1 UNIT 1 PAST SIMPLE El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en el pasado. www.ego4u.com/en/cr am.../past ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON VERBOS REGULARES Tony stayed at home last night. Katherine worked in the store yesterday. The students studied 1 a lot for the exam. Tony se quedo en casa anoche. Katherine trabajo en la tienda anoche. Los estudiantes estudiaron bastante para el examen. ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO Did your parents travel to the beach last year? Did Vanessa work in her office last night? Did you understand the simple past? ¿Viajaron tus padres a la playa el año anterior? ¿Trabajo Vanesa en su oficina anoche? ¿Entendiste el pasado simple? 1 El verbo study cambia la y por i y aumenta –ed para formar el pasado Language Note Recuerde que los verbos en pasado son regulares (-ed) e irregulares (tienen su propia forma) Paul didn’t come to the party last Friday. Paul no vino a la fiesta el viernes anterior. The students didn’t arrive on time today. Los estudiantes no llegaron puntuales hoy día. I didn’t study for the oral presentation. Yo no estudie para la presentación oral. Sujeto + Verbo-ed (pasado simple) + Complemento Sujeto + Auxiliar did + not (didn’t) + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento Auxiliar (Did) + Sujeto + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento?
Transcript
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UNIT 1
PAST SIMPLE
El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en el pasado.
www.ego4u.com/en/cr
am.../past
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON VERBOS REGULARES
Tony stayed at home last night.
Katherine worked in the store yesterday.
The students studied1 a lot for the exam.
Tony se quedo en casa anoche.
Katherine trabajo en la tienda anoche.
Los estudiantes estudiaron bastante para el
examen.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Did your parents travel to the beach last
year?
Did Vanessa work in her office last night?
Did you understand the simple past?
¿Viajaron tus padres a la playa el año
anterior?
¿Trabajo Vanesa en su oficina anoche?
¿Entendiste el pasado simple?
1 El verbo study cambia la y por i y aumenta –ed para formar el pasado
Language Note Recuerde que los verbos en pasado son regulares (-ed) e irregulares (tienen su propia forma)
Paul didn’t come to the party last Friday. Paul no vino a la fiesta el viernes anterior.
The students didn’t arrive on time today. Los estudiantes no llegaron puntuales hoy día.
I didn’t study for the oral presentation. Yo no estudie para la presentación oral.
Sujeto + Verbo-ed (pasado simple) + Complemento
Sujeto + Auxiliar did + not (didn’t) + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento
Auxiliar (Did) + Sujeto + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento?
1. Se usa el pasado simple para una serie de acciones en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- I received the good news and immediately called my husband. Recibí la buena noticia y llamé de inmediato a mi esposo.
- He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn't return home until 10 at night. El estudió por una hora por la mañana, trabajó toda la tarde y no regresó a casa hasta las 10 de la noche.
2. También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa el pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
- We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young. Nosotros siempre viajábamos a Cancún durante las vacaciones cuando éramos jóvenes.
- He walked 5 kilometers every day to work. El caminaba 5 kilómetros hasta el trabajo cada día.
3. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el pasado, como el pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
- I worked for many years in a museum. Yo trabaje en un museo durante muchos años.
- My best friend didn't eat meat for years. Mi mejor amiga no comió carne durante años.
4. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
Ejemplos:
- The Aztecs lived in Mexico. Los aztecas vivían en México.
- My husband played the guitar when he was a child. Mi esposo tocaba la guitarra cuando era niño.
Sujeto + Verbo To-Be (was-were) (not) + Verbo (ING) + Complemento
Verbo To-Be (was-were) + Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento +?
SHORT ANSWERS: (Respuesta Afirmativas = Yes, I was – Yes, he/she/it was –
Yes, we /you/they were.
Negativas = No, I / he/she/it wasn’t – No, we/you/they weren’t
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Where was your father working last week?
What were you doing yesterday morning?
Who was she chatting to during the class?
¿Dónde estuvo trabajando tu padre la semana pasada?
¿Qué estuviste haciendo ayer en la mañana?
¿Con quién estaba ella chateando durante la clase?
USOS
1. El pasado progresivo lo utilizamos para una acción larga que ya en el pasado fue interrumpida.
La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado progresivo y la acción que provoca la interrupción está
en pasado simple. "When" y "while" señalan el uso del pasado simple y progresivo. En general,
usamos el pasado simple directamente después de "when" y el pasado progresivo después de
"while."
Ejemplos:
- Jose called while I was watching the news. José llamó mientras yo estaba viendo las noticias.
- He was walking to work when he fell. El estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cayó.
- Was it raining when you left? ¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?
2. Se usa el pasado progresivo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005. Paula no estaba viviendo en España en el 2005.
- We were still working at 10 o'clock last night. Nosotros todavía estábamos trabajando a las 10 de la noche.
3. Se usa el pasado progresivo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- My son was reading while I was cooking. Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo estaba cocinando.
- They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie. Ellos estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estábamos intentando ver la película.
EXERCISE 2 BUILDING –Positive Escriba oraciones afirmativas en pasado progresivo Yesterday at 3 pm the following people were in the middle of an action. 1. you / play / cards ________________________________________________________________
2. Alice / walk / around the lake ______________________________________________________
3. Caron / listen / to the radio ________________________________________________________
4. we / read / a book about Australia __________________________________________________
5. Linda / look for / her ring _________________________________________________________
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6. Fiona and Sam / visit / the castle ___________________________________________________
7. Ben / wash / the car _____________________________________________________________
8. Kim and I / wait / in the park _______________________________________________________
9. My sister / feed / the birds ________________________________________________________
10. Greg and Phil / count / their money ________________________________________________
BUILDING –Negative Escriba oraciones negativas en pasado progresivo. Somebody believes that yesterday at 3 pm the following people were in the middle of an action. That cannot be, however, as yesterday at 3 pm these people were not doing those things. 1. Sarah and Luke / not / work ______________________________________________________
2. Mister Miller / not / teach / chemistry ________________________________________________
3. Barry / not / drive / a lorry ________________________________________________________
4. Mandy / not / have / lunch _______________________________________________________
5. Albert / not / play / tennis ________________________________________________________
6. Taylor and Bob / not / cycle / home ________________________________________________
7. Annie / not / clean / the table _____________________________________________________
8. Benjamin / not / write / an e-mail __________________________________________________
9. Jane / not / exercise / at the gym __________________________________________________
10. Robert / not / buy flowers ________________________________________________________
BUILDING –Interrogative Escriba preguntas en pasado progresivo.
You want to know whether the following people were in the middle of an action at a certain time in the past.
1. Rachel / feed / the cat ___________________________________________________________
2. The children / paint / a picture _____________________________________________________
3. Clark / repair / his computer _______________________________________________________
4. Hazel / swim / in the pool _________________________________________________________
5. Lucas / have / a shower __________________________________________________________
6. At six o'clock, Miriam and her family were having dinner.
Sujeto + Auxiliar HAD NOT (hadn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
Auxiliar (had) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
SHORT ANSWERS
Affirmative = Yes, I, she, he, it, we, you, they did. / Negative = No, I, she, he, it, we, you, they didn’t.
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- How long had they studied for the final exam?
- How many exercises had you done?
- Where had she been all this time?
¿Cuánto tiempo han estudiado ellos para el examen final?
¿Cuántos ejercicios habías hecho?
¿Dónde ha estado ella todo este tiempo?
USOS
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que comenzó en el pasado y que es anterior a otra acción también en el pasado (el pasado simple).
Ejemplos:
- I'd read the book before I saw the movie.
Yo había leído el libro antes de ver la película.
- Donna had just left when you called.
Donna había salido justo cuando llamaste.
- Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
¿Alguna vez habías volado antes del viaje a Francia?
2. Se usa para acciones que pasaron antes de un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
Ya me había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 7.
- He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008.
El no había estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.
3. También, como el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW.
Ella había tenido un coche antes de comprarse su nuevo BMW.
- They had been depressed for a long time before they changed jobs.
Ellos habían estado deprimidos durante mucho tiempo antes que cambiaran de trabajo.
EXERCISE 3
BUILDING-Affirmative-Negative-Interrogative
AFFIRMATIVE
Escriba las oraciones con la forma correspondiente del verbo entre paréntesis.
8. (watch / Titanic / your parents) ________________________________________________
9. (finish / the homework / your friend) ________________________________________________
10. (call / your mother / you) ________________________________________________
Preguntas Informativas
Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo de
información requerida, seguido del auxiliar ( have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo
principal también en
Pasado Participio:
Pregunta Informativa:
WHAT
WHERE
WHERE … FROM
WHEN
WHICH
WHY
HOW
HOW LONG
HOW OFTEN
WHAT TIME
qué
dónde
de dónde
cuándo
cuál / cuáles
por qué
cómo
por cuánto tiempo
con qué frecuencia
qué hora/ a qué hora
Ejemplo:
- What have you learnt in your English class? I have learnt new vocabulary. - Where has your friend bought her books? She has bought her books in the library. - How long have they studied for the test? They have studied for the test for two hours. - Who has finished the English homework? Everybody has finished the English homework.
Ejercicio 5 Escoja la respuesta correcta. 1. How long has Mary driven her motorcycle?
a. Not bad. b. For two years. c. Lately. d. In 2006. 2. When have classes started? a. In September. b. At the school. c. For two hours. d. The teacher. 3. What has your husband done lately? a. At home. b. My parents. c. In summer. d. Read a book.
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) +
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4. Where have you spent vacation? a. In August. b. My family. c. At the beach. d. Swimming. 5. Who has left the books on the desk? a. Henry. b. Since 1999. c. At the office. d. Dictionaries. 6. Where have the ladies come from? a. At 5 pm. b. In Christmas. c. July and me. d. Italy. 7. Which movie has received the best review? a. In February. b. At the university. c. Les Misérables. d. From Ecuador. 8. What time have you started talking on the phone? a. For one hour. b. At 8. c. My mother. d. At home. 9. How often has the manager come before 9 am? a. Twice a month. b. In winter. c. Jason. d. For one year. 10. Why have you applied for the job? a. My parents. b. In October. c. Twice. d. Because I have the qualifications.
Ejercicio 6
Formule la pregunta en base a la información marcada en negrilla.
1. I have been in the garden. _______________________________________________
2. My sister has cooked dinner. _______________________________________________
3. Sue has read the book twice. _______________________________________________
4. My friend has crashed his car. _______________________________________________
5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days. ______________________________________
6. Freddy has done his homework. _______________________________________________
7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner. _______________________________________________
8. Sarah has bought five books. _______________________________________________
9. Jason has talked to his teacher. _______________________________________________
10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party tonight_________________
FOR Y SINCE For y Since sirven para delimitar el tiempo de la acción del verbo, establecen cuando la acción ha
concluido.
FOR DURANTE
SINCE DESDE
Ejemplo:
- I have lived here for four years. Yo he vivido aquí durante 4 años.
- I have lived here since 2011. Yo he vivido aquí desde el 2011.
- He hasn’t studied for eight years. El no ha estudiado durante ocho años.
- He hasn’t studied since 2009. El no ha estudiado desde el 2009.
Observe que usamos for para expresar la duración de una acción, y since para indicar cuándo
comenzó la acción.
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Ejercicio 7
Use for o since de acuerdo al contexto.
1. I haven't phoned home _________ Christmas.
2. We've been here _________ nine o'clock.
3. I have worked for International House _________ more than eight years.
4. I haven't visited my home town_________ I left school.
5. I haven't been to the cinema_________ ages.
6. I have studied non-stop_________ 9:15.
7. I have had a driving license_________ I was eighteen.
8. She hasn't had a day off_________1999.
9. Johan has been in England_________ more than two weeks now.
10. Peter has been my best friend _________we were nine.
ALREADY Y YET
ALREADY YA
YET TODAVIA NO, AUN
Already se utiliza en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción ya ocurrió o
que se lleva a cabo. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado o al final de la oración.
Ejemplo:
- I have already done my homework Yo ya he hecho mis deberes.
- Mary has visited London already. Mary ya ha visitado Londres.
- Has Ron already written the essay? Ya ha escrito Ron su ensayo?
- Have you made your bed already? Ya tendiste tu cama?
Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción todavía no ha
concluido.
Yet se coloca al final de la oración.
Ejemplo:
- I haven't done my homework yet. Yo todavía no he hecho mis deberes.
- Have you studied Unit 3 yet? ¿Ya has estudiado la unidad 3?
Ejercicio 8
Utilice las palabras para formar oraciones en presente perfecto.
1. your wife / the baby / had / yet / has / ? _____________________________________________
2. no / hasn’t / the baby / she / yet / had _____________________________________________
3. already / Rita / has / a sonogram / had _____________________________________________
4. the doctor / hasn’t / the baby’s gender / yet / told them _________________________________
5. already / we / bought / some staff / for a girl _________________________________________
6. the time / I / to choose / haven’t / had / yet / the color __________________________________
7. given us / our neighbors / some furniture / have / already _______________________________
8. for the baby / have / some names / you /yet thought of / ? _______________________________
9. made / I / of names / already / have /a list ___________________________________________
10. hasn’t / yet / thought of / my wife / any names ________________________________________
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JUST Y EVER
JUST ACABAR DE
EVER ALGUNA VEZ
Just se utliza para expresar acciones que han sucedido recientemente. Se coloca después del
auxiliar have o has.
Ejemplo:
- I have just done my homework. Yo he acabado de hacer mis deberes.
Ever se utiliza en preguntas. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado.
En oraciones negativas se utiliza ever para expresar ‘nunca’.
Ejemplo:
- Have you ever been to Spain? Ha estado alguna vez en España?
- I haven’t ever been to China. Yo nunca he estado en China.
Ejercicio 9
Use just o ever según corresponda.
1. Have you _____________ ridden a motorcycle?
2. Has David _____________ flown a plane?
3. The employees have _____________ received a bonus.
4. Peter has _____________ bought a new car.
5. My sister hasn’t _____________ been to Manchester.
6. The intern has _____________ finished her classes.
7. Has your daughter _____________ been late for school?
8. Has anybody _____________ lived without air.
9. The President has _____________ won the election again.
10. The students have _____________ paid their loans.
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Present Perfect Continuous
El presente perfecto continuo se utiliza para hablar de acciones no terminadas que empezaron en
el pasado y están en progreso al momento de hablar.
Ejemplo:
- I have been baking this cake. Yo he estado horneando este pastel.
- He has been studying English all the day. El ha estado estudiando Ingles todo el día.
El presente perfecto continuo también se usa para expresar acciones que no están terminadas,
pero que estuvieron en progreso en el pasado. Puede enfatizar también el resultado de la acción.
Ejemplo:
- She has been painting a picture the whole day. Her clothes are covered in paint.
Ella ha estado pintando un cuadro todo el día. Su ropa está cubierta de pintura.
Aquí, ella empezó a pintar el cuadro y ha estado pintando durante un periodo de tiempo durante el
día, pero en el momento de hablar no ha terminado de pintar el cuadro.
Al igual que en presente perfecto simple, podemos medir la duración de la acción continua con
"how long' (¿Cuánto tiempo?) y con "for (durante) / since (desde)".
Ejemplo:
- I have been studying English for five years.
Yo he estado estudiando inglés durante cinco años. - How long have you been studying the present perfect continuous? ¿Cuánto tiempo has estado estudiando el presente perfecto continuo?
Recuerde que HOW LONG lo podemos emplear en los dos tiempos.
Conjugación
PRONOMBRE
Sujeto
AFIRMATIVA
Auxiliar (have o Has) +
BEEN + Verbo (ING)
NEGATIVA
Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t)
+ BEEN + Verbo (ING)
PREGUNTAS
Auxiliar (have o has) +
Sujeto + BEEN + Verbo
(ING)
I have been working haven't been working Have you been
working… ?
YOU have been working haven't been working Have you been
working…?
HE has been working hasn't been working Has he been working…?
SHE has been working hasn't been working Has she been
working…?
IT has been working hasn't been working Has it been working…?
WE have been working haven't been working Have we been
working…?
YOU have been working haven't been working Have you been
working…?
THEY have been working haven't been working Have they been
working…?
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Oraciones Afirmativas
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto Continuo debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o
HAS acompañado por BEEN y el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o
verbos irregulares)
We have been waiting here for over two hours! Nosotros hemos estado esperando aquí por más de
dos horas.
She has been working at that company for
three years.
Ella ha estado trabajando en aquella compañía por
tres años.
They have been talking since five o’clock. Ellos han estado hablando desde las cinco.
James has been teaching at the university
since June.
James ha estado ensenando en la universidad desde
Junio.
Ejercicio 10
Complete las siguientes oraciones con la conjugación correcta del verbo.
1. He _________________ (work) in this company since 1985.
2. I _________________ (wait) for you since two o'clock.
3. Mary _________________ (live) in Germany since 1992.
4. He _________________ (play) tennis for five hours.
5. The students _________________ (learn) English for one year.
6. We_________________ (look) for the information for more than an hour.
7. I _________________ (live) without electricity for two weeks.
8. She _________________ (work) in the garden this day.
9. Beatriz ____________________ (teach) in Cuenca this year.
10. Ricky _________________ (wash) his car for two hours.
Oraciones Negativas
My friend hasn’t been teaching English. Mi amiga no ha estado enseñando inglés.
The children haven’t been sleeping well. Los niños no han estado durmiendo bien.
I haven’t been cleaning the room. Yo no he estado limpiando la habitación.
Her mother hasn’t been cooking lately. Su madre no ha estado cocinando
últimamente.
Ejercicio 11 Escriba oraciones negativas siguiendo la estructura indicada. 1. Alberto / soccer / play / for two hours / not
Cambie el verbo a la forma correcta del futuro progresivo
1. He _________________________________________ (wait) for quite some time. 2. Tomorrow at this time I_____________________________________ (dance) at a party. 3. Next week at this time I _____________________________________ (sunbathe) at the beach. 4. At 5 o'clock you _______________________________________________ (help) you brother. 5. This evening at 8 o'clock, she ___________________________ (watch) a movie with her friends. 6. Nicole ________________________________________________________ (have) a hard time. 7. We _____________________________________ (smile), and they __________________ (cry). 8. Rebecca _________________ (clean) the house, and John ______________ (wash) the dishes. 9. Tonight they ____________ (talk), ___________ (dance) and ___________ (have) a good time. 10. It ______________________ (rain) tomorrow morning.
AFIRMATIVO: Sujeto+ will + be + verbo-ing
NEGATIVO: Sujeto + will not/won’t + be + verbo-ing
PREGUNTA: Will + sujeto + be + verbo-ing + ?
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FIXING
Reordene las palabras para formar oraciones en futuro progresivo
El tiempo futuro perfecto habla acerca del pasado en el futuro.
Estructura del futuro perfecto
Sujeto + Verbo auxiliar WILL + Verbo auxiliar HAVE + Verbo principal
invariable
invariable
Pasado participio
will have V3
Observe estas oraciones en futuro perfecto:
Sujeto Auxiliar del future WILL
Verbo auxiliar HAVE
Verbo principal en PASADO PARTICIPIO
+ I will have finished by 10am.
+ You will have forgotten me by then.
- She will not have gone to school.
- We will not have left.
? Will you have arrived?
? Will they have received it?
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En el idioma hablado en tiempo futuro perfecto, frecuentemente contraemos el sujeto con will y
algunas veces contraemos el sujeto, will y have juntos.
I will have I'll have I'll've
you will have you'll have you'll've
he will have she will have it will have
he'll have she'll have it'll have
he'll've she'll've it'll've
we will have we'll have we'll've
they will have they'll have they'll've
EXERCISE 4
COMPLETION-1
Llene los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta del futuro perfecto de los verbos entre paréntesis
Example: He ______________ the suitcase by tomorrow. (to pack)
Answer: He will have packed the suitcase by tomorrow.
1. Anne____________________________________________ her bike next week. (to repair)
2. We ____________________________________________ the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do)
3. She _______________________________________ Paris by the end of next year. (to visit)
4. I____________________________________________________ this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)
5. Sam __________________________________________________ by next week. (to leave)
6. She ______________________________________ this with her mother tonight. (to discuss)
7. The police__________________________________________________ the driver. (to arrest)
8. They ___________________________________________ their essay by tomorrow. (to write)
9. Paolo___________________________________________________ the teams. (to manage)
10. If we can do that - then we _______________________________our mission. (to complete)
COMPLETION -2
Haga oraciones negativas en futuro perfecto
1. I’m sorry, by next week, I_________________________________________ (not/finish) the report.
2. I’m sorry, by next week, Julia _____________________________________ (not/send) the emails.
3. I’m sorry, by next week, John _____________________________________ (not/clean) the office.
4. I’m sorry, by next week, we ______________________________________ (not/order) new stock.
5. I’m sorry, by next week, they ______________________________________ (not/write) the article.
6. I’m sorry, by next week, I _____________________________________ (not/meet) the customers.
7. I’m sorry, by next week, she__________________________________ (not/organize) the meeting.
8. I’m sorry, by next week, he _________________________________________ (not/call) Mr. Smith.
9. I’m sorry, by next week, we ___________________________________ (not/read) the documents.
10. I’m sorry, by next week, you ___________________________________ (not/receive) the prices.
Uso frecuente en inglés
hablado en discurso.
Uso exclusivo del inglés
hablado en diálogos.
INGLÉS
ESCRITO
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
Escoja la opción correcta usando el tiempo futuro perfecto.
1. Barbara and her husband _______________ the south of Morocco by the end of next week
a. will have visited b. will visit c. will be visiting d. will be visited
2. Next week, that football player _______________with our national team for six years.
a. will play b. will have played c. will be playing d. will be played
3. By 2020, our population ________________ enormously.
a. will increase b. will be increasing c. will be increased d. will have increased
4. By the beginning of June, my father ______________ to France.
a. will return b. will be returning c. will have returned d. will be returned
5. Two new private radio stations _________________by the end of the next month.
a. will have started b. will be stating c. will start d. will be started
6. According to the statistics, many women _________________ this association by the end of this year.
a. won't join b. won't be joining c. won't have joined d. won't be joined
7. The school library ________________ many interesting books and magazines by the end of this month.
a. will have received b. will be received c. will receive d. will be receiving
8. _________________ planted hundreds of palm trees by this time next year?
a. Will be the workers b. Will have the workers c. Will the workers have d. Be will the workers
9. Due to the cost, this company ___________________ the new generation of mobile phones next year.
a. won't be received b. won't be receiving c. won't receive d. won't have received
10. By the end of July, the manager of our department _________________ his raise for his excellent performance.
a. will be gotten b. will get c. will have gotten d. will be getting
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
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UNIT 4 TENSE REVIEW
Las letras utilizadas en los cuadros, corresponden a lo siguiente:
S: sujeto (subject)
V: verbo (verb)
C: complemento (complement)
past. part: participio pasado (past participle)
*PRESENT SIMPLE
USO: para expresar acciones habituales, rutinas y hechos que son verdaderos.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + V + C
I study English.
He studies English.
S + DON’T / DOESN’T + V + C
I don’t study English.
He doesn’t study English.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
DO / DOES + S + V + C?
Do you study English?
Does he study English?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
WH + DO / DOES + S + V + C?
What do you read everyday?
How does your sister come to class?
I read the newspaper everyday.
She comes to class by bus.
*PRESENT PROGRESSIVE USO: Para expresar acciones que están en progreso al momento de hablar. También expresan
planes.
Be: is o are
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + BE + VERB+ING + C
I am playing the guitar now.
She is reading a book at the moment.
S + BE+NOT + VERB+ING + V + C
I am not playing the guitar.
She isn’t reading a book at the moment.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
BE + S + VERB+ING + C?
Are you playing the guitar now?
Is she reading a book at the moment?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
WH + BE + S + VERB+ING + C?
When are you playing the guitar?
What is she doing at the moment?
I’m playing the guitar now.
She’s reading a book at the moment.
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*PAST SIMPLE USO: para expresar hábitos, rutinas o cosas que son verdad en el pasado.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + V (ed) + C
I travelled to Loja last week.
He listened to music in the morning.
S + DIDN’T + V + C
I didn’t travel to Loja last week.
He didn’t listen to music in the morning.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
DID + S + V + C?
Do you travel to Loja last week?
Does he listen to music in the morning?
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
WH + DID + S + V + C?
Where did you travel last week?
What did he do in the morning?
I travelled to Loja last week.
He listened to music in the morning.
*PAST PROGRESSIVE USO: Para expresar acciones que estuvieron en progreso en algún momento en el pasado.
BE: was o were
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + BE + V+ING + C
I was travelling to Loja when the bus crashed.
He was listening to music in the morning.
S + BE+ NOT + V+ING + C
I wasn’t travelling to Loja when the bus crashed.
He wasn’t listening to music in the morning.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
BE+ S + V + ING + C?
Were you travelling to Loja when the bus crashed?
Was he listening to music in the morning?
Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
WH + BE + S + V + ING + C?
Where did you travel last week?
What did he do in the morning?
I travelled to Loja last week.
He listened to music in the morning.
*PRESENT PERFECT USO: Para expresar acciones que sucedieron en un tiempo indefinido en el pasado.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + HAVE/HAS + V (past. part.) + C
I have studied English for three months.
She has written very good novels.
S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + V (past. part.) + C
I haven’t studied English very long.
She hasn’t written any good novel.
Use ALREADY antes de verbo en participio
pasado.
Use YET al final de la oración.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
HAVE/HAS + S + V (past. part.) + C?
Have you ever played the guitar?
Has she bought a new house?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
WH + HAVE/HAS + S + V (past. part.) + C?
How long have you played the guitar?
What has she done at the school?
I’ve played the guitar since July.
She’s printed a lot of worksheets.
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*FUTURE
-WILL USO: para expresar acciones futuras que pueden suceder sin intención (cumpleaños, clima, etc),
decisiones espontáneas o predicciones en el futuro.
Will + not = won’t
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + WILL + V + C
Peter will be 23 next Tuesday.
They will visit their aunt this afternoon.
Hold on! She will do it for you.
S + WILL + NOT + V + C
Peter won’t be 23 next Tuesday.
They won’t visit their aunt this afternoon.
Sorry! She won’t do it for you.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
WILL + S + V + C?
Will they visit their aunt this afternoon?
Will she do it for you?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
Yes, she will. / No, she won’t.
WH +WILL+ S + V + O?
What time will they visit your aunt this
afternoon?
When will she do it for me?
They will visit their aunt at 5 pm..
She will do it for you next weekend.
- GOING TO USO: para expresar planes e intenciones en el futuro.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + BE + GOING TO + V + C
They are going to eat salad for lunch.
She is going to buy a new clock.
S + BE+NOT+ GOING TO + V + C
They aren’t going to eat salad for lunch.
She isn’t going to buy a new clock.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS RESPUESTAS
BE + S + GOING TO + V + C?
Are they going to eat salad for lunch?
Is she going to buy a new clock?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
WH + BE + S + GOING TO + V + C?
How many people are going to eat salad for
lunch?
Where is she going to buy a new clock?
Twenty people are going to eat salad for lunch.
She’s going to buy a new clock at Quicentro.
Ejercicio 1
Complete las oraciones con el presente simple o el presente progresivo. Use los verbos en
paréntesis.
1. The students _______________________ (eat) ice cream right now. 2. Jim _______________________ (visit) his sister in Chile. 3. Karen usually _______________________ (come) to class early. 4. I can’t give you the book back. I ______ still _________________ (read) it. 5. My brothers _______________________ (work) as business engineers. 6. That can’t be right! I _______________________ (not believe) it. 7. Carol can’t swim today. She _______________________ (have) a cold. 8. Ronald _______________________ (not drive) his car this week. It broke down. 9. Look at this price! I _______________________ (think) about buying it. 10. She _______________________ (not have) a permanent job.
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Ejercicio 2
Escoja la mejor opción para completar las oraciones.
1. The coat I tried on yesterday, ___________ me.
a. don’t fit b. fits c. didn’t fit d. doesn’t fit
2. She ___________ lunch when Ruth phoned.
a. was having b. had c. have had d. weren’t having
3. My friend ___________ a lot of sushi lately.
a. ate b. eats c. eat d. has eaten
4. The manager ___________ that the employees receive a bonus.
a. suggest b. suggested c. suggests d. doesn’t suggest
5. While Paul ___________, he saw the job advertisement.
a. drove b. was driving c. drive d. drives
6. The burglars ___________ into my house last night. They just took my video games.
a. broke b. was breaking c. were breaking d. don’t break
7. Sorry, but I ___________ the letter yet.
a. have written b. has written c. haven’t written d. wrote
8. We ___________ here for three years.
a. have worked b. has worked c. worked d. were working
9. My teachers ___________ of re-evaluating us.
a. was thinking b. were thinking c. thought d. think
10. Danny ___________ his keys twice this month.
a. was losing b. have lost c. lost d. has lost
Ejercicio 3
Escoja la respuesta correcta.
1. Can you come dancing tomorrow night?
a. Sorry, I’ll play basketball. b. Sorry, I’m going to play basketball.
2. What are your plans for the summer?
a. I’ll spend a month in the mountains. b. I’m going to spend a month in the
mountains.
3. What do you think about the weather?
a. It’ll probably rain tomorrow. b. It’s raining tomorrow.
4. What about tomorrow at about 5:30?
a. OK, I’ll see you then. b. OK. I’m going to see you then.
5. Mary is buying a dog tomorrow.
a. Really? What’s she going to call it? b. Really? What will she call it?
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
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6. Have your heard the news?
a. Harry will join the Army. b. Harry is going to join the Army.
7. I’m sorry. I can’t meet you tonight.
a. I’ll go out with my parents. b. I’m going to go out with my parents.
8. What do you think of transportation in fifty years’ time?
a. Most people will probably ride bicycles. b. Most people is going to ride bicycles.
9. What about the soccer match tonight?
a. I think our team is going to win. b. I think our team will probably win.
10. I hope to see you next week.
a. Are you going to do anything on Friday? b. Will you do anything on Friday
PASSIVE VOICE
Una oración podemos enfocar la acción del verbo en el sujeto o en el objeto. Cuando la acción del
verbo recae sobre el sujeto, se dice que la oración está en voz activa.
Ejemplo:
My friend carries his bags to her car.
Mi amiga lleva sus bolsos a su auto.
Cuando la acción del verbo recae en el objeto, se dice que la oración está en voz pasiva.
Ejemplo:
The bags are carried by my friend to her car.
Los bolsos son llevados por mi amiga a su auto.
Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oración en voz activa cuente con objeto directo, es
decir que responda a la pregunta "¿qué cosa?"
Ejemplo:
Juan lost the notebook.
Juan perdió el cuaderno.
¿Qué cosa perdió Juan?
El cuaderno (éste es el objeto directo)
Ejemplo: Voz activa: Juan lost the notebook.
Juan perdió el cuaderno.
Voz pasiva: The notebook was lost by Juan.
El cuaderno fue perdido por Juan.
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
Personal
Resaltado
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Reglas Gramaticales:
Para transformar una oración activa a pasiva es necesario tener en cuenta los siguientes puntos:
1. El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva
2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto al verbo
principal en participio.
3. El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva.
4. Si hacemos mención en la oración al sujeto que realiza la acción (sujeto agente), éste irá
normalmente introducido por la preposición by.
Voz activa Subject + verb + object (complement)
Helen teaches languages.
Languages are taught by Helen.
Voz pasiva Object + be + verb (p. part.) + agent + subject
Tabla de cambios verbales en la transformación de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva Tabla de
CAMBIOS VERBALES EN LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE VOZ ACTIVA A VOZ PASIVA
La voz activa y pasiva se encuentra en todos los tiempos verbales. A continuación se presenta los
cambios que se deben hacer en cada tiempo verbal al cambiar una oración de voz activa a voz
pasiva.
Tiempo Voz Activa Voz Pasiva
simple present Paula writes a letter The letter is written by Paula.
present continuous Paula is writing a letter The letter is being written by Paula.
simple past Paula wrote a letter The letter was written by Paula.
past continuous Paula was writing a letter The letter was being written by Paula.
present perfect Paula has written a letter The letter has been written by Paula.
past perfect Paula had written a letter The letter had been written by Paula.
future Paula will write a letter The letter will be written by Paula.
future II Paula is going to write a letter The letter is going to be written by Paula.
modals Paula has to write a letter The letter has to be written by Paula.
modals Paula should write a letter The letter should be written by Paula.
modals Paula must write a letter The letter must be written by Paula.
El objeto directo pasara a ser nuestro sujeto en la oración en voz pasiva.
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Ejercicio 1
Transforme las siguientes oraciones utilizando la voz pasiva
Complete las oraciones con el verbo correctamente conjugado.
1. The words____________________ by the teacher today. (to explain)
2. We____________________ a letter the day before yesterday. (to send)
3. This car____________________. It's too old. (not/to steal)
4. This street____________________ because of snow. (already/to close)
5. A new restaurant____________________ next week. (to open)
6. He____________________ to the party yesterday. (to invite)
7. The blue box____________________. (can/not/to see)
8. I____________________ the book by my friend last Sunday. (to give)
9. The dishes____________________ by my little brother yesterday. (not/to wash)
10. The car ____________________ three weeks ago. (steal)
Ejercicio 3
Identifique si las siguientes oraciones están en Voz Activa o en Voz Pasiva.
1. They listen to music. ____________________
2. She is reading an e-mail. ____________________
3. These cars are produced in Japan. ____________________
4. Alan teaches Geography. ____________________
5. German is spoken in Austria. ____________________
6. Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake. ____________________
7. Henry Ford invented the assembly line. ____________________
8. The bus driver was hurt. ____________________
9. You should open your workbooks. ____________________
10. Houses have been built. ____________________
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UNIT 5
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Los pronombres relativos son:
who
whom
whose
which
that
what
que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)
a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas) de que, de quien, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (para personas) que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas) que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas) lo que
a. Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona, aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos. The man who called is my husband. El hombre que llamo es mi esposo. The doctor who helped you is my father. El doctor que te ayudo es mi padre. b. Whom es muy formal y se emplea en lenguaje escrito. Su uso no es muy común en lenguaje hablado. c. Whose expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas, (también excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos). The family whose house we stayed in was very friendly. La familia en cuya casa estuvimos era mi amigable. d. Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales: The car which is in the garage is mine. El carro que está en el garaje es mío. This is the car which I go to work in. Éste es el carro con el cual voy a trabajar. e. That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o animales: The letter that came yesterday is from my mother. La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre. The man that came to our house is my teacher. El hombre que vino a nuestra casa es
mi profesor.
f. What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones.
- I know what you're thinking. Sé lo que estás pensando - Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow. Nadie sabe qué pasará mañana
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Diferencia entre who y that
Generalmente, es indiferente usar 'who' y 'that'. Sin embargo, existen diferencias entre ambos que hacen más apropiado el uso de uno u otro pronombre dependiendo de si se está identificando o no al sujeto.
Ejemplos:
- Where is the girl (who / that) sells the ice cream? ¿Dónde está la chica que vende el helado? (los dos pronombres están correctos: 'who' y 'that') - This is Carol, who sells the ice cream. Esta es Carol, la cual vende el helado. This is Carol, that sells the ice cream (uso inadecuado de 'that') 'That' normalmente no puede ir precedido de una preposición
Después de superlativos y pronombres indefinidos debemos emplear 'that' en lugar de 'who'
- It's the best film that I've ever seen. Es la mejor película que he visto nunca - It's something that makes him cry. Es algo que le hace llorar.
Cláusulas relativas definidas
En este tipo de clausulas se utilizan los pronombres relativos WHO (quien) y THAT (que), estos
pronombres describen cualidades y características de las personas. Es importante recordar que
estos pronombres pueden omitirse en inglés cuando son objetos pero nunca cuando son sujetos.
Una cláusula relativa que describe a una persona nos brinda información sobre la persona (o tipo de persona) acerca de quien se habla.
*RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS "SUBJECTS"
En los siguientes ejemplos se unirán dos oraciones para formar una clausula.
1. I like people. 2. People aren't too serious. Me gusta la gente. La gente no es excesivamente seria. Clausula: I like people who aren't too serious.
Me gusta la gente que no es excesivamente seria. 1. I like people. 2. They have a good sense of humor. Me gusta la gente. La gente tiene buen sentido del humor. Clausula: I like people that have a good sense of humor.
Me gusta la gente que tiene buen sentido del humor. Estudia los ejemplos:
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- I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel.
- Did you see the letter that came this morning?
Who owns the hotel and that came this morning son “claúsulas relativas definidas”. Estas cláusulas
nos dicen a qué persona o cosa se refiere el hablante (Ej., who owns the hotel, nos dice cuál mujer ;
y that came this morning nos dice cuál carta).
Podemos usar which en lugar de that (para hablar sobre cosas) en una cláusula relativa definida.
-Did you see the letter which came this morning?
-The keys which were on this table have disappeared.
En un estilo informal, también es posible usar that en lugar de who (para hablar sobre gente)
I spoke to the woman that owns the hotel.
Who, that y which pueden ser el sujeto y el objeto de una cláusula relativas definida.
Observa:
Marianne is the girl who Invited us to the party
Who es el sujeto: She Invited us to the party
Marianne is the girl who We met last night
Who es el objeto: We met her Last night
WHERE, WHEN y WHY/THAT
Podemos usar where (para lugares) y when (para tiempos /horas) en cláusulas relativas.
- The factory where I work is going to close down.
- Is there a time when we can meet?
- Is there a reason why/that you want to leave now?
Ejercicio 1
I. Una cada par de enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas
Ejemplos: 1. That’s the woman. 2. She works in the post office.
II. Completa los enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas.
Ejemplo: I can’t find the envelopes (that) I bought this morning.
Have you seen the film that is on TV tonight?
1. John Murray is the man _____ owns the Grand Hotel.
2. The man _____ we spoke to wasn’t very nice.
3. This is the sweater _____ I bought on Saturday.
4. What is the name of the company _____ you work for?
5. A bi-lingual person is someone _____ speak two languages equally well.
6. Peter is the boy _____ I saw in the supermarket yesterday.
7. Are these all the letters _____ came in the morning’s post?
8. Have you found the money _____ you lost?
9. The people _____ used to live in that house have moved.
10. I don’t like films _____ are very violent.
III. Responde las preguntas empleando whose, como en el ejemplo.
Ejemplo: Who’s Mrs. Barnes? (Her husband teaches at Annie’s school.)
She’s the woman whose husband teaches at Annie’s school.
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1. Who’s is Jim Owen? (His flat was broken into.) _____________________________________________________________ 2. Who are Mr. and Mrs. Peters? (Their children were injured in the accident.) _____________________________________________________________ 3. Who’s that girl? (Her brother works in the post office.) _____________________________________________________________ 4. Who are those people? (Their credit cards were stolen) _____________________________________________________________ 5. Who are you? (My mother phoned the police.) _____________________________________________________________
IV. Complete los enunciados empleando, where, when ó why/that.
Ejemplo: - That is the church where Ken and Kate were married.
1. Did they tell you the reason _____ they wanted you to do that?
2. What’s the name of the restaurant _____ you had lunch?
3. I can remember a time _____ there was no television.
4. Is that the hospital _____ you had your operation?
5. I don’t understand the reason _____ he was late.
6. Do you remember the time _____ your car broke down on the motorway?
V. Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or where.
1. Tom, ______________________sister is a teacher, is in my class.
2. The White House, ______________________the US president lives, is in Washington.
3. The cats, ________________ house is broken, are mine.
4. My brother, ______________________works in Warsaw, earns a lot of money.
5. Molly, ______________________father is from Paris, speaks French very well.
6. Venice, ______________________is in Italy, is a very old city.
7. The man, __________________ daughter is my best friend, is the president of the company.
8. John Lennon, ______________________was born in 1940, was a member of The Beatles.
9. My car, ______________________I bought last month, broke down again.
10. The Ritz Hotel, ______________________we stayed last year, is very expensive.
VI. Match the column A with the column B in order to form a clause.
A B 1. A banana is a fruit _____ a. which carries a lot of people.
2. A hat is a thing _____ b. which is very small.
3. A pony is a horse _____ c. who designs houses
4. A dentist is a person _____ d. which is long and yellow.
5. A bus is a big car _____ e. that people wear on their heads
6. An architect is a person _____ f. who pulls teeth.
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UNIT 6
REPORTING QUESTIONS
Reporte Directo e Indirecto
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de
hacerlo: utilizando el reporte directo o el reporte indirecto.
Reporte Directo
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el reporte directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
- “I am going to Cuenca next week,” she said.
"Voy a Cuenca la semana que viene," ella dijo.
- “Do you have a pen?” he asked.
"Tienes un bolígrafo?" él preguntó.
- Alicia said, "I love to dance."
Alicia dijo, "Me encanta bailar."
- Christian asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?"
Christian preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?"
Reporte Indirecto (Indirect Speech)
El reporte indirecto, a diferencia del reporte directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el reporte directo, el tiempo verbal cambia.
Ejemplos:
*Reporte de Oraciones
- Paola said she was a new student.
Paola dijo que ella era una nueva estudiante.
- They said they would bake a cake for their parents.
Ellos dijeron que hornearían una torta para sus padres.
- The boy said he could play soccer very well.
El niño dijo que el podía jugar futbol muy bien.
- The teacher said she would come back in one hour.
La profesora dijo que ella volvería en una hora.
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*Reporte de Preguntas: Existen dos formas de reportar preguntas: Sofia asked: Do you like English?
Sofia asked if I liked English.
- Did your mother go to her job? Peter asked.
Peter asked if my mother had gone to her job.
- What does Patricia’s brother study? Augusta asked.
Augusta asked what Patricia’s brother studied.
- Why are you angry? My mother asked.
My mother asked why I was angry
A continuación se presenta un cuadro explicativo de los cambios de los tiempos verbales.
Reporte Directo Reporte Indirecto
Present Simple Past Simple
"He's American" she said. She said he was American.
"I'm happy to see you," Maria said. Maria said that she was happy to see me.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" He asked me if I was busy tonight.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
"Daniel is living in Loja," she said. She said Daniel was living in Loja..
He said, "I'm making dinner." He told me that he was making dinner.
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked. They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
"We went to the movies last night," he said. He told me they had gone to the movies last night.
Luis said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." Luis said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I was working late last night," Vicki said. Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
They said, "We weren't waiting long." They said that they hadn't been waiting long.
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I called?" He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Heather said, "I've already eaten." Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
"We haven't been to China," they said. They said they hadn't been to China.
"Have you worked here before?" I asked. I asked her whether she'd worked there before.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two years," he said. He said he'd been studying English for two years.
Sofia said, "We've been dating for over a year now." Sofia told me that they'd been dating for over a year.
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked. They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said. He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the accident."
She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident.
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A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado, es decir que todavía es verdad o que es en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
-"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old. -"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
Reporte Indirecto con los verbos modales:
El tiempo verbal cambia en el reporte indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
Reporte Directo Reporte Indirecto
Will Would
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," Freddy said. Freddy said he would go to the movies tomorrow.
"Will you help me move?" she asked. She asked me if I would help her move.
Can Could
Debora said, "Andres can work tomorrow." Debora said Andres could work tomorrow.
"Can you open the window, please?", he asked. He asked me if I could open the window.
Must Had to
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said. My mom said we had to wear my seatbelt.
She said, "You must work tomorrow." She said I had to work tomorrow.
Shall Should
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tomas asked. Tomas asked if we should go to the beach today.
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked. She asked me what we should do tonight.
May Might/Could
Sandra said, "I may not be in class tomorrow." Sandra said she might not be in class tomorrow.
"May I use the bathroom, please?" the boy asked. The boy asked if he could use the bathroom.
Los adverbios y expresiones adverbiales de lugar y tiempo cambian de la siguiente forma:
CUADRO DE CAMBIOS EN ADVERBIOS DE LUGAR Y TIEMPO
REPORTE DIRECTO REPORTE INDIRECTO
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Last week / year… The previous week / year…
A / two … week / year…ago A / two…week / year before
Tomorrow The next /following day
The day after tomorrow In two days' time
Next week /year … The following week / year
Here There
Now Then
This That
these Those
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Ejercicio 1 I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones de reporte directo a reporte indirecto. 1. Juan:"Marcelo is at home." ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Max:"Francis often reads a book." ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Susan:"I'm watching TV." ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Simon:"David was ill." ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Patricia:"The girls helped in the house." ___________________________________________________________________ 6. Ricardo:"I am going to ride a skateboard." ___________________________________________________________________ 7. Stefani and Carlos:"We have cleaned the windows." ___________________________________________________________________ 8. Charlie:"I didn't have time to do my homework." ___________________________________________________________________ 9. Mrs. Salas:"My mother will be 50 years old." ___________________________________________________________________ 10. Jeanneth:"The boss must sign the letter." ___________________________________________________________________ II. Cambie las siguientes preguntas de reporte directo a reporte indirecto. 1. Christopher:"Do you want to dance?" ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Betty:"When did you come?" ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Mark:"Has John arrived?" ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Ronald:"Where does Maria park her car?" ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Elisabeth:"Did you watch the latest film?" ___________________________________________________________________ 6. Mandy:"Can I help you?" ___________________________________________________________________
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7. Andrew:"Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?" ___________________________________________________________________ 8. Justin:"What are you doing?" ___________________________________________________________________ 9. Frank:"How much pocket money does Lisa get?" ___________________________________________________________________ 10. Anne:"Must I do the shopping?" ___________________________________________________________________
III. Escoja la respuesta correcta tomando en cuenta el cambio del tiempo verbal.
1. Sofia "I love chocolate." Paola: Sofia said (that) she ___ chocolate. a. loved b. loves c. loving
2. Patricio: "I went skiing." Santiago: Patricio said (that) he ___ skiing. a. went b. had gone c. have gone
3. Maria: "I will eat steak for dinner." Her mother: Maria said (that) she ___ eat steak for dinner. a. willing b. will c. would
4. Juan: "I have been to Loja twice." His brother: Juan said (that) he ___ to Loja twice. a. had been b. has been c. was being
5. The principal: "I have had three cars." The student: The principal said (that) he ___ three cars. a. has b. has had c. had had
6. My friends: "We’re going to go to Tonsupa next holiday." Johana: My friends said (that) they ___ going to go to Tonsupa next holiday. a. were b. was c. are
7. Sebastian: "I don't like spinach." Domenika: Sebastian said (that) he ___ like spinach. a. doesn't b. don't c. didn't
8. Mary: "I have never been to London." Jill: Mary said (that) she ___ never been to London. a. had b. has c. have
9. Daniela: "I was swimming with my friends last weekend." Gabriela: Daniela said (that) she ___ swimming with her friends last weekend. a. has been b. had been c. have been
10. Teacher: "I have two beautiful cats." Student: The teacher said (that) she had ___ some cats. a. have b. has c. had
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UNIT 7
SECOND CONDITIONAL
El uso del condicional significa que una acción depende de otra. Los condicionales se utilizan para
hablar sobre situaciones reales o irreales. En general, las frases condicionales llevan la palabra "if" (si).
Estructura:
A continuación las estructuras que se utiliza en el segundo condicional. Las estructuras expresan exactamente lo mismo.
IF Condition , Result Clause
If Past simple , "Would" + infinitivo
o
Result Clause IF Condition
"Would" + nfinitivo If Past simple
Ejemplos:
- If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world. I would travel around the world if I won the lottery. Si ganara la lotería, viajaría alrededor del mundo.
- If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar. Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time. Si Rachel tuviera más tiempo, aprendería a tocar la guitarra.
USOS
Se utiliza el segundo condicional para expresar una posibilidad irreal en el presente, como un deseo o un
sueño, o para una acción en el futuro no tan probable.
Las oraciones condicionales de segundo tipo se caracterizan porque la condición es improbable que se
cumpla, aunque no es imposible, es decir expresa situaciones hipotéticas referidas al momento
actual.
- If I ate more, I would be very fat Si yo comiera más, estaría muy gordo
- If I worked harder, I would pass the exam Si yo trabajara más, pasaría el examen
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- We would phone her if we had her number.
Nosotros la llamaríamos si tuviéramos su número.
- If I won the lottery next Saturday, I would buy a car immediately
Si ganara la lotería el próximo sábado, me compraría un carro inmediatamente.
En este segundo condicional, se emplea were para todas las personas del verbo to be.
Este es uno de los usos más importantes de este segundo condicional y se suele traducir por "Si yo fuera tú", "Yo en tu lugar".
Ejemplos:
- If he were a millionaire, he would lend me the money. Si él fuera millonario, el me prestaría dinero.
- You look tired. If I were you, I would get some rest Te ves cansado. Yo en tu lugar, descansaría.
Con el segundo condicional también se puede expresar ambiciones o esperanzas:
- If I got a pay rise, I would buy a flat. Si tuviera un aumento, me compraría un departamento.
Dependiendo de lo que se desea expresar, podemos utilizar la negación en la clausula condicional o en la clausula de resultado. A continuación algunos ejemplos.
Ejemplos:
1. If you didn’t have so much work you wouldn’t be so serious. Si no tuvieras tanto trabajo, no estarías tan seria / tan serio.
2. If you didn’t ask me, I wouldn’t give you so many sweets. Si no me pidieras, no te daría tantos dulces.
3. If I had more friends I wouldn’t live alone. Si yo tuviera más amigos, no viviría solo.
4. If the English weren’t so rude, I’d like them more. Si los ingleses no fueran tan groseros, a mí me gustarían más.
5. If all the predictions came true, I wouldn’t be very happy. Si todos los pronósticos se cumplieran, yo estaría muy contento.
6. If they didn’t accept his behavior, their son wouldn’t do that. Si no aceptaran su comportamiento, su hijo no haría eso.
7. If she loved me more, I wouldn’t leave her. Si ella me quisiera más, no la dejaría.
8. If we didn’t talk so much, we would do more work. Si no habláramos tanto, haríamos más trabajo.
A pesar que la oración condicional va en pasado, el sentido es de presente o de
futuro.
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Wish and If Only
I wish / if only + pasado simple: Se usa esta estructura para manifestar un deseo de que algo cambie en el presente, lamentamos algo que no nos gusta del presente.
Las dos formas significan “Ojala”, aunque "if only" es más enfático.
"I wish" puede ir seguido de "that", "if only" NUNCA Para Expresar el deseo de que algo sea distinto a como es:
I wish [that] / if only + sujeto + pasado simple
Ejemplos:
- I wish [that] / If only you were here!
¡Ojalá estuvieras / estuvieses aquí!
- I wish [that] / If only he worked with us!
¡Ojalá trabajara / trabajase con nosotros.
- I wish [that] / If only my brother didn't find it!
¡Ojalá mi hermano no lo encontrara / encontrase!
Cuando usamos WISH e IF ONLY, usamos la conjugación WERE del verbo To - be con todos
los pronombres.
Ejemplos:
- I wish that I were there!
¡Ojalá yo estuviera allí!
- If only his sister were nicer!
¡Ojalá su hermana fuera más amable!
- I wish it were easier!
¡Ojalá fuera más fácil!
Ejercicio 1
I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en paréntesis de acuerdo a la estructura del Segundo condicional. 1. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________ (get) a new job.
2. If he _________________ (be) younger, he _________________ (travel) more.
3. If we _________________ (not / be) friends, I _________________ (be) angry with you.
4. If I _________________ (have) enough money, I _________________ (buy) a big house.
5. If she ______________ (not / be) always so late, she ________________(be) promoted.
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6. If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
7. If you _________________ (have) a better job, we _________________ (buy) a new car.
8. If I _________________ (speak) perfect English, I ________________(have) a good job.
9. If we _________________ (live) in Mexico, I _________________ (speak)Spanish.
10. If she _____________ (pass) the exam, she _____________ (enter) university.
11. She _________________ (be) happier if she _________________ (have) more friends.
12. We _________________ (buy) a house if we _________________ (decide) to stay here.
13. They ________ (have) more money if they _____________ (not / buy) so many clothes.
14. We _________________ (come) to dinner if we _________________ (have) time.
15. She _________________ (call) him if she _________________ (know) his number.
16. They ____________ (go) to Spain on holiday if they ____________(like) hot weather.
17. She _________________ (pass) the exam if she _________________ (study) more.
18. I ________________ (marry) someone famous if I _______________ (be) a movie star.
19. We never _______________ (be) late again if we _________________ (buy) a new car.
20. You _________________ (lose) weight if you _________________ (eat) less.
II. Una las oraciones de la Columna A con las oraciones de la Columna B.
A B
1. My parents would help me if...
a. ...I were going to a fancy dress party.
2. I would color my hair blue if... b. ...I were dying of hunger.
3. Paul would tell you my secret if... c. ...she did all her exams well.
4. I wouldn’t eat monkey meat unless… d. ...I had problems at school.
5. Rachel would marry Martin if... e. ...I missed the bus.
6. Her teacher would be very pleased if... f. ...he though my life was in danger.
7. I wouldn’t take a taxi home unless... g. ...he had a lot of money and he was old enough.
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UNIT 8
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Los gerundios e infinitivos son formas verbales, no tiempos. Como formas verbales se usan en
determinadas situaciones que serán explicadas en breve.
Estas formas verbales traducidas al español tienen la terminación –ar, –er, –ir.
El gerundio es la forma verbal que termina con –ing.
Ejemplo:
(work) working trabajar
(read) reading leer
(come) coming venir
El infinitivo es la forma verbal que empieza con la preposición to
Ejemplo:
(work) to work trabajar
(read) to read leer
(come) to come venir
USO DE LOS GERUNDIOS
*COMO SUJETO DE LA ORACIÓN: Cuando un verbo tiene que ser sujeto de la oración, el verbo tiene
que ir en gerundio. Cuando un gerundio es sujeto de la oración la conjugación del verbo tiene que ir en
singular, es decir como tercera persona.
Ejemplo:
- Smoking is bad for your health.
(Fumar es malo para su salud)
- Drinking eight glasses of water helps your body eliminate toxins.
(Tomar ocho vasos de agua ayuda a tu cuerpo a eliminar toxinas)
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*DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: Se usa el gerundio después de ciertos verbos. A continuación se presenta una lista básica de verbos que siempre van seguidos del gerundio
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR UN GERUNDIO
admit delay Finish Permit resume
advise deny Forbid postpone risk
appreciate detest get through practice spend (time)
avoid dislike Have Quit suggest
complete enjoy Imagine Recall tolerate
consider escape Mind Report waste (time)
resist excuse Miss Resent
Ejemplos:
- They enjoy spending time with their friends.
Ellos disfrutan pasar tiempo con sus amigos.
- He couldn´t resist coming to the party.
El no pudo resistir venir a la fiesta.
- Mary always avoids being in crowded places.
Mary siempre evita estar en lugares con mucha gente.
Como se puede dar cuenta en el ejemplo, los verbos ENJOY, RESIST, AVOID están seguidos del
gerundio.
*DESPUÉS DE PREPOSICIONES: De necesitar un verbo después de una preposición, este verbo tiene que ser en la forma de gerundio. A continuación un listado de preposiciones, que será de utilidad para que las reconozca.
Ejemplo:
- They are interested in studying politics.
Ellos están interesados en estudiar política.
- John washes his hands before eating any meal.
John lava sus manos antes de comer cualquier comida.
in before after with at from
to on of for about
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USO DE LOS INFINITIVOS
*DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: Se usa el infinitivo después de ciertos verbos. A continuación se presenta una lista básica de verbos que siempre van seguidos del infinitivo:
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR UN INFINITIVO
Arrange Prepare Decide agree pretend
Ask Want Promise refuse forget
Appear Need Offer hope intend
Refuse Can’t afford Would like expect choose
Seem Can’t wait Would love plan manage
Ejemplos:
- I need to buy some books for my father. Yo necesito comprar algunos libros para mi padre.
- The students would like to travel to London next summer. A los estudiantes les gustaría viajar a Londres el próximo verano.
- The taxi driver offered to wait for us until we finish our job. El conductor del taxi ofreció esperarnos hasta que terminemos nuestro trabajo.
¡A MEMORIZAR!
Memorice el listado de verbos que van seguidos del infinitivo.
*DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS En los siguientes ejemplos nos podemos dar cuenta como se usa el infinitivo después de un adjetivo. Ejemplos:
- I’m happy to see you again. Estoy feliz de volverte a ver.
- For some people, it’s difficult to study alone. Para algunas personas, es difícil estudiar solo.
- It’s easy to ride a bycicle, you just need to practice a little more. Es fácil montar bicicleta, tu solo necesitas practicar un poco más.
*PARA EXPRESAR UN OBJETIVO (el porqué estamos haciendo una acción)
- They are here to study English. Ellos estan aqui para estudiar Inglés.
- I have come to help you. He venido a ayudarte.
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- She called to talk to the English coordinator.
Ella llamo para hablar con la coordinadora de Ingles.
Recuerden que NO es correcto decir *I’m here for to study English. No podemos usar las dos preposiciones.
Ejercicio 1
I. Completa las frases con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
1. I don't mind ______________ (work) in an open-space office.
2. He promised ______________ (help) me with the project.
3. He is worried about ______________ (lose) his job.
4. ______________ (study) for exams is very tiring.
5. I'm saving money ______________ (buy) a new car.
5. She managed ______________ (present) the project alone.
6. I enjoy ______________ (not go) shopping on Saturdays.
7. I'm looking forward to ______________ (see) you again soon.
8. She is afraid of ______________ (fly).
9. ______________ (read) is relaxing.
10. I've come ______________ (visit) my grandmother.
II. Escoja la mejor opción para completar las frases.
1. I'm going to the post-office _____ some stamps. a. for to buy b. to buy
2. _____ from home can be stressful.
a. Working b. Work 3. I would like _____ English well.
a. speaking b. to speak 4. I’m worried about _____ enough money at the end of the month.
a. not having b. having not c. don't have 5. I'm planning _____ anything this weekend.
a. to not do b. not to do 6. It's difficult _____ at the same time.
a. working and studying b. to work and study 7. I can't afford _____ a flat on my own.
a. renting b. to rent 8. They enjoy _____ their weekends at the seaside.
a. to spend b. spending 9. He suggested _____ the Modern Tate in London.
a. visiting b. to visit 10. I hope _____ this year.
a. to graduate b. graduating
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III. En el siguiente ejercicio se practicara el infinitivo y el gerundio en un texto, mediante unos consejos para aprender de inglés. Completar el texto con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
1. If you are a beginner, you need _________ (use) a bilingual dictionary. Bilingual dictionaries are good
not just for _________ (translate) but also for _________ (compare).
2. Spend time _________ (study) - if you don't study regularly, you won't become fluent.
3. Don't be afraid of mistakes - every time you are wrong, you are also able _________ (learn) something
correctly.
4. Don't translate! It's easier _________ (learn) English if you can think in English.
5. Grammar isn't boring. _________ (learn) English grammar will help you understand the language.
6. Find a friend _________ (practice) with! _________ (share) your learning adventure is a great way to
go further and to have some fun along the way.
7. A qualified teacher is the best person _________ (help) you learn English.
8. Remember _________ (do) things that you enjoy in English. If you are interested in gardening, read
about it in English.
9. Try _________ (practice) all the areas of English: listening, reading, writing and speaking.
10. Remember that _________ (learn) a language is not like cycling: if you don't use it, you lose it!
II. Escriba la preposición correcta.
1. Paola is good _______ dancing salsa.
2. Some students from high school complain _______bullying.
3. The soccer players are afraid _______losing the match.
4. People use computers _______storing data.
5. We are looking forward _______going to the beach at the weekend.
6. Laura dreams _______living on a small island.
7. The teacher apologized _______being late.
8. Do you agree _______staying in a foreign country?
9. The girls insisted _______going out with Kerry.
10. Eduardo thinks _______ climbing trees this afternoon.
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SOLUCIONARIO
UNIT 1
EXERCISE 1
No COMPLETION-Beetle Bailey No COMPLETION
1 told 1 spent
2 asked 2 was
3 answered / told 3 traveled / visited
4 went 4 went
5 found 5 learned
6 said 6 were
7 didn't listen 7 didn't rain
8 was 8 saw
9 didn't understand 9 Did you spend
10 asked / did I forget 10 Did the comic's guy
EXERCISE 2
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EXERCISE 3
No BUILDING-Affirmative-Negative-Interrogative No
Hagar the horrible Yes/No
questions
1 The pupils talked about the film they had watched. 1 Yes, he had.
2 I was late for work because I had missed the bus. 2 No, he hadn't
3 We lived in the house that my father had built. 3 Yes, he had.
4 We admired the picture that Lucy had painted. 4 No, he hadn't
5 In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I hadn't seen for ages. 5 Yes, he had.
6 The thief could walk right into the house because you hadn't locked. 6 Yes, he had.
7 We lost the match because we hadn't practiced the days before. 7 No, he hadn't
8 At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he hadn't done. 8 No, he hadn't
9 What had Bob done that he was kept in after school? 9 No, she hadn't
10 Have you eaten anything before you went to the theater 10 No, they hadn't
UNIT 2
Oraciones Afirmativas y Negativas
Ejercicio 1
Ejercicio 2
1. has 2. has 3. has 4. has 5. have 6. have 7. have 8. have 9. has 10. have
1. The Project hasn’t accomplished its objectives. 2. The managers haven’t taken the suggestion. 3. The auditor hasn’t recommended new ideas. 4. The TV programs haven’t increased the audience. 5. My brother hasn’t paid taxes in the last 5 years. 6. The leaders haven’t taken good decisions. 7. The graduate students haven’t reached their degrees. 8. The trainers haven’t designed good courses. 9. Jennifer hasn’t got a better job recently. 10. My parents haven’t taken the tour to Europe.
Preguntas de Si / No
Ejercicio 3 Ejercicio 4 1. Yes. I have. / No, I haven´t.
2. Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
3. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t .
4. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
5. Yes, they have. / No, I haven’t.
6. Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t
7. Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t
8. Yes, he hasn’t. / No, he hasn’t.
9. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
10. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
1. Have you driven a truck?
2. Has Karla performed in a play?
3. Have your friends achieved their goals?
4. Has Ken paid his taxes?
5. Have Ron and you won the race?
6. Has Yadira traveled to Colombia?
7. Have you eaten sushi?
8. Have your parents watched Titanic?
9. Has your friend finished the homework?
10. Has your mother called?
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Ejercicio 5 Ejercicio 6 1. b
2. a
3. d
4. c
5. a
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. d
1. Where have you been? 2. Who has cooked dinner?
3. How many times has Sue read the book?
4. Who has crashed his car?
5. How long has Jeanneth been on holiday?
6. What has Freddy done?
7. Where has Gabriel stopped?
8. How many books has Sarah bought?
9. Who has talked to his teacher?
10. Why has Catherine cleaned the house?
Ejercicio 7
Ejercicio 8
Ejercicio 9
1. since 2. since 3. for 4. since 5. for 6. since 7. since 8. since 9. for 10. since
1. Has your wife had the baby already? 2. No, she hasn’t had the baby yet. 3. Rita has already had a sonogram. 4. The doctor hasn’t told them the baby’s gender yet. 5. We have already bought some staff for a girl. 6. Have you finished the painting already? 7. I haven’t had the time to choose the color yet. 8. Have you thought of some names for the baby yet? 9. I have already made a list names. 10. My wife hasn’t thought of any names yet.
1. ever 2. ever 3. just 4. just 5. ever 6. just 7. ever 8. ever 9. just 10. just
Ejercicio 10
Ejercicio 11
1. has been working
2. have been waiting
3. has been living
4. has been playing
5. have been learning
6. have been looking
7. have been living
8. has been working
9. has been teaching
10. has been washing
1. Alberto hasn’t been playing soccer for two hours.
2. Ana hasn’t been watching the volleyball match
since 9 o’clock.
3. We have been waiting for a long time.
4. Ricky Martin has been recording a new album for
a long time.
5. I haven’t been reading a magazine for an hour.
6. It has been raining all day.
7. Patricio and Susan haven’t been running in
marathons lately.
8. She has been brushing her teeth for five minutes.
9. My uncle has been living in London for three
years.
10. The children haven’t been swimming on the
beach.
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Ejercicio 12
Ejercicio 13
1. Has she been talking on the phone?
2. Has his brother been cooking dinner?
3. Have Jane and Mary been playing
badminton?
4. Has Sue been exercising in the gym?
5. Has Robert been painting the room?
6. Have they been planting trees?
7. Has Henry been working in the garage?
8. Have they been swimming in the lake?
9. Has it been raining for a week?
10. Has she been asking questions all day long?
1. The secretary has been waiting in the office
since 4 o’clock.
2. Sue has been working in Marathon Sports
for 20 years.
3. They have been learning English for six
years.
4. She has been saving her money since she
graduated from high school.
5. The children have been watching TV for
hours.
6. My father has been waiting in the office
since 4 o’clock.
7. Ronald has been repairing an apple
computer.
8. My friends have been climbing the
mountains every month.
9. My son has been taking piano lessons at 4
pm.
10. Those men have been cleaning the street
because the Mayor is visiting the
neighborhood.
UNIT 3
EXERCISE 1
COMPLETION RANKING-1 RANKING-2
1 will help 1 I will not/won't answer the question. 1 Will you ask him?
2 will get 2 She will not/won't read the book. 2 Will Jenny lock the door?
3 will win 3 They will not/won't drink beer. 3 Will it rain?
4 will do 4 They will not/won't send the postcard. 4 Will the teacher test our English?
5 will buy 5 Vanessa will not/won't catch the ball. 5 What will they eat?
6 will do 6 James will not/won't open the door. 6 When will she be back?
7 will stay 7 We will not/won't listen to the radio. 7 Who will drive us into town?
8 will cook 8 They will not/won't eat fish. 8 Where will we meet?
9 will understand 9 She will not/won't give him the apple. 9 When will I be famous?
10 will probably go 10 The computer will not/won't crash. 10 What will you do?
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EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
COMPLETION-1 COMPLETION-2 FIXING
1 will be sleeping 1 will be waiting 1.
Tomorrow morning we will be working.
2 will be sitting 2 will be dancing 2.
This time next week we will be having a party.
3 will be watching 3 will be sunbathing 3.
At midnight I will be sleeping.
4 will be studying 4 will be helping 4.
This evening we will be watching a talk show.
5 will be dancing 5 will be watching 5.
They won't be doing their homework this afternoon.
6 will not be playing 6 will be having 6.
He will be listening to music.
7 will not be working 7 will be smiling / will be crying 7.
I will be reading a book this evening.
8 Will you be eating 8 will be cleaning / will be washing 8.
Will you be walking home this afternoon?
9 Will she be driving 9 will be talking / dancing / having 9.
He won't be drawing tomorrow morning.
10 Will they be fighting 10 will be raining
10.
Will be they arguing again?
MATCHING RANKING FIXING
1 d 1 She is going to call her boyfriend.
1 is going to rain
2 a 2 They are going to play squash.
2 are going to eat
3 h 3 She's going to visit her grandma.
3 am going to wear
4 f 4 We´re going to walk in the mountains.
4 are not going to help
5 b 5 We're going to wash the car.
5 is not going to walk
6 g 6 I am going to brush my teeth.
6 Are you going to cook
7 j 7 He is going to repair the car. 7 is not going to share
8 c 8 They are going to light the bonfire. 8 Are they going to leave
9 i 9 We are going to learn Greek. 9 is she going to take part
10 e 10 I'm going to write some postcards. 10 I'm not going to spend
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EXERCISE 4
COMPLETION-1 COMPLETION-2 MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 will have repaired 1 won't have finished 1. a
2 will have done 2 won't have sent 2. b
3 will have visited 3 won't have cleaned 3. d
4 will have finished 4 won't have ordered 4. c
5 will have left 5 won't have written 5. a
6 will have discussed 6 won't have met 6. c
7 will have arrested 7 won't have organized 7. a
8 will have written 8 won't have called 8. b
9 will have managed 9 won't have read 9. d
10 will have completed 10 won't have received 10. c
UNIT 4 Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2 Ejercicio 3
1. are eating
2. are visiting
3. comes
4. reading
5. work
6. don’t believe
7. has
8. is not driving
9. thinking
10. doesn’t have
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. d
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. a
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. a
Passive Voice
Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2 Ejercicio 3
1. She was arrested last week.
2. A letter was written by John
3. Ten friends were invited to the party.
4. A new house has just been built.
5. The thieves were caught by the police
yesterday.
6. All the house will be cleaned by the
maid tomorrow.
7. I was hit by my brother.
8. Two cars were removed from the
street.
9. The room has just been cleaned.
10. A new house will be built
1. will be explained
2. were sent
3. won’t be stolen
4. has already been closed
5. will be opened
6. was invited
7. can’t be seen
8. was given
9. weren’t washed
10. was stolen
1. Voz activa
2. Voz activa
3. Voz pasiva
4. Voz activa
5. Voz pasiva
6. Voz pasiva
7. Voz activa
8. Voz pasiva
9. Voz activa
10. Voz pasiva
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UNIT 5
Ejercicio 1
I. Una cada par de enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas.
a. He’s the man who painted my house.
b. What is the name of the boy that telephoned you?
c. What happened to the money that was on my desk?
d. They’re the people who offered Sue a job.
e. The car that was stolen has now been found.
f. She’s the person who gives me a lift to work every day.
g. The lock that was broken has now been repaired.
h. Most of the people who work in Peter’s office are very nice.
II. Completa los enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas.
1. who
2. that
3. that
4. that
5. who
6. who
7. who
8. that
9. who
10. that
III. Responde las preguntas empleando whose, como en el ejemplo.
1. He’s the man whose flat was broken into.
2. They are the couple whose children were injured in the accident.
3. She’s the girl whose brother works in the post office.
4. They are the people whose credit cards were stolen.
5. I’m the person whose mother phones the police.
IV. Complete los enunciados empleando, where, when ó why/that.
1. why
2. where
3. when
4. where
5. why
6. when
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V. Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or where.
1. whose
2. where
3. whose
4. who
5. whose
6. which
7. whose
8. who
9. which
10. where
VI. Match the column A with the column B in order to form a clause.
1 – d
2 – e
3 – b
4 – f
5 – a
6 – c
UNIT 6
Ejercicio 1
I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones de reporte directo a reporte indirecto. 1. Juan said that Marcelo was at home.
2. Max told me that Francis often read a book.
3. Susan said to me that she was watching TV.
4. Simon said that David had been ill.
5. Patricia told me that the girls had helped in the house.
6. Ricardo said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
7. Stefani and Carlos told me that they had cleaned the windows.
8. Charlie remarked that he hadn't had time to do his homework.
9. Mrs. Salas told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
10. Jeanneth said that the boss had to sign the letter.
II. Cambie las siguientes preguntas de reporte directo a reporte indirecto. 1. Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance.
2. Betty wanted to know when I had come.
3. Mark asked me if John had arrived.
4. Ronald asked me where Maria parked her car.
5. Elisabeth asked me if I had watched the latest film.
6. Mandy wanted to know if she could help me.
7. Andrew asked me if Mandy would have lunch with Sue.
8. Justin asked me what I was doing.
9. Frank wanted to know how much pocket money Lisa got.
10. Anne asked if she had to do the shopping.
III. Escoja la respuesta correcta tomando en cuenta el cambio del tiempo verbal. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c
6. a 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. c
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UNIT 7
Ejercicio 1
I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en paréntesis. 1. were / would get 2. were / would travel 3. weren’t / would be 4. had / would buy 5. weren’t / would be 6. won / would travel 7. had / would buy 8. spoke / would have 9. lived / would speak 10. passed / would enter
11. would be / had 12. would buy / decided 13. would have / didn't buy 14. would come / had 15. would call / knew 16. would go / liked 17. would pass / studied 18. would marry / were 19. would never be / bought 20. would lose / ate .
II. Una las oraciones de la Columna A con las oraciones de la Columna B. 1 – d 2 – a 3 – f 4 – b
5 – g 6 – c 7 – e
III. Complete las siguientes oraciones. (Posibles respuestas) 1. you would earn more money. 2. we would be more relaxed. 3. would you do 4. you won the lottery?
5. lost his wallet? 6. I would invite you to the movies. 7. I wouldn’t get married with him.
Ejercicio 2 I. Complete las siguientes frases con la forma correcta del verbo en paréntesis.
1. didn't have 2. knew 3. went 4. understood 5. had
6. lived 7. could change 8. were 9. were 10. had
II. Lea las siguientes oraciones y usando If only o I wish, exprese un deseo siguiendo las estructuras apropiadas. 1. I wish / If only I could give up smoking. 2. I wish / If only I had a cigarette / some cigarettes. 3. I wish / If only George were here. 4. I wish / If only it weren't so cold (or I wish it were warm). 5. I wish / If only I didn't live in New York City. 6. I wish / If only Tina could come to the party. 7. I wish / If only I didn't have to work tomorrow or I wish I could stay in bed tomorrow. 8. I wish / If only I knew something about cars.
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UNIT 8
Ejercicio 1
I. Completa las frases con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
1. working
2. to help
3. losing
4. studying
5. to buy
5. to present
6. going
7. seeing
8. flying
9. Reading
10. to visit
II. Escoja la mejor opción para completar las frases.
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. a
5. b
6. b
7. b
8. b
9. a
10. a
III. Completar el texto con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
