soviet Union with seven Eastern Europe countries.countries.

Space Race BeginsSpace Race Begins

In 1957, the Soviets successfully In 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the space satellite Sputnik, launched the space satellite Sputnik, beating the U.S. into space and beating the U.S. into space and sparking another rivalry.sparking another rivalry.

U.S. Highway SystemU.S. Highway System

Highway Act of 1956 – the largest Highway Act of 1956 – the largest public works project in history begins public works project in history begins frenzied road building at government frenzied road building at government expense for the purpose of moving expense for the purpose of moving military troops & equipment quickly.military troops & equipment quickly.

Challenges of World Challenges of World LeadershipLeadership

Kennedy & the Cold WarKennedy & the Cold War

Election of 1960Election of 1960 Massachusetts Senator John F. Massachusetts Senator John F.

Kennedy defeated Vice Kennedy defeated Vice President Richard M. Nixon to President Richard M. Nixon to become the 35become the 35thth U.S. President U.S. President

At 43, Kennedy became the At 43, Kennedy became the youngest elected U.S. President youngest elected U.S. President & spoke of a “New Frontier” & spoke of a “New Frontier” with promises of victory in the with promises of victory in the arms & space races.arms & space races.

Peace CorpsPeace Corps In August 1961 the Kennedy administration In August 1961 the Kennedy administration

created the Peace Corps, which provided skilled created the Peace Corps, which provided skilled workers in the areas of education, agriculture, workers in the areas of education, agriculture, health, technology, & community development to health, technology, & community development to work in the underdeveloped nations of the world. work in the underdeveloped nations of the world.

Crisis in BerlinCrisis in Berlin In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Kruschev ordered In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Kruschev ordered

the construction of the Berlin Wall, which became the construction of the Berlin Wall, which became a symbol of communist oppression, to stop a symbol of communist oppression, to stop refugees from crossing from East to West. refugees from crossing from East to West.

Crisis in BerlinCrisis in Berlin

Due to problems caused by East Due to problems caused by East German refugees, Kruschev German refugees, Kruschev continued to challenge U.S. control continued to challenge U.S. control of West Berlin.of West Berlin.

Kennedy stood firm by Kennedy stood firm by proclaiming:proclaiming:

““We cannot and will not permit the We cannot and will not permit the Communists to drive us out of Communists to drive us out of

Berlin” Berlin”

Communist CubaCommunist Cuba In the late 1950s, a young In the late 1950s, a young

Communist named Communist named Fidel Castro Fidel Castro became dictator of Cubabecame dictator of Cuba & & quickly established relations quickly established relations with the Soviet Union.with the Soviet Union.

In accordance with the U.S. In accordance with the U.S. policy of containment, policy of containment, President Kennedy approved a President Kennedy approved a CIA plan to train anti-Castro CIA plan to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles to overthrow Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro.Castro.

Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion On April 17, 1961 U.S. sponsored Cuban exiles landed On April 17, 1961 U.S. sponsored Cuban exiles landed

at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba’s southwestern coast.at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba’s southwestern coast.

The invasion was unsuccessful & turned into a major The invasion was unsuccessful & turned into a major embarrassment for the Kennedy Administration.embarrassment for the Kennedy Administration.

Kennedy refused to send in air-support for the exiles, Kennedy refused to send in air-support for the exiles, who also did not receive the expected support of the who also did not receive the expected support of the Cuban people. Castro’s anti-American sentiment Cuban people. Castro’s anti-American sentiment increased.increased.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis In October 1962 an American U-2 spy plane In October 1962 an American U-2 spy plane

photographed the construction of Soviet nuclear photographed the construction of Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba.missile sites in Cuba.

President Kennedy announced the discovery to President Kennedy announced the discovery to the American people & ordered a naval blockade the American people & ordered a naval blockade (quarantine) of Cuba.(quarantine) of Cuba.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis After thirteen days of intense negotiations, Soviet After thirteen days of intense negotiations, Soviet

leader Nikita Kruschev vowed to dismantle the leader Nikita Kruschev vowed to dismantle the missile sites in exchange for a secret missile sites in exchange for a secret commitment to withdraw U.S. missiles in Turkey commitment to withdraw U.S. missiles in Turkey & a public commitment that the U.S. would not & a public commitment that the U.S. would not invade Cuba.invade Cuba.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Many of Kennedy’s military advisors favored an Many of Kennedy’s military advisors favored an invasion, but he stood firm on his attempt to invasion, but he stood firm on his attempt to peacefully resolve the situation.peacefully resolve the situation.

The result was a major victory for Kennedy & the The result was a major victory for Kennedy & the U.S. in the Cold War.U.S. in the Cold War.

Space Race ContinuesSpace Race Continues Despite early Russian success with Despite early Russian success with

Sputnik & putting the first human Sputnik & putting the first human into space, the U.S. surpassed the into space, the U.S. surpassed the Soviets in Space.Soviets in Space.

On May 5, 1961 Alan B. Shephard On May 5, 1961 Alan B. Shephard became the first U.S. individual in became the first U.S. individual in space.space.

On July 20, 1969 Edwin “Buzz” On July 20, 1969 Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin & Neil Armstrong Aldrin & Neil Armstrong successfully landed on the moon successfully landed on the moon fulfilling a promise made by fulfilling a promise made by President Kennedy at the President Kennedy at the beginning of his presidency.beginning of his presidency.

JFK is AssassinatedJFK is Assassinated

On November 22, 1963 at 12:30 pm President On November 22, 1963 at 12:30 pm President Kennedy, visiting Dallas in an attempt to gain Kennedy, visiting Dallas in an attempt to gain support for a tough re-election campaign, was support for a tough re-election campaign, was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.

JFK is AssassinatedJFK is Assassinated The assassination has been & still is the subject The assassination has been & still is the subject

of several conspiracy theories.of several conspiracy theories.

Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as the nation’s 36Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as the nation’s 36thth U.S. President.U.S. President.