Chapter 20The Kingdom PROTISTA

What is a Protist??“first organism”

• Classified for “what they are NOT”

• NOT a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote

• Eukaryotes– ?

• Have membrane bound organelles

• Most are unicellular BUT some are multicellular

Evolution of Protists

• Kingdom= Protista

• Where did the first protists come from??

• Margulis created a hypothesis– Evolved from a symbiosis of several cells– Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic

prokaryotes– ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS

http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html

How do we classify Protists??

• The way they obtain energy• Heterotrophs= “Animal-like Protists”• Photoautotrophs= “Plant-like Protists”• External Digestion (decomposer or parasites)=

“Fungus-like Protists”

• This classification does NOT represent their Evolutionary History

Animal Like ProtistsPHYLUMS

• Classified by the way they MOVE

• Zoomastigina

• Sarcodines

• Ciliophora

• Sporozoa

Phylum Zoomastigna• “zooflagellates”

• Animal-like

• Swim using _______?

• Absorb food through their CELL MEMBRANES– decaying organic mater

• Live in lakes & streams or w/in other organisms

• Reproduce Assexually (mitosis or cytokinesis)

• Some reproduce Sexually (forming gamete cells)

• Ie/ Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness

Phylum Sarcodina• “Sarcodines”• Best example= AMOEBA• Move using temporary projections= Pseudopods

– Moves by extending a pseudopod away from its body

– Th cytoplasm then streams into the psuedopod and the rest of the cell follows= AMOEBOID MOVEMENT

• Pseudopods are also used for eating– Surround their food with their pseudopod and form food vacuoles

• Food Vacuole= small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food.

• Other ie/ Foraminiferans (calcium carbonate shells)

Heliozoans (spiky projections, “sun animal”)

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/amoeba.html

• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/protists/amoeba.shtml

Foraminiferans Heliozoan

http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/rhizopoda/imgal_heliozoa.html

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html

Phylum Ciliophora

• “Ciliates”

• Move using ________?

• Found in both fresh and salt water

• Free living- do not exist as a parasite

• ie/ Paramecium

Anatomy of Paramecium• Trichocysts= small structures use for defense, located

on the inside of the cell membrane.• 2 types of Nuclei:• 1. Macronucleus= contains most of the genes that the

cell needs in its day-to-day existence.– Respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion

• 2. Micronucleus=”reserve copy” of genes– Used during reproduction

• Gullet=indentation is which food is swept into• Anal Pore= eliminates waste materials• Conjugation= 2 paramecium attach and exchange

genetic information.

http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/parameci.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Paramecium.jpg

Phylum Sporozoa• Sporozoans

• Do not move on their own

• Parasitic

• Complex life cycles with more than 1 Host

• Sporozoites- Attach to a host cell, penetrate it & live within it

• Ie/ Plasmodium – Carried by female Anopheles mosquito causes

Malaria

Animal-like Protists & Disease• MALARIA • Infected mosquito bites a human• Saliva contains sporozoites which enter the

blood stream• Plasmodium infect liver cells and then red

blood cells• Red Blood Cells burst they release

Plasmodium into the blood stream– Fever, chills

• Must control the mosquitoes that carry Malaria

Animal-like Protists & Disease• African Sleeping Sickness

– Caused by????

• Spreads by tsetse flies• Trypanosomes destroy red blood cells and infect

tissues• Fever, chills and rashes• Nerve cells• Amebic Dysentery

– Caused by ???

• Entamoeba• Live in intestines and absorb food from the host• Attack the walls of the intestine

Animal-like Protists & Disease

• Live symbiotically within other organisms

• Trichonympha- (zooflagellate) live within the digestive track of termites

• Recycle nutrients

• Serve as food for larger animals

• 1. SARCODINES - protozoan with pseudopods             example: Ameba  

• PSEUDOPODS- "FALSE FOOT"  - a temporary bulge of the cell membrane that fills with cytoplasm.  the organism can move and use the pseudopods to trap food

• CONTRACTILE VACUOLE- ( water pump) a structure that collects the extra water and then expels it from the cell

• Answer to QUIZ:http://rcs.rome.ga.us/hargett/biology/protista/amebadia.htm

Ameba Movement

Ameba preying on Paramecium

Ameba Waste Disposal

                                                                                                                                                

                                      

PART LABEL FUNCTION

A endoplasm it houses all the cells organellesB ectoplasm since in  a gel state it protects the cell

Ccontractile vacuole

it expels excess water from the cell

D pseudopodium plays a role in locomotion and food capture

E cell membranecontrols movement of substances into and out of the cell

F food vacuole digests engulfed foodG nucleus controls activities of the cell

• 2) CILIATES - protists with cilia            example: paramecium

• CILIA - hair-like projections from cells that move in a wavelike pattern                             used to move obtain food and sense the environment

• Micronucleus - small nucleus that control reproduction• Macronucleus - larger nucleus that controls every day

tasks of the cell• BINARY FISSION - a type of asexual reproduction

organism divides• CONJUGATION - sexual reproduction the paramecia

join and exchange genetic material.

Paramecium Movement

Different Types of Ciliates

http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/cili/cili0100/parmov01.htm

FOOD VACUOLE  digest food and takes around cell

MACRONUCLEUS controls reproduction

PELLICLE gives shape

CONTRACTILE VACUOLE pumps water out of cell

CILIA hair like structures that move back and forth

MICRONUCLEUS controls reproduction

GULLET opening collects food like a mouth

TRICHOCYSTS stinging cells that paralyze prey

ANAL PORE opening to remove wastes

 

• 3. ZOOFLAGELLATES - use flagella to move  most have 1-8 long whip-like structures

• FLAGELLA - long whip like structures used to help movement

• symbiosis - a close relationship where at least one of the species benefits

• mutualism - both partners benefit from living together• Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness

• 4. SPOROZOANS - all are parasites that feed on the cells and body fluids of their host                – example : PLASMODIUM causes malaria  has two host a

mosquito and a person causes high fevers that alternate with severe chills, symptoms can last weeks and reappear a few months later

Phylum

Movement Characteristics

Nutrition Reproduction

Free Living/ Symbiont

Example

Zoom-astigina

Sarcodina

Ciliophora

Sporozoa

Plant Like ProtistsPHYLUMS

• Typically called “Algae”

• 7 major Phyla of algae classified for their cellular characteristics

• Unicellular vs Multicellular

• Unicellular

• Euglenophyta

• Chrysophyta

• Bacillariophyta (DIATOMS)

• Pyrrophyta (DINOFLAGELLATES)

Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments

• Chlorophyll and Accessory pigments capture light

• Groups of algae adapted different forms of chlorophyl– Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b & chlorophyll c– Absorb different wavelengths of light– Good bc now algae can use more energy of sunlight.

• Accessory pigments absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll.

Phylum Euglenophyta• “Euglenophytes”• Closely related to animal-like flagellates

– ??

• 2 flagella– Emerge from the gullet– Longer one spins and pulls the organism rapidly through

the water

• No cell wall• Ie/ Euglenas

Structure of Euglena• Live in lakes & ponds

• Eyespot= cluster of red pigment, helps to find sunlight

• Can live as heterotrophs.– Absorb nutrients from decaying matter

• Do NOT have cell walls but they have a…

• PELLICLE= intricate cell wall– Ribbon like ridges supported by microtubules– Tough and flexible

• Reproduce assexually

Euglena

Phylum Chrysophyta• Chrysophytes

• “golden plants”

• Yellow green algae & golden-brown

• Chloroplast= bright yellow pigment

• Some have cell walls with PECTIN– Unlike others whose cell walls contain ????

Phylum Bacillariophyta• ******“DIATOMS”

• Most abundant and beautiful organisms

• Thin, delicate cell walls rich in Silicon

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/diadr.html

http://www.indiana.edu/~diatom/diatom.html

Diatoms

Phylum Pyrrophyta

• *****“Dinoflagellates”

• Flagella

• ½ are photosynthetic & other ½ are heterotrophic

• Asexual reproduction

• “fire plants”

• Luminescent – give off light when agitated in water

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/dinoflagellate.html http://www.microscopy-

uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof.html

Dinoflagellates

Euglena & Dinoflagellates

Ecology of Unicellular ALGAE• Common in both fresh and salt water

• Food for organisms

• Phytoplankton= photosynthetic portion of the plankton located on the surface of the ocean– Carries out about ½ of the photosynthesis that occurs

on Earth

• “Red Tide”- bloom of dinoflagellates– Produce toxins and become concentrated in filter-

feeders

REVIEW:• What do chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments do

in Algae?

• What are the 4 Phyla of unicellular plant-like protists?

• How do most unicellular Algae get food?

• What is the role of unicellular algae in the environment?

Allow algae to harvest and use the energy from sunlight

Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates

Use energy from sunlight to produce food.

They are at the base of aquatic food chains- make up phytoplankton

Multicellular Algae• Red, Brown and Green Algae

• Most are Multicellular

• They differ in their photosynthetic pigments

• People use Algae and the chemicals produced by Algae in different ways:– Chemicals= treat stomach ulcers, High blood

pressure, and arthritis– Have you ever eaten Algae???– Used to make plastic, deodorant, and agar

Multicellular Algae• Red Algae= chlorophyll a and reddish accessory

pigments• Can live at great depths bc they absorb blue wavelngths• Green, purple &reddish-black• Coral ecosystems• Brown Algae=• Chlorophyll a & c & brown accessory pigments• Largest and most complex• Green Algae=• Chlorophyll a & b • Share many characteristics with plants

Fungus-like Protists• Heterotrophic

• Absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.

• Some cause plant disease

• Lack Chitin walls

• Slime Molds (play the key role in recycling organic matter)– Cellular & Acellular

• Water Molds (thrive on dead/decaying organic matter in water).