Conservation 24 March

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CONSERVATION

Introduction:

The conservation of historic buildings constitutes an inter-professional discipline co-ordinating a range ofaesthetic, historic, scientific and technical methods. Conservation is a rapidly developing field which, by itsvery nature, is a multidisciplinary activity with experts respecting one anothers contribution and combining

to form an effective team. It is the transmission of culture from one generation to the next.

Buildings are a major resource of archaeological and historical information, and the fabric of buildingssurviving above ground is just as important and fragile a resource as those remains buried below thesurface. Involvement in the recording and analysis of standing buildings has always formed a significantpart of the archaeologists' activities and, due to increased awareness of the conservation of the historicbuilt environment, the role of the archaeologist and the employment of modern archaeological techniqueshas been extended.

It is increasingly realized that the success of many conservation projects depends on thorougharchaeological analysis and interpretation to identify and date constituent building periods and architecturaldetails. This information will lead to greater understanding of the structural and material performance of thefabric, thus avoiding irrevocable loss or damage and allowing for more sympathetic and appropriatepreservation of particular features.

Today, archaeologists are taking a leading role in the conservation and management of buildings. Anintegrated, multidisciplinary team approach is now required to ensure the success of major building

conservation, repair, and maintenance programmes. It is only by working in close partnerships with otherdisciplines (such as architects, engineers, planners, quantity surveyors, building contractors etc) that thearchaeological and historical value of buildings can be preserved and released.


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Definition:

Conservation is the action taken to prevent decay and manage change dynamically. It embraces all

acts that prolong the life of our cultural and natural heritage, the object being to present to those who useand look at historic buildings with wonder the artistic and human messages that such buildings possess.The minimum effective action is always the best; if possible, the action should be reversible and notprejudice possible future interventions.The basis of historic building conservation is established by legislation through listing and schedulingbuildings and ruins, through regular inspections and documentation, and through town planning andconservative action.

Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and designintegrity of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individualengaged in this pursuits known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage inan intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision isvalue based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. Insome cases, a decision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice.


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Values in conservation: Conservation must preserve and if possible enhance the messages and values of cultural

property.

These values help systematically to set overall priorities in deciding proposed interventions, aswell as to establish the extent and nature of the individual treatment. The assignment of priority

values will inevitably reflect the cultural context of each historic building. For example, a small wooden domestic structure from the late eighteenth century in Australia

would be considered a national landmark because it dates from the founding of the nation andbecause so little architecture has survived from that period. In Italy, on the other hand, with itsthousands of ancient monuments, a comparable structure would have a relatively low priority inthe overall conservation needs of the community.

The values as already given in the Preface come under three major headings:

(1)Emotional values:

(a)wonder; (b) identity;(c) continuity; (d) spiritual and symbolic.

(2) Cultural values:

(a) documentary; (b) historic; (c) archaeological, age and scarcity; (d) aesthetic and symbolic;(e) architectural; (f ) townscape, landscape and ecological; (g)technological and scientific.

(3) Use values:

(a) functional; (b) economic;(c) social; (d) educational; (e) political and ethnic.


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CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION:

A Conservation Management includes Management Plan (often simply called a Conservation Plan) isdrawn up later in the process, once agreed in outline for what purpose(s) the building is to be adapted. ThisPlan provides greater detail on the building's significance, assesses the impact of the proposed conversionproject on its significance and explains how you will protect it - both throughout the conversion process andonce the building is in use. For example, this might be through retaining original fabric and fixtures whereverpossible, reusing existing materials for repairs (or carefully sourcing good matches through agreed means)and putting together a schedule for regular and frequent ongoing maintenance. The Plan will inform andinfluence how you manage the conversion of the building to a new use, ensuring that you conserve the

significance of the building. However, this report is not itself a plan for the new use(s) of the building, whichwill need to be a separate (though related) piece of work.

It includes an explanation of key aspects of the project to convert the building to anew use.Understanding the building and setting . The description of the Building ,its Historical Context ,TheBuilding Elements ,its Condition ,A detailed explanation of all factors that give the building its heritagesignificance, and which must be protected in the building's future use, Proposals for re-use,An explanationof all factors that have had a negative effect on the significance of the building, or could do so in theconversion and future use of the building, Conservation policies In detail, how the building should bemanaged before, during and after its conversion to its new use, to protect its significance --Technicaldocumentation ,Funding applications etc. to complete the whole process of conservation management .

DEFINATION:A Conservation Management Plan is a document which explains why a site is significant and

how that significance will be retained in any future use, alteration, development or repair.

'Conservation Plans: a benefit or a burden' reproduced from The Building Conservation Directory Kate Clark,2000


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The Conservation Management Plan explains in detail:

The history of the building, including major changes over time;Which characteristics of the building are of significance and whyThe condition of the building, setting out conservation priorities

How characteristics of significance could be vulnerable to damage or loss, through conversion to theproposed new use(s)How these characteristics of significance will be protected in the proposed conversion and the futureuse of the building.The Conservation Management Plan will form the basis for careful and appropriate conversion,management and maintenance of the building. It is intended as a working document, which can beamended or revised over time, not one completedsimply to obtain funding or planning consent and then consigned to a shelf. The Plan is intended toassistthose delivering the project and those maintaining the building well into the future.

The Conservation Management Plan:

StructureIntroduction to the Conservation Management PlanUnderstanding the building and setting

Assessment of significanceProposals for re-useVulnerability and risksConservation policiesNext steps after writing the ConservationManagement PlanAdoption and Review


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Historic building:

An historic building is one that gives us a sense of wonder and makes us want to know more about thepeople and culture that produced it. It has architectural, aesthetic, historic, documentary, archaeological,economic, social and even political and spiritual or symbolic values; but the first impact is always

emotional, for it is a symbol of our cultural identity and continuitya part of our heritage.

From the first act of its creation, through its long life to the present day, an historic building hasartistic and human messages which will be revealed by a study of its history. A complexity of ideas and ofcultures may be said to encircle an historic building and be reflected in it. the study should also deal withthe political, social and economic aspects of the period in which the structure was built and should give thechronological sequence of events in the life of the building. The names and characters of the actual

creators should be recorded, if known, and the aesthetic principles and concepts of composition andproportion relating to the building should be analysed.

Its structural and material condition must also be studied: the different phases of constructionof the building complex, later interventions, any internal or external peculiarities and the environmentalcontext of the surroundings of the building are all relevant matters. If the site is in an historic area,archaeological inspection or excavation may be necessary, in which case adequate time must he allowedfor this activity when planning a conservation programme.


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Figure 1.2 Trastevere, Rome, ItalyA sound structure has been neglected. The results are visible; a system of regular

inspections and conservation planning could prevent this sad state of affairs


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Causes of decay

Of the causes of decay in an historic building, the most uniform and universal is gravity, followed by theactions of man and then by diverse climatic and environmental effectsbotanical, biological, chemical andentomological. Human causes nowadaysprobably produce the greatest damage.

Natural causeHuman cause

Natural agents of deterioration and loss

Natures most destructive forces are categorized as natural disasters, and include earthquakes, volcanic

eruptions, hurricanes, floods, landslides, fires caused by lightning, and so forth. Throughout human history,they have had a spectacularly destructive effect on cultural property. A recent, archetypal example is theseries of earthquakes that devastated the Friuli region of Italy in 1976, virtually obliterating cultural propertywithin a 30 km (19 mile) radius of the epicentres.

Climate is the consequence of many factors, such as radiation (especially short-waveradiation), temperature, moisture in its many formsvapour clouds, rain, ice, snow and groundwaterwindand sunshine. Together, these environmental elements make up the various climates of the world which, in

turn, are modified by local conditions such as mountains, valleys at relative altitudes, proximity to bodies ofwater or cities, to create agreat diversity of microclimates within the overall macroclimates.In general, climatic data as recorded in the form of averages does not really correspond to the preciseinformation needed by the conservation architect, who is more interested in the extreme hazards that willhave to be withstood by the building over a long period of time. However, if questions are properly framed,answers that are relevant to the particular site of the building in question can be provided by an expert in

applied climatology.


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Human factorsMan-made causes of decay need careful assessment, as they are in general the by-product of the industrialproductivity that brings us wealth and enables us to press the claims of conservation. They are serious andcan only be reduced by forethoughtand international co-operation. Neglect and ignorance are possibly the major causes of destruction by man,

coupled with vandalism and fires, It should be noted that the incidence of arson is increasing, putting historicbuildings at even greater risk.Eg taj mahal effected due to industrial pollution.


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Need and Importance of conservation of historical monuments buildingsor sites

The primary aim is to maintain the historical authenticity and integrity of the buildings.

The historical structure should be conserved and repairs should be made with traditional materials and techniques.

Craftsmanship and techniques should correspond with those used originally .

All modern building services toilet, boiler room, offices etc- should be placed in a new building replacing an oldwood shed behind the synagogue.

To learning to read the building: recording, investigation, analysis and design.

Is to get knowledge-answers to questions, and -as a result one will have a new landscape with its complexity ofnew truths and doubts.

Is to define the existing historical value and connect it with an understanding of the existing building as a technicalsystem and its manner of action.

Is to communicate with other specialists, i.e the need of co-ordination and organization of material etc.

To make proposal documents, to be approved by the authorities or owner. To tender documents, a basis for calculations and. Tenderizers those documents will enable accurate costs to e

obtained and the best contractor to be chosen.

Work documents, containing the instructions and requirements concerning the execution and quality of work.

To make illustrations to explain the textual information.

To have thorough investigation and analysis of the building and the building materials is a necessary basis forthe quality and work specifications.

To make special analysis if there are damages caused by fungus or insects. In many situations the best expert

might be an experienced timber man or a carpenter. Preserve and restore the existing building fabrics as practical as possible and in the long term, to protect the

buildings from further deterioration by effective management and maintenance plan.

Conserve and adapt and revitalize the historic place as a living heritage.

Recover and further enhance the cultural heritage of the building by interpretation of its heritage value forappreciation by the users and general public.

Promote public awareness and education in heritage conservation and encourage community engagement in localcultural for bringing various social benefits to the local community.


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Structural aspects of historic buildings:

Gravity is both the force that keeps buildings standing and the major cause of their destruction.

Typical defects in various forms of structures are reviewed and examined in order to enable thearchitect to evaluate the structural condition of the historic building for which he is responsible.

Buildings are mortal. It should be stressed that there must be a point in time when a building will

collapse if maintenance is neglected and the building is not repaired.

Eg. The pyramids of Gizeh, as structures, have immense intrinsic strength, but even they havelost their outer skin and are gradually eroding due to the action of climate. Luckily, historicbuildings were almost all overdesigned and so have reserves of strength, but this overdesignwas not consistent.

Any study of the strength of a building must be at three levels and consider, first, the form of thewhole structure; secondly, the structural elements, i.e. roofs and walls, foundations and the soilthey rest upon; thirdly, the materials of which the component parts are made.

The aim of conservation procedures consist initially of making an inventory of all cultural propertyin the country. This is a major administrative task for the government, and involves establishingappropriate categories of cultural property and recording them as thoroughly, both graphically

and descriptively, as possible. Computers and microfilm records are valuable aids. Legislationprotects from demolition those historic buildings listed in inventories.

Conservation is done to record methodically the present condition of the building and thenwhatever further studies are required can be reported.

Conservation helps to assess the probable cost of its conservation policies and decide prioritiesin accordance with its budgetary provision.It can then plan its work-force in accordance

with its needs and allocate adequate resources.

Conservayion process helps to establish maintenance plans. Such preventive maintenanceshould in most cases forestall the need for major interventions, and it has been proved that itreduces the cost of conservation of a nations stock of historic buildings.


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Figure 1.13 St Peters Palace, Leningrad, USSRThe remains after enemy bombardment and

before restoration work were daunting and grim.

Cultural property must be fully documented to

guard against disasters, thus making restoration

possible.


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Rehabilitation:

The best way of preserving buildings as opposed to objects is to keep them in usea practicewhich may involve what the French call mise en valeur, or modernization with or withoutadaptive alteration.

The original use is generally the best for conservation of the fabric, as it means fewer changes.

Adaptive use of buildings, such as utilizing a mediaeval convent in Venice to house a school and

laboratory for stone conservation, or turning an eighteenth-century barn into a domestic dwelling,is often the only way that historic and aesthetic values can be saved economically and historicbuildings brought up to contemporary standards. Eg: old havelies given on rents.

Reproduction

Reproduction entails copying an extant artefact, often in order to replace some missing ordecayed parts, generally decorative, to maintain its aesthetic harmony. If valuable culturalproperty is being damaged irretrievably or is threatened by its environment, it may have to be

moved to a more suitable environment and a reproduction substituted in order to maintain theunity of a site or building. For example, Michelangelos David was removed from the Piazza

della Signoria, Florence, into a museum to protect it from the weather, and a good reproductiontook its place. Similar substitutions have been undertaken for the sculpture of the cathedrals ofStrasbourg and Wells.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction of historic buildings and historic centres using new materials may he necessitated

by disasters such as fire, earthquake, sunami or war. Reconstruction cannot have the patina ofage. As in restoration, reconstruction must be based upon accurate documentation and evidence,never upon conjecture. The moving of entire buildings to new sites is another form ofreconstruction justified only by over-riding national interest. Nevertheless, it entails the loss ofessential cultural values and the generation of new environmental risks. The classic example isthe temple complex of Abu Simbel (XIX Dynasty), Egypt, which was moved to prevent itsinundation following the construction of the AswanHigh Dam, but is now exposed to wind erosion.

Eg japan city reconstructed after sunami

Climate also dictates what botanical, biological and entomological causes of decay may occurand to a lar e extent the stren th of their attacks. Conservation hel s to control that deca which


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A replica Statue of Liberty standing next to tsunami damaged buildings at Ishinomaki in Miyagi prefecture

on March 15, 2011 (top) and the same area on January 13, 2012 (bottom) (AFP


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Preliminary investigation

The conservation program

Design document

Analysis of materials and specifications

Site meetings and steering group meetings

photographs

Process of conservation


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landscaping

INTRODUCTION: Gardens are designed every day that look great on paper and when first planted but look pretty

awful two years later. It has been said that poorly designed gardens can be successful if maintained well. Conversely,

well designed gardens which are poorly maintained are usually failures. The design of anygarden, large or small, must include maintenance considerations in the early planning stages.

Unlike a building or structure which looks its best the day it is finished, gardens should look goodwhen finished but improve each year. Landscaping, as opposed to architecture, is never static.Gardens are complex living organisms which not only change seasonally, but also grow andmature through time. The resulting change from the time of installation to later years is quitesignificant.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN: Usually most landscapes do not have a design and require a professional touch in order to make

it resemble a theme or provide the necessary feel. Landscape design may include installation ofnew elements with or without removing the older ones. Houses may seek to install new fences ordais, pond or pools. A commercial establishment may decide to install bigger elements foraesthetic reasons. The designing follows cleaning and is usually the most time consuming step.However it warrants time so as to get it right. Design may also involve altering the land ifrequired. It may involve building terraces, for which a wall may be constructed. These changesare usually done around houses with large lawns for recreational and outdoor living. A landscape

design firm may also suggest equipment for outdoor living like grills, furniture etc.


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LANDSCAPING CONSERVATION

Conservation landscaping works with nature to reduce pollution. conservation landscapingincorporates environmentally sensitive design, low impact development ,non-invasive native andbeneficial plant and integrated pest management to create diverse landscapes that help protectclean air and water, support wild life, and provide a more beautiful ,healthier human environment.

Conservation landscaping support clean air and water by:

using plants that are adapted to the local conditions that require less fertilizer and pesticides.

Trapping localized storm water on site with rain barrels and rain barrels and rain gardens toinsure slow percolation and increased filtration and nutrients entering the ground water.

Reducing the amount of smog released into the air and the amount of atmospheric deposition ofnutrients into our water by reducing the amount of movable lawn area.

Conservation landscaping supports wildlife by:

proving a diverse plant environment attracting greater animal diversity fostering healthierecological communities.

creating migratory corridors of conjoined healthy ecological communities.

Conservation landscaping supports a more beautiful, healthier human environment by:

reducing the amount of pollution entering the environment.

displaying the beauty of well-maintained, natural landscaping.


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IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPING MAINTENANCE

Landscaping can help conserve energy as well as beautify your property. During thesummer, properly placed trees and shrubs can help reduce cooling costs. In the winter, well-

placed landscaping can reduce home heat loss by blocking cold winter winds. Additional benefitscan be realized by selecting plants that are relatively pest free, and by designing a landscapethat requires less water and fuel use to keep it attractive.The four main goals of energy conservation landscapingin Michigan are:1. Maximize the amount of heat obtained from the sun during winter.2. Maximize shade during the summer.

3. Protect buildings from winter winds.

4. Channel summer breezes toward the home.

Plants to used in landscaping, are essential for horticultural success. Weak-wooded trees, pestprone plants, trees that produce hundreds of volunteer seedlings, or trees that continuously shedbranches will end up creating work for the homeowner.

A well-designed landscape that includes well-placed trees can save 25% of a household'senergy consumption forheating and cooling.

Consider that a young, eight-foot shade tree may cost about as much as an awning for a largewindow. As the tree grows, it will shade far more than a single window and will provide hundredsof dollars of savings during its useful life.

Deciduous trees provide summer shade and then lose their leaves in the autumn. This allows thesun to shine on the house and provide winter warmth.

The combination of shade and evapotranspiration (the process a plant uses to release watervapor for cooling) can reduce air temperature as much as 9 F.

Well placed shade trees can result in considerable savings in energy for air conditioning:


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Well-placed shade trees can result in considerable savings in energy for air conditioning:

As compared to an unshaded home, a shaded home may have from 15% to 50% reducedenergy cost for cooling. The figure will be higher for residents of mobile homes. In winter, theability of plants to block the wind will reduce air infiltration into homes. Such air leaks can accountfor as much as a quarter of the heat loss in the average home. Blocking winter winds can saveenergy used for home heating by 10% to 40% depending on the study and the degree to whichplants were used to block the wind.

Computer models developed by the U.S. Department of Energy predict that three properly placedtrees will save an average household between $100 and $250 in annual energy costs.

Additional benefits from a well-designed landscape include dampening the sound from nearbyroads or other sources of noise. Plants also remove particulate matter from the air and helpcontrol soil erosion, which helps reduce pollution.

A conservation landscape is designed to benefit the environment and to function well forhuman use. it occurs in the context of nature .it seeks to preserve , enhance and reduce impacts

upon a sites natural features.

It contains locally native plants (are those that are naturally present in the region since the lastice age.) are appropriate for site conditions. The Federal native plant conservation committeedefines an native as a plant species that occurs naturally in a particular region, state,ecosystem, and habitat without direct or indirect human actions.

A conservation landscape has an ongoing management process to remove existing invasiveplants and to manage the property to prevent future alien plant invasions.

Invasive plants: Alien plants are those that occur artificially in locations beyond their knownhistorical natural ranges, most often brought to new regions by humans through horticulture.Invasive plants are those alien that display rapid growth and spread, allowing them to establishover large areas. These plants can spread to natural areas , due to wind, water flow birds andother wildlife and other factors, causing significant ecological harm.


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Provides wildlife habitat. A conservation landscape encourage native wildlife species that mayinclude birds, butterflies ,bees , spiders ,fish ,frogs, salamanders, snakes etc. An animals habitatis the particular type of area where it find food, water, shelter and breeding or nesting space.Biodiversitya wide variety of native plant and animal life is critical to maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Creating conservation landscapes in residential yards, neighborhoods, parks, andbusiness, school, and municipal properties, etc. ,will help to increase available habitat for wild

life. Promotes good air quality and is not a source of air pollution. An environmentally sound

conservation landscape minimize activities that directly create air pollution, promotes the use oftrees and other plants that filter air pollutants, and eliminates or reduce the use of commercialproducts that are harmful or create polluting byproducts.

A converse landscape conserves waterand promotes good water quality:

Water is a precious finite natural resource and an important component in our lives and

landscapes. Without it neither would be able to survive. Less than 1% of all the water in the worldis available to us as fresh clean water. It is constantly recycled through the ground and in the airto provide us with a source of fresh water. Rain water eventually becomes ground water. Bycompacting soils and creating abundant paved surface, we have decreased entryways forrainwater to get back into the ground to complete the natural purifying cycle.(see impervious vsrunoff diagram.)

Healthy soils and landscapes allow rainwater to penetrate and help to filter out

pollutants. By using conservation landscaping techniques-which help to reduce pollutants in thelandscape, reduce wastewater amounts, Increase groundwater recharge and reduce water use-ahomeowner can help keep waterways clean ,and enjoy monthly water bills.

Promotes healthy soils ,composts plant waste on site and amends disturbed soils toencourage native plant communities:


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soil composition varies considerably within a region and will support different plant and animalcommunities. Some soils are particularly unique and support unusual or rare plant and animalcommunities. Native soils require thousands of years to evolve and can be destroyed in amoment. Disturbances to soil can result in a breakdown of soil structure and an imbalance ofplant and animal communities. These disturbances may include compaction by heavy equipmentor foot traffic, changes in nutrient cycling and pH from runoff and air deposition removal oftopsoil, erosion and plowing. Thus ,a cornerstone of conservation landscaping is the properprotection and ongoing care of the soil.

Works with nature to be more sustainable with less inputs:

A conservation landscape is managed or maintained in a way that require fewer inputs,works with nature and promotes or works toward sustainability. How we all live on the land isimportant, so how each of us manages our property is important to all of us. How you manageyour landscape can have an important impact on the health of your local environment.


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Conservation 24 March

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