Luís Rallo Romero
Fuentes genéticas de la aceituna: Los fundamentos para el cultivo y la calidad del olivo
Congreso Internacional. 5ª edición
Beyond Extra Virgin
Córdoba 8 al 10 de junio 2011
Luís Rayo Romero
Catedrático Producción Vegetal
de la Universidad de Córdoba
090611
OLIVE GENETIC RESOURCES:THEFOUNDATIONS OF OLIVEGROWING AND OLIVE OIL
QUALITY
Luis RalloDepartamento de Agronomía
Universidad de Córdoba
ORIGIN OF CULTIVARS
1 3a 3b
ORIGIN OF CULTIVARS
BEGINNING AND DIFFUSSION
DIFUSSION
Syria
Turkey
Lebanon
EgyptLibya
TunisiaAlgeria
Morocco
Spain
France
Italy
Greece
(4000 a.C)
Israel
Portugal
(1000 B.C)
(400 BC)
(600 a.C)
(600 B.C)
(600 BC)
(600 BC)
(3000 B.C)
(1500 B.C)
(1500 BC)
(2500 a.C)
Creo que, como de vides,
también de olivos hay
muchas variedades,
pero a mi sólo me han llegado
noticias de diez, el “posio”, el “licinio”,
el “sergio”, el “nevio”, el “culminio”, el
“orquis”, el “regio”, el “lanzadera” y el
“mirteo”…….
Lucio Fabio Moderato Columela
CATALOGUING CULTIVARS
EX SITU CONSERVATION
PROSPECTIONPROSPECTION (1972-1992)
• 13 Regions• 33 Counties
• 181 Local Districts• 983 Sampled Olives• 501 Denominations
PROPAGAPROPAGATIONTION
IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION• Morphological Scheme
• Molecular Markers
272 CULTIVARS272 CULTIVARS
EX-SITU CONSERVATION (WOGB)EX-SITU CONSERVATION (WOGB)
WOGB : THE SPANISH CATALOGUE
Currently more than 700 olive accesionsCurrently more than 700 olive accesions
WOGB : THE SPANISH CATALOGUE
EX-SITU ConservationEX-SITU Conservation
715 Accesions715 Accesions
406 in colecction (20 countries)406 in colecction (20 countries)
Identification
Morphological
Molecular
Agronomic
evaluationPlant materialdistribution
International Bank of Reference
WORLD OLIVE GERPLASM BANK OF CORDOBA
THE INTEGRATION OF METHODOLOGIES AND EFFORTS
WOGB : Conservation, Evaluation, Interchange
WOGB : Evaluation of VOO composition
WOGB : Evaluation of VOO quality
Fatty Acids Sensorial
Enclosure Repository
IN SITU CONSERVATION
0.00 0.25 0.49 0.73 1.00
Or Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Si Si Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Si Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Si Si Si Si Ba Oc Si
Ba Or Si
Ba Ba Ba Ba Si
Ba Ba Si Si Si Si Ce Ba Si Si
Ba Ba Ba Si Si Si Si Si Ba Si Si Si Oc Or Si
Ba Ba Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Si Or Or Or Or Or Or Ba Ce Ba Or Or Or Si
Ce Ce Ce Or Or Or Or
Ce Ce Or Ce Ce Or Or Or Or Or Oc Oc Oc Ba Oc
Ce Oc Oc Oc Oc Oc Or Ce Ce Or Ce
Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Oc Ba Oc Oc
Ba Ba Ba Si Oc Or Ba
Ac
eb
uc
he
sC
ult
iva
do
s
Wild
Rootstocks
Cultivated WestCultivated East
Cultivated Central
Similarity Index
IN SITU CONSERVATION
Heritage Olives: Genetic Studies
Heritage Cultivars
Current Cultivars (WOGB))
Heritage Wild Olives
Rootstocks from Heritage Cultivars
(AL)
JaénCórdoba
SevillaHuelva
Almer íaGranada
Málaga
Cádiz
(J)(CO)
(SE)
(HU)
(CA)
(MA)
(GR)
CA
J
SE
ALGR
HU
J
MA
CA
CO
HU
SE
CO
HU
AL
GR
HU
MA
CO
SE
AL
GRJ
MA
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0,5
1
1,5
-1,5 -1 -0,50
0,5 1 1,5
Eje X: 47,5%
Eje Y: 12,1%
Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
Olive Genetic Resources Catalogues
BREEDING
OLIVE GROWING IN A TIME OF CHANGE
New intensive and mechanized growing systems
Picual
30%
Cornicabra13%
Lechín de Sevilla
8%
Hojiblanca10%
Others39%
Picual
55%
Arbequina
16%
Hojiblanca
20%
Others
9%
Cultivars planted 1975 Cultivars planted 1995
OLIVE GROWING IN A TIME OF CHANGEStandarizing planted cultivars
¿ Lose of variability ?
Joint UCO-IFAPA Breeding Program:
Agronomics:
- High yield and early bearing
- Aptitude to mechanical harvesting
- Resistence to diseases
- Rooting ability
- Small vigour
Oleotechnics:
- High flesh/pit
- High oil content
- Diversity of VOO
Ob
ject
ive
s
Crosses
Pollination
Collecting Pollen Cleaning Pollen
Pollen Sprayer
Year Crosses Seedlingss PreselectionsAdvanced
Selections
TOTAL 99 8699 (10021) 319 30
Genotypes on Evaluation
1991/99 42 3672 137 30
2000/2002 29 2130 182
2004 4 438
2005 8 929
2006 16 1530
High variability
0
5
10
15
20
0,5 1,2 2 2,7 3,5 4,2 5
Flesh/Pit RatioA, F
P
Oil Content DW(%)
0
5
10
15
20
40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76
A, F,P
0
10
20
30
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fruit weight(g)
A
FP
Oleic Acid (%)
0
5
10
15
20
42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84
AP F
Phenols composition in Advanced Selections
Advanced Selections
14.2
FebEneDicNovOct
Time of RipeningSpolocaea
R
Oil
Content
Fruit
SizeCrop (kg)CrossSelection
UC-I 5-44
UC-I 7-34
UC-I 11-10
UC-I 7-60
UC-I 4-62
UC-I 8-7
UC-I 1-19
UC-I 11-16
UC-I 1-21UC-I 10-30
UC-I 2-68
UC-I 6-9
UC-I 2-52
UC-I 10-54
UC-I 7-8
UC-I 4-1
UC-I 8-20
UC-I 9-67
UC-I 5-65UC-I 3-62
Pic x Arb
Pic x Arb
Arb x Pic
Fra x Pic
Fra x Pic
Pic x Arb
Fra x Pic
Pic x Arb
Arb x PicFra x Pic
Pic x Arb
Arb x Pic
Fra x Pic
Arb x Pic
Arb x Pic
Pic x Arb
Pic x Arb
Arb x Pic
Pic x ArbFra x Pic
20.8
23.7
25.7
14.8
17.3
23.8
18.3
11.211.3
31.9
18.3
22.2
20.8
18.6
26.2
16.1
24.2
7.45.2
M
P
G
G
G
M
M
M
MM
G
M
M
M
P
P
M
M
PM
113.9
113.2
107.4
108.1
107.9
108.0
107.7
108.8
108.4
113.4107.5
110.2
113.4
107.9
111.6
105.7
110.8
108.9
109.7
116.3
M
S
M
M
R
S
R
S
SR
S
S
M
S
S
S
S
S
SR
‘Sikitita’, ‘Arbequina’ y ‘Frantoio’
‘Sikitita’: Fruit Size
Peso (g)
0
1
2
3
2003 2004 2005 2006
'Arbequina' 'Chiquitita'
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2003 2004 2005 2006
'Arbequina' 'Chiquitita'
‘Sikitita’: Oil CompositionA
ceit
e (
% M
S )
0
1020
30
40
5060
70
C16
:0
C16
:1
C18
:0
C18
:1
C18
:2
C18
:3
'Arbequina' 'Chiquitita'
Co
mp
os
ició
n (
% )
‘Sikitita’ : Pannel Test
Fruity
Green
Bitter
PungentSweet
Almond
Apple
'Arbequina'
'Chiquitita'
‘Sikitita’ vs ‘Arbequina’
Hedgerow Field Trial
‘Arbosana’ x ‘Sikitita’
‘Sikitita’: Progeny
www.sikitita.es
Diffusion of ‘Sikitita’ (‘Chiquitita’)
•Register (EU) March 2009
•Protectión: EU, USA, México, Argentina,
Chile, Morocco, Tunis, Turkey, Southafrica,
Australia
•Difussión;
•12 licensed nurseries in EU(2010)
• Licensed Plantations in Spain (2010)
100ha
Breeding for resistence to Verticillium dahliae
SEVILLA12%
CÓRDOBA24%
JAÉN26%
Average incidence= 20.5%
ANDALUCÍA
Roca, 2007
9.000 sampled trees
Difusion of Verticillium dahliae
SEEDLINGS FROM CROSS AND OPEN POLLINATED
FLOWERS
EARLY TEST OF RESISTENCE to EARLY TEST OF RESISTENCE to V. dahliaeV. dahliae under control under control
INFESTED SOIL ORCHARDS
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
Breeding for resistence to Verticillium dahliae
RESISTENCE FINAL TEST
FIELD SELECTION
FORCED GROWTH
Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence 2011
34 progenies more than 5,000 genotypes34 progenies more than 5,000 genotypes
700 preselected genotypes700 preselected genotypes
‘Empeltre’ x ‘Koroneiki’
‘Empeltre’ x ‘Frantoio’
‘Empeltre’ x Sikitita
‘Empeltre’ x Libre
‘Frantoio’ x ‘Picual’
‘Frantoio’ x ‘Arbequina’
‘Frantoio x ‘Empeltre’
‘Frantoio x ‘Changlot
Real’
’Frantoio.’ x ‘Koroneiki’
‘Frantoio’ x HU-102
‘Frantoio’ x Sikitita
‘Frantoio’ x Libre
‘Changlot Real’ x
‘Koroneiki’
‘Changlot Real’ x
‘Empeltre’
‘Changlot Real’ x
‘Frantoio’X Libre
‘Picual’ x ‘Frantoio’
‘Picual’ x ‘Arbequina’
‘Picual’ x Libre
‘Koroneiki’ x Libre
‘Sikitita’ x Libre
‘Sevillenca’ x Libre
‘Leccino’ x Libre
‘Cipresino’ x Libre
Olea europaea subs. cuspidata x Libre
(Sudáfrica)
Olea exasperata x Libre
Olea capensis x Libre
‘’Arbosana’ x ‘Sikitita’
‘Sikitita’ x ‘Arbosana’
‘Koroneiki’ x ‘Arbosana’
‘Arbosana’ x ‘Koroneiki’
‘Koroneiki’ x ‘Sikitita’
CROSSES
Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence
Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence
Planted preselected genotypes 2011
Genitors transmitting resistance: Genitors transmitting resistance: ‘‘FrantoioFrantoio’’ and and
‘‘KoroneikiKoroneiki’’
Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence
Main Results
Seedlings resistance in all progeniesSeedlings resistance in all progenies
Preselected genotypes in 2009 and 2010 planted inPreselected genotypes in 2009 and 2010 planted in
2011 in highly2011 in highly V. dahliae V. dahliae infested soils infested soils
Capacity Building
TOTAL 12 5 8
TOPIC Ph. D M.Sc Agr.Eng.
JUVENILE PHASE 3 2
EVALUATION 3 1 5
GENOMICS 7 1 1
PH D y M Sc.: Akdalic, M.; Antunes, F.; Belaj, A.; De la Rosa, R..; Díaz, A; Díaz, M.C.; El
Riachy, M.; Gracía, A.; Hammami, S.;Kiran,A.I. ; León,L.; Moral, J.; Moreno-Alías, I.;
Múñoz-Díez,C.; Rallo, P.; Trujillo, I..
Ing. Agr : Alvarado ,J. ; Ariza, C.; Mazzarro, M.; Mejias, R..; Mohedo, A..;
Trapero,C.
