5Days

TrainingModule

INTEGRATEDWATERSHED

MANAGEMENTPROGRAMME(IWMP)

Trainees:WDTmembers

M.BhaktharValiSab..

Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN)

12-13-450, Street No.1, Tarnaka, Secunderabad 500 017

Ph: 040- 27015295 / 96, 27018581 email : wassanmail@gmail.com, Web: www.wassan.org

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Contents ObjectivesoftheTrainingProgram:...............................................................................................4

TargetGroup:............................................................................................................................... 4

ContentsofModule:..................................................................................................................... 5

1. Session1:RegistrationsandIntroductions.............................................................................6

2. Session2:WhyWatershed?..................................................................................................7

3. Session3:VisionBuilding.....................................................................................................9

4. Session4:SalientfeaturesofIWMP....................................................................................10

5. Session5:ImpactofClimateChangeonnaturalresourcesandlivelihoods............................14

6. Session6:PhasesandTimelines.........................................................................................15

7. Session7:InterventionsrequiredtoachieveEndResults.....................................................17

8. Session8:TypesofinterventionstodevelopNaturalResourcesandtechnologicaloptions....20

9. Session9:Horticulture.......................................................................................................22

10. Session10:GroundwaterandCPRsSituationandmanagement....................................23

11. Session11:ScopeforGroundWaterandCPRmanagement............................................25

12. Session12:InterventionsforGroundWaterandCPRmanagement.................................27

13. Session13:Livestockbasedlivelihoods..........................................................................28

14. Session14:Agricultureproductionssystemsdevelopment.............................................30

15. Session15:IssuesinLivestockdevelopment....................................................................31

16. Session16:AnalysingLivelihoodOptions........................................................................34

17. Session17:Understandinglivelihoodcycles.....................................................................36

18. Session18:LivelihoodoptionsunderIWMP.....................................................................37

19. Session19:Indicatorsforsuccessfulimplementationofwatershedprogramme................38

20. Session20:IndicatorsforgoodWSC...............................................................................40

21. Session21:Postprojectsustainabilityofwatershed........................................................41

22. Session22:Goodpracticesofwatershedcommunities...................................................42

23. Session23:Functionaries,Institutions,Processes,Timelines,RoleandResponsibilities.....43

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24. Session24:DPRPreparationParticipatoryprocesses,toolsandmethodologies..............44

25. Session25:applicationofRemoteSensing,GISandInformationTechnology....................46

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Moduleon

OrientationtoWDTson

IWMPCommonGuidelines,PlanningandImplementation

ObjectivesoftheTrainingProgram:1. To develop comprehensive understanding of Common Guidelines and Salient

featuresofIWMP2. Toanalysetheli velihoodprofilesofwatershedcommunitiesinthe contextofclimate

change.3. Todrawtheendresul tstobe achieved.4. To explore the potentiality of watershed programme in developing natural

resources,convertingthemtoproductive assetstosecureli velihoods .5. To understand the good practices by the communities with regard to natural

resources,theirmanagementandli velihoods ,6. Toexplain implementationarrangementsand toattain greater clari tyon the role

andresponsibilitiesofWDTsandotherstakeholders .7. To develop understanding on the key processes in implementation of the

programme.8. Tofamiliari zewithprocessesofDPRpreparationtools,methodologyandprocesses9. Tofamiliari zewiththe filesandrecords .

TargetGroup: WatershedDevelopmentTeammembers

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ContentsofModule: Statusofnaturalresources Needofwatersheddevelopmentprojects Salientfeaturesofcommonguidelines

o Difference betweenpreviousschemesandpresentscheme Gapsandlimitations inpreviousschemes Needforcomprehensive andintegratedapproach

o ShiftfromdevelopmenttoManagemento Clusterapproach:Increaseinarea,cost/unito Phasesandfundso Use ofScience andmoderntechnologyo Convergencewithschemes anddepartments

The adverse impacts ofclimate changeo OnLivelihoods

Typesofli velihoods mostaffected Reasons

o OnNaturalresources ,rainfallo OnAgricul ture,soils,cropso OnLivestock

ExpectedEndResults Possibleandpermittedinterventionsfor

o Soilandmoisture conservation,Soil Fertili tyImprovemento WaterResources Developmento Plantationactivi tieso Horticul ture developmento Productivi tyEnhancementinli vestockandfisherieso Productivi tyEnhancementinagricul tureo LivelihoodsandMicroEnterprisesdevelopment

Goodpractices inNRM,Agriculture,Livestock,Ins ti tutions KeyProcessesandRoleandresponsibilitiesofWDTsandOthers DPRPreparation

o Timelineso Methodologyo Toolsandtechniqueso PreparationProcess

Records andBooks

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1. Session1:RegistrationsandIntroductionsLearningObjectives:

Toimprove the level offamiliaritybetweenparticipantsandfacilitators Todevelopcommonmindonthe purposeofthe trainingprogram

Content:

Welcome andselfintroductionofParticipants andfacilitatingteam Objectives ofthetrainingprogram GroundRules

Outcomeofthesession:

Allparticipants wouldovercometheirinhibitions . Theyare abletoparticipate activelyinnextsessions. Participants understand and explain the purpose of the training program and

developacommonunderstandingonthe groundrulesofthe program.

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2. Session2:WhyWatershed?LearningObjectives:

To enhance the understanding of participants on the importance ofwatersheddevelopmentprogramme.

Content:

The present si tuation issues and problems related to natural resources andli velihoods

o Presentsi tuationofnaturalresourcesandli velihoodsis worseornotgood.o The natural resources aredegradedo The productivi tyincrops ,livestockislowo Fodderisscarceo Drinkingwaterisscarceo Cropfailure iscommonphenomena o LowSoilFertili tyo Seedproblemo Fluctuations inrainfallo Laborproblemo Lowvegetativecovero Highusage ofChemicalFertili zersandChemical pesticideso Competitivediggingofborewellso Anyother

Causes oftheabove issuesandproblems

o Overexploi tationo Improperuseofnatural resourceso Unscientificapproachinmanagementofnaturalresourceso Lackoftechnicalknowledgeandcollectiveactiono Rainfallislowo LowSoilFertili tyo Seedproblemo Unseasonalrainfallo Norechargeo Veloci tyofrunoffishigho Soilerosiono Highusage ofChemicalFertili zersandChemical pesticides

Effects oftheabove issuesandproblemso Povertyo Lowproductivi tyoflando Lowproductivi tyofli vestocko Migrationo Rainfallislowo Drought

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o Foodgrainshortageo Foddershortageo Decreaseincattle populationo Highincidence ofdiseasesli vestock,crops ,humanbeings o Nowageemploymento Agricul ture productiongotdecreasedo LowSoilFertili tyo Seedproblemo Labourproblemo DepletionofGroundWatero Overexploi tationo Rainwaterrunoffo Soilerosiono Lowvegetativecovero Costofcul tivationishighandfarmers cannotbearo Investmentcostishighandreturnsare lowo Productivi tyincrops islowo Productivi tyinli vestockis lowo Manybore wellswithlowyieldso Defunctbore wells.

OutcomesoftheSession:

Participants would be able toexplain the presentsi tuationofnatural resources,li velihoodsourcesincludingthecausesandeffects .

They would also realize that the causes and effects are interlinked and interchangeable.The cause ofa particularproblemcouldbe effectofanotherproblemandvise versa .

Theywouldbe able toexplain the need foreffective managementof theirnaturalresourcesandli velihoodsources (agricul ture,li vestocketc.)

They would be able to explain the relationship between natural resources andli velihoods.

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3. Session3:VisionBuildingLearningObjectives:

Todevelopclearvisionofwatershedprogramme Content:

Endresul tso There shouldnot be anyscarcity ofdrinkingwater forboth li vestockand

humanbeings .o Harvestrainwateras muchaspossiblewithinwatershedboundarieso Recharge ofdriedupbore wellsandopenwellso Streams shouldbecome perennialor the durationofwater flowshouldbe

more.(colorlessrunoffwaterisanindicatorforthis)o Soilshouldbecomevery fertile.Poorlandsandlandbelong topoorfamilies

shouldbebroughtintocultivationo Increaseofcropyields .Householdlevel foodneedsshouldbe addressedby

watershedprogramme.o Sufficientavailabilityoffodder,fuelo The village shouldbecome fishsufficient,eggsufficient,milksufficient,grain

sufficient.o Increasedwage days fromthe increasedsi tuationofagriculture.Reductionin

migrationso Assets andresourcestothe assetless/resourcelesspooro Allthe schoolagechildrenshouldbegoingtoschool includinggirlso Equitable dis tributionofbenefi tsofassets createdo Resource use agreements are in place and practice with clearly defined

norms andregulationswithoutanydeviations .o Increasedresistance todroughthigh/low/norainfallo UGs andSHGs areinactive functioning, thereby the members ofwatershed

programmeare economicallybenefi ting.o Meaningful space forwomenin the programme includingdecisionmaking.

The drudgery is reduced andwomen are progressing towards equal justsociety.

OutcomesoftheSession:

Participants wouldbe able to frame endresul ts tobe achievedin theirwatershedprogramme.

Theywould beable to visualize the benefi tofwatershed programme inbringingpositive changestowardsbetterlife withsustainability.

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4. Session4:SalientfeaturesofIWMPLearningObjectives:

To analyse the evolution process of participatory watershed developmentprogrammeinIndia

Tolistoutkeydifferencesbetweenprevious watershedprogrammesandIWMPContent:

Historicaltransectofwatershedprojects

o

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Evolutionofwatershedprojects

Evolutionofwatershedapproach

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Key comparisons of different programmes, viz., DPAP, 1995 guidelines , 2001guidelines,Hariyali,CommonGuidelines

Feature DPAPRevisedGuidelines2001

HARIYALICOMMONGUIDELINES

Year 199596 200101 2003 2008

SchemesDPAP,DDP,IWDP,EAS,IJRY

DPAP,DDP,IWDP,EAS,IJRY

IWDP,DPAP,DDP IWMP

PurposeDroughtProofing,Optimumuseofnaturalresource

DroughtProofing,Optimumuseofnaturalresource

DroughtProofing,Optimumuseofnaturalresource

RainfedFarming,participatoryapproaches,Technology,Convergence

Objectives

EconomicDvptthroughdroughtmitigation

EconomicDvptthroughdroughtmitigation

Harvestingeverydropofrainwater

Productivityenhancementandlivelihoodsshallbegiven

Ecologicalrestoration

EcologicalrestorationSustainablesourceofincomeforvillagecommunity

Priorityalongwithconservationmeasures.

MoreEquitabledistributionofbenefitstoresourcelesspoor

MoreEquitabledistributionofbenefitstoresourcelesspoor

OveralldvptofruralareasthroughGP

Area 500HA 500HA 500HA 10005000HACosts 4000/HA 6000/HA 6000/HA 12000/HADuration 5YEARS 5YEARS 5YRS 47YRS

Allocation

Works80% Works80% CO&CB5% IB,CB5% CO5% CO5% Admin10% EPA4%Trg5% Trg5% Works60% DPR1%Admin10% Admin10% PE15% M&E2% LH10% Admin10% Works50% LH10% PE13% Consolidation5%

ImplementationArrangementsState

LindeDepts,GPs,PreferencetoNGOs

PreferancetoPRIs,LineDepts,NGOs

IntermediaryPanchayats,LineDepts,andVerywellreputedNGOs(OrderofPreference)

SLNAwithdelegationofpowers,DWDU

Institutions

UG,SHG,WUA,WSC,RepforGP,VillagelocalasSecretary

SameasabovebutSAMEpersonasWUAPresandWSCChairperson

UG,SHG,GP,VO

RegisteredWSC,

NomentionaboutWUA,WSCGPSecretaryasWSSecretaryLocalVillagersasparaworkers

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Feature DPAP RevisedGuidelines2001

HARIYALI COMMONGUIDELINES

RoleofPRIs OneRepresentation OneRepresentation ExclusivelybyPRIs

DPCtooversee,guide,approvePPs.ConvergencethroughZP.PanchayatsasPIAs.

Phases

NotwelldefinedStartdate:DateofsanctionatMoRD, DateofStart:NoMention PreparatoryPhase:

12yearsMainImplementationPhase:24years,ConsolidationPhase:12Years

ByPIAwhenfullWDTispresent

Noclarityonphases, Phases:Nomention,

910monthsforPlanning,IB

ST,LTBenefitsconfused

3yearsImplementation

ReleasesDirectlytoWSCs(IfWSC isweakthroughGP)

WSCthroughPIAsDirectlytoGP

NLNASLNADist

RFtoSHGs 20%,50%,30%

Executionthrough

Ugs UGs GP WSC

Paymenttrhough

WSCtoUGs, GPtoworkers SoftwareMCC

UG,SHG,GramaSabhafornamesake,

GPSurpanchandSecretaryrepresentedoverallGPRoleunderstoodasspendingfunds

SalientfeaturesofIWMP

o SummaryofallabovepointsOutcomesoftheSession:

Participants wouldbeabletolistoutsalientfeatures ofIWMP They would be able to highlight the key improvements in IWMP compared to

previous guidelines

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5. Session5:ImpactofClimateChangeonnaturalresourcesandlivelihoods

LearningObjectives: To list out the adverse impacts of climate change on natural resources and

li velihoods.

Content: Whatis climatechange

o Unevenfluctuationsandvariations inrainfallcausedby GlobalWarming, GreenHouseGasses

The impacts ofclimate changeo Raiseofsealevelo Fluctuations inrainfall,o Occurrence offrequentdroughts ,cropfailureso Heatwaves,powerful waveso Sandcyclones,acidrains,etc

Statusofrainfedagricul ture inthe contextofclimate changeo OnAgricul ture

Decreaseincropyields Threattofoodsecuri ty FodderScarci ty Unemployment/Underemploymentofwage laborers

o OnGroundWater Scarci tyofi rrigationwater Scarci tyofdrinkingwater PollutionofGroundwater IncreaseofSalinityinsoils

o OnLivestock FodderScarci ty Fallinproductivi ty Mortality IncreaseinthePressureonnaturalresources forfodder Sale ofli vestock Migrations . Pressure increases at the migrated places on natural

resourceso OnSociety

Waterscarci ty Threattofoodsecuri ty InflationandPrice hike Fallinsales(Purchasingabili tyofpeople getsdecreased) MigrationsandScarci tyoflabour InfantandChildmortality Drinkingwatersources getpolluted

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6. Session6:PhasesandTimelinesLearningObjectives:

Toexplain the phasesand timelines ofwatersheddevelopment programme andtheirrationale

Toexplainthe fundingavailableforeachcomponentinthe programme

Content:Differentphasesofwatersheddevelopmentprogramme

PreparatoryPhaseo Thisphaseisforini tial12yearso PIA builds awareness of communities on importance of watershed

programme Communicationcampaign Ini tialorientation Exposure visits tosuccessful watershedprojects

o Ins ti tution building organising into SHGs, UGs, CIGs and WatershedCommittee(WSC)

o Regis trationofWSCo This phase enables the communities towards preparedness towatershed

programme.o Detailed Project Report with clear action plans for the enti re watershed

periodwillbe preparedthroughparticipatoryexercises PRAexercises FocusedGroupDiscussions

o EntryPointActivi tyshallbe takenupduringthisphase.o IdentificationandOrientationtopara workers

WorksPhaseo Executionofactionplans

NRMworks Agricul ture andalliedsectors Propoorbiaslivelihoods Contributions Maintenance ofContributionfunds Maintenance ofLivelihoodfunds (Revolvingfunds)

o Capaci tybuildingo Ins ti tutionbuildingso The timeline forthisphaseis34years .

ConsolidationPhaseo Consolidationoflessons learnto Arrangementsforassets maintenanceo Bridgingthe gapsforpostprojectsustainability

Fundingrequirements andcontributionso 10005000ha willbe oneIWMPProject

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o Thisprojectisclusterofmicrowatershedso The costperha isRs .12,000/(Incaseofhillyareas15000/)o The contributionfrombeneficiaries o Forindividualworks xxxxx%o ForCommunityWorksxxx%

OutcomesoftheSession:

Participants wouldbeabletolistofphases,timelines ofeachphase Theywouldbeable tolistofsetofactivi tiestobecarriedoutundereachphase Participantswouldbewithgreatclarityabout the needofdifferentsetofactivities

whichleadtoachieveendresults . Participants would be able to explain the cost details for each category of

interventions includingcontributions andadministrative cost.

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7. Session7:InterventionsrequiredtoachieveEndResults

LearningObjectives: To lis t outactivi ties tobe carried out toachieve each end resul t ofwatershed

programmeContent:Listofactivitiestobecarriedouttoachieveendresults.(Endresultsactivities)

There should notbe anyscarci ty ofdrinkingwater for both li vestockand humanbeings .

o Drainage linetreatmentworks toharvestrainwatertoraisethe groundwaterlevel

o Recharge pits , farm ponds and desil ting the Water Harvesting Structures(WHSs)toharvestmorewaterandenableinfil tration.

o Creationofnewdrinkingwatersources Harvestrainwateras muchaspossiblewithinwatershedboundaries

o ExecutionofnewWHSs suchasfarmponds ,sunkengullypits ,o Repair,restorationoftradi tionalWHSs suchastanks,openwells,etc.o Desil tingofWHSs

Recharge ofdriedupbore wellsandopenwellso SoilandMoistureconservation(SMC)workso WHSso Drainageline treatmentworks

Streamsshouldbecome perennial or thedurationofwater flowshouldbemore.(colorlessrunoffwaterisanindicatorforthis )

o SMCworkso Drainageline treatmentworkso Plantationworkso Vegetationdevelopmentincludingplantsandfodder

Soilshouldbecomeveryfertile.Poorlandsandlandbelong topoor familiesshouldbe broughtintocul tivation

o Developmentofcommonlandso Soilfertilityimprovementworkso Soilfertilitymanagementinterventions

Increase of crop yields . Household level food needs should be addressed bywatershedprogramme.

o Reductionof cost of inputs Using low cost inputs with locallyavailablematerial

o Increaseinproductionandproductivi tyo Foodgrainproductiono DiversifiedFarmingSystemso PromotingNPM,IPM,INMo Establishingsupportsystems suchas seedbank,easingbullockconstraints,

Panta mitra shops ,customhiringcentreetc.

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Sufficientavailabilityoffodder,fuelo Plantations incommonlandso Effective usageofnonconventional energyresourceso Fodderdevelopmentincommonlands,hillocks ,onbunds ,byintegratinginto

croppingpatternetc. The village should become fish sufficient, egg sufficient, milk sufficient, grain

sufficient.o Promotionofinlandfisheriesandenhancingproductivi tyo Promotionofbackyardpoultryandsupportsystemsforhealthmanagement,

feed,production,productivi tyenhancementandmarketingo Promotionof li vestock based li velihoodswithestablishingsupportsystems

such as Artificial insemination, health management, mortality reduction,insurance,marketing,milkproductionandmeatproduction,etc.

o Developingandnurturingcommunityknowledgeandenhancingtheirskillso Promotingfoodcrops forhouseholdgrainsufficiency

Increased wage days from the increased situation of agricul ture. Reduction inmigrations

o Creationofwage employmentbyprovidingwage throughexecutionofworkso By promotingseveral interventions in cropping practicesandmarketing of

inputsandoutputso Strengtheningexistingli velihoods NRMbasedo Promotingonfarmandofffarmlivelihoodactivi tieso Creatingnewli velihoodsincludingmicroenterpriseso Promotionofhorticul turedevelopment

Assets andresourcestothe assetless/resourcelesspooro Developingcommonpool resourceso Resource useagreementso PromotingNRMbasedli velihoodsincludingdairy,poultry,fishery,etc.o Promotingmicroenterprisesandsupportsystems

Allthe schoolagechildrenshouldbegoingtoschool includinggirlso Enhancedincomesourcesandsustainedli velihood resource basewillcreate

thisopportunityo Awarenessgeneration

Equitable dis tributionofbenefi tsofassets createdo PromotingEquityas afundamentalbaseforthe programmeo Buildingconsciousnessandconcerns ofandfortheresourcelesspooro Resource useagreements

Resource use agreements are inplace andpractice withclearlydefinednormsandregulationswithoutanydeviations .

o Awarenessbuildingactivi ties includingcommunicationcampaignso Capaci tybuildingactivi tieso Developmentofnormsandregulationso Resource useagreements

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Increasedresistance todroughthigh/low/norainfallo Preparednesstodroughto Strengtheningsupportsystemsforfoodgrains ,li vestock,agricul ture,etco Poolingandsharingofgroundwaterandotherresourceso Cri ticali rrigationfacili tieso Promotingal ternative li velihoodinterventions

UGs and SHGs are in active functioning, thereby the members of watershedprogrammeare economicallybenefi ting.

o Ins ti tutionalisationofprocessesandinterventionso Organisingallunorganizedwomen,farmersandthematicCIGso Strengtheninginsti tutionalcapaci tieso Buildingcapaci tiesofrepresentatives andmembers

Meaningful space forwomen in the programme including decision making. Thedrudgeryisreducedandwomenareprogressingtowardsequaljus tsociety.

o DesigningSystems andnonnegotiablesforincreasingwomenparticipationo Priori tytothe works whichbenefitwomeno Activi ties and interventions to reduce drudgery ofwomenwith regard to

fetchingdrinkingwater,procurementoffuel,fodder,gettingwageetc.o Priori tyforsinglewomenandwomenheadedhouseholds ,etc.

OutcomesoftheSession:

Participants wouldbe able tolistofactivi ties tobe carriedout forachievingeachobjective.

Participants wouldbe able to identi fy the activi ties whichachieve more thanoneobjective.

Participants wouldbe able todefine activi tiesaschange makers in theirlife ratherthanjus tphysicalworks ,physicaltargets .

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8. Session8:TypesofinterventionstodevelopNaturalResourcesandtechnologicaloptions

LearningObjectives: Tobuild the understanding ofparticipants on types of interventions required for

achievingdesi redendresul ts . Todevelopknowledge ofparticipantsintechnological andengineeringoptions Todevelop the level of familiari tyofparticipants to technological options ,people

choicesandpracticesContent:

Endresul ts relatedtoNRMo There shouldnot be anyscarcity ofdrinkingwater forboth li vestockand

humanbeings .o Harvestrainwateras muchaspossiblewithinwatershedboundarieso Recharge ofdriedupbore wellsandopenwellso Streams shouldbecome perennialor the durationofwater flowshouldbe

more.(colorlessrunoffwaterisanindicatorforthis)o Soilshouldbecomevery fertile.Poorlandsandlandbelong topoorfamilies

shouldbebroughtintocultivationo Increaseofcropyields .Householdlevel foodneedsshouldbe addressedby

watershedprogramme.o Assets andresourcestothe assetless/resourcelesspoor

Categorizingtheworkso Lis toutallpossibleworkstoachieve the above mentionedendresul tso Categorizethembasedontheirnatureandtype

SoilandMoistureConservation(SMC)works SoilFertilityImprovement(SFI)works WaterResource Development(WRD)works

Typesofworks undereachcategoryo SMC

NewFarmbunding ContourTrenches WaterAbsorptiontrenches Pebblebunding Stone bunding Vegetative checks Brushwooddams LooseBoulderStructures RockFillDams Plantations bunds ,banksofWHSs Anyother

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o SoilFertilityImprovement Sil tapplication Biomassapplication Vermicompost Insi tucompostpits(NADEP,etc.) Croppingpracticesfornitrogenfixing Bundplantation Anyother

o WaterResource Developmetn Farmponds Bore wellRecharge pits SunkenGullypits Percolationtanks Renovationoftradi tionalWHSs Gabionstructures Desil tingofWHSs RemovalofBushinWHSs Repairs andimprovementworkstoWHSs Checkwalls CheckDams SubSurface dykes Pickupanicuts Collectivisationofgroundwater WatersavingtechniquesDrip/sprinkleri rrigation Anyother.

OutcomesoftheSession:

The participants would be able to lis t the technological options for watersheddevelopmentworks

Theywould beable to list type ofworks tobe takenup undereach category toachieve desi redendresul tsofwatersheddevelopmentprogramme.

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9. Session9:HorticultureLearningObjectives:

Todeveloptechnicalskillsofparticipants onhorticul ture plantationsContent:

Typesofhorticulture plants Benefi ts ofHorticul turePlantations Suitabilityofvarious types ofhorticulture plants indi fferent types ofagroclimatic

zones Necessaryconditions forgrowthofhorticul ture plants

o Soilso Watero Climate Conditions(rainfall,temperatures max/min;humidity;windspeed,

etc) PlantingTechniques ofhorticul tureplants

o Distance o Depthofpitso Inputs(composts ,etc)o Protectiono Wateringo Processoftakingcare foraperiodoffi rs tfive yearso Care duringtheflowingtimeo Pestmanagemento Intercroppingforfi rstthreetofive years

ProcessingandMarketingo Processofharvestingo Storingfruitso Packaging,grading;transporting,marketingo Estimatingthe marketpotentialo CostBenefitAnalysis

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10. Session10:GroundwaterandCPRsSituationand management

LearningObjectives: To build theunderstandingofsi tua tion ofgroundwater To build theunderstandingofsi tua tion ofCPRs To educate the peopleon issuesand constraintsin utili zationofCPRs and groundwater To orientonthe need ofdevelopingCPRs and Ground waterrecharges tructures under

watershedprogrammeContent:

Ground waterlevelo Si tuationanalysis

Datacollected No ofborewells

Functioning Driedup

Dischargingcapaci ty Ridge Middle Valley

Densityofborewells Competiti vedigging

o Fluctua tionsinrainfallo Measuringgroundwater

Technical method Materialrequi red Method

Source forrecharginggroundwatero Tradi tionalwaterbodies

Tanks Streams Kuntas

o Constructeds tructures Checkdams Farmponds Dugoutponds Runoffcontrol s tructures

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Si tuationofgroundwaterrechargingstructureso Driedupo Sil ted upo Breachedo Repairofsluices ,spillways

Issuesand Rights overgroundwatero Ground waterbecamepriva tepropertyo Recharge atridges,use atvalleys (butnotnecessa rily)o Density,competiti ve digging,dis tance betweentheborewellso Goingdeeper,failure ofborewellso APWALTA

TypeandSitua tionofCPRso Types

Hillocks Tanks ,smallWHSs Villagewoodlots , Grazinglands,porambokes/

o Si tuation Degraded Barren Encroached Fallinsize Conversiontoagri cul ture lands and otherpurposes

Issuesand Cons traintsin utiliza tionofCPRso Legalissues

Encroachment Controlbyri ch

o Constraintsin accessbypoor,landless

Outcome The parti cipantswouldbeable tolistthesourcesofgroundwaterrecharging Theywouldbeableto explain thesitua tion ofground waterrechargings tructures Theywouldbeableto listthe cons traintsinutilization ofground waterandCPRs .

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11. Session11:ScopeforGroundWaterandCPR management

LearningObjectives: To build theconsciousnessofendresul tsofwatershedrelated to ground water To build theconsciousnessofendresul tsofwatershedrelated to CPRmanagement To educateaboutthe difference between goodandnotsogood managementofCPRs

and groundwater.Content:

End resul ts ofwatershed relatedtogroundwatero Harves trainwateras muchaspossiblewithin watershedboundarieso Recharge ofdried upborewellsandopenwellso Streams should becomeperennialorthedura tion ofwaterflowshouldbe more.

(colorlessrunoffwaterisan indica torforthis )o Assets and resourcesto the assetless/resourcelesspooro Equitable dis tribution ofbenefi tsofassets createdo Resource use agreementsare i n place and practice with clearlydefined norms

and regula tionswithoutanydeviations .o Increasedresistance to droughthigh/low/no rainfall

End resul ts ofwatershed relatedtogroundwatero There should notbe anysca rci tyofdrinkingwaterforboth li ves tockand human

beings .o Harves trainwateras muchaspossiblewithin watershedboundarieso Recharge ofdried upborewellsandopenwellso Streams should becomeperennialorthedura tion ofwaterflowshouldbe more.

(colorlessrunoffwaterisan indica torforthis )o Sufficientavailabilityoffodder,fuelo The village shouldbecome fish suffi cient,eggsufficient, milksuffi cient, grain

sufficient.o Assets and resourcesto the assetless/resourcelesspooro Equitable dis tribution ofbenefi tsofassets createdo Resource useagreementsare in placeandpractice withclea rlydefinednorms

and regula tionswithoutanydeviations . Lessonslearntfrompreviouswatershed programmes

o Lessonsfromgoodpractices Recharginggroundwater Sharingground water Properutiliza tion ofground waterwatersavingmeasures

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o Lessonsfromnoso good practi ces Diggingofnewborewells Competiti vedigging Driedup borewells Migra tions/losses

Outcome The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheendresul ts ofwatershed relatedtoground

water The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheendresul ts ofwatershed relatedtoCPR

management Theywouldbeableto illustra te good practi ces requi redforbetterground water

managementand CPRmanagement

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12. Session12:InterventionsforGroundWaterandCPR management

LearningObjectives: To explain the opportunitiesavailable under watershed programme to recharge and

utilize the ground water To exploreoptionsforbetterCPRmanagementandgettingaccessto

Content:

Activi tiesforground rechargeo SMCo Gullycontrolmeasureso Sunken gullypi tso Farmpondso ConstructionofnewWHSso Repairandres tora tion ofWHSs

Activi tiesforground watermanagemento Recharge s tructureso Shiftfromflood irriga tion to Microi rri ga tiono Waterpoolingandsharingo Preventingcompeti ti vediggingo Effective implementa tionofAPWALTAo Promotingsocialregula tions

Activi tiesforCPRDevelopmentand managemento DevelopmentofCPRs

SMC WHSs Drainageline trea tment Planta tion

o Addressinglegalissueso Easingconstraints ofaccessingbypoorandwomeno Socialregula tionso Socialfencingo Effective resource useagreements

Outcome

The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheactivi tiesforrecharge,manageandusethe ground water

The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheactivi tiesforrecharge,manageanduseCPR

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13. Session13:LivestockbasedlivelihoodsLearningObjectives:

To build theunderstandingofparticipants on the importance of li vestock inwatershedprogramme

Toeducate theparticipantsaboutthepotentialofli vestockinpromotinglivelihoods Theywouldalsoexplaintheneedforsecuringlivestockbasedlivelihoods

Content: Potentialofli vestock

o Datacollected fromthewatershedvillagesrelatedto livestocko Totalnumberofli vestocko Numberofhouseholdspossesslivestocko Averagenumberoflivestockpossessedbyeach householdo Totalmilkproduction,averagemilkproductionperHH,permilchanimalo NumberofHHpossesslivestockas

primarysourceoflivelihood secondarysourceoflivelihood Territorysource oflivelihood

o Case s tudies related to livestock rearing households and thei r contribution insecuringlivelihoods

o Potentialofli vestockbasedlivelihoodsduringdrought,failureofrainfalletc. Si tuation analysis

Thepresentsitua tionissuesandproblemsrelatedto livestock

o Nonavailabilityofdrinkingwaterintraditionalwaterbodieso Foddersca rcityo Scarcityofdryfodder

Absenceoffood crops Decreaseincroppingarea Givingofthepracti ceofs tackingfodder

o Scarcityofgreen fodder Absenceoffood crops Barrenhillocks Lowrainfall

o Thenaturalresourcesaredegradedo Drinkingwaterisscarceo Cropfailureiscommonphenomenao FodderSeedproblemo Fluctuationsinrainfallo Incenseofdiseaseso Inabilityto preventorcontrol diseaseso Absenceofextensionsys temsespeciallyhealthservi ceso Lowyieldso Highinputs

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o Absenceofinsti tutionalcreditsupportsystemo Highmortalityra teo Increaseofthecos tofli vestocko Cos tofinsuranceishigho Farmersarenotinfavourofinsuranceo Cuttingoftrees

Causesoftheaboveissuesandproblems

o Low/No rainfallo Scarcityofdryfodder

Absenceoffood crops Decreaseincroppingarea Givingofthepracti ceofs tackingfodder

o Scarcityofgreen fodder Absenceoffood crops Barrenhillocks Lowrainfall

o Thenaturalresourcesaredegradedo Cuttingoftreeso Incenseofdiseaseso Limited effortsbyGovernmenttoprovide properextensionsystemo Inaccessibilityto preventivemedicineo Unscientifi capproacho Absenceofgood breed/breedimprovementpolicies/systemso Absenceofpropersupportsystemsto the country/improved breedo Insurancesystemsarenotfa rmerfriendlyo Absenceofknowledgeandskillsforincreasingproductivityo Degradedcommonpropertyresourceso Legal/political/socialconstraintsinaccessingfodderfromCPR

Effectsofthe aboveissuesandproblems

o Lowpopulation ofli vestockwhich is does notprovide sizeable/meaningful/gainfulincome

o Lowproductivi tyoflivestocko Lowincomefromli vestocko Incidenceofdiseaseso Mortalityishigho Fodderproblemo Drinkingwaterproblemo Lowyieldbreed

OutcomesoftheSession:

Participantswould beable to explainthe presentsituationoflivestockincludingthe causesandeffects .

Theywouldbeabletolistouttheissuestobe addressed.

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14. Session14:Agricultureproductionssystems development

Learningobjectives:

Toeducatetheparticipants aboutthepresentissuesinagricultureespeciallyinrainfedagriculture

Toeducatetheparticipants abouttherequiredandpossibleinterventions forproductionsystems development.

Content: IssuesinrainfedagricultureandRequiredinterventionsforenhancing productionandproductivity

Issuesin rainfed agri cul tureo Unproductiverainfed landso Degradedlandso Unfertilesoilso Moistureretentioncapacityofthesoilsislowo Slope,unevenness,s crubgrowtho Problemsoils

Climate change Fluctua tionsinrainfall

o Hugegapsbetweenrain cycleso Dryspellso Heavyrainso Cyclone effectso Untimelyrains

Inputproblemso Seed

Quali ty Adequacy Availability Timeliness Requi red seed Requi red variety

o Opera tions Labourcostandavailability Implements Ploughbullocks

o Fertiliserso Pes ti cides

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Pes tsanddiseases Mono cropping Yields Anyother

Possibleinterventions

Diversified fa rmingsys tems Treebasedfa rmingsys tems NPM,IPM,INM, SoilFertilityimprovementmethods SMC Supportsystems

o Seedbanko NPMshopo Easingplough bullockconstrainto Revolvingfund forovercomingla ckofcredi t

Watersavingmeasures Cri ticali rri ga tion support Marketing

o Inputssupplyo Outputmarketing

Anyother15. Session15:IssuesinLivestockdevelopment

LearningObjectives: To educate the parti cipants aboutthe requi red interventions toaddressidentifiedissues

related to livestock.

Content:Requiredinterventionsforenhancingproductionandproductivity

Fodderdevelopmento Integra tingfodderdevelopmentwith croppingsys temo KeepingtheFodderseed availableforDFSo Improved varietieso Cri ticali rri ga tion supporto Fodderbanko Foddertreeso Promotion offodderin Common lands ,on bunds,tankforeshore etc.o Promotion offoddertreeso Ins titutionalizingfodderbank

Preventive medicine

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o FormationofCIGso Derivingnormsandprocedures,userfeesetc.o Trainingoneofthemembers/para worker(?)o Lis tingthe mostcommon/frequentdiseaseso Categorisingtheminto preventable and curableo Developingvaccination s chedule forpreventive diseaseso Convergencewith AHdepartmento Collectionofdemand fromthe memberso Indentforvaccina tiono Gettingthevaccineo Purchasingthe addi tional /requi redvaccineo Administeringvaccina tiono Collectionofuserfeeso Paymenttothe para worker(?)

Livestockhealthservi ceso Lis tingthe frequent/commondiseasesespeciallythe curablediseaseso Adoptingpreventivemeasureso Capaci tybuildingoffa rmerson diseasemanagemento Identifi ca tion ofparaworkero Trainingtoparaworkero Derivinguserfeefordifferentservi ceso IB

Breed improvemento Awarenessaboutbreed improvemento Identifi ca tion ofnumberoffa rmersdesired to improvethei rbreedo Exploringoptionsforsui table breedo Breedingbulls/ramso Arti ficialInseminationo Convergencewith Sta te LDA,AH,Resource Organiza tionso Derivingnormsformaintainingbreederbulls/rams

Credi tsupporto Exploringcreditopportunitieswithbankso Properutiliza tion ofli velihood fundavailableo Buildinginsti tutions trengthso Makingtheins titutions credi tworthyo Sys tems forrepaymento Expandingthe reach

Marketingfacilitieso Inputssupply

Fodder Feed Calves Ramlambs

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Breedingbulls Breedingrams

o Outputmarketing Goats Sheep Rams Wool Meat,skin Eggs milk

Riskmitiga tion Insuranceo Exploringforlowcost/chiefinsurance schemes o Exploringoptionsforcommunitymanaged insurance product

Ins titutionalizationofintervention.o Fodderbanko Vaccina tiono Health serviceso Credi to Insuranceo Breeding(bulls/rams)o Goatcrche

OutcomesoftheSession:

Parti cipantswouldbeableto listthe interventions requiredtoo Mitiga te theriskfinancial,disease,mortalityo Enhancetheproductivi ty

Theywouldbeableto explain theSupportsys temsrequi red Theywouldbeableto detaileachintervention

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16. Session16:AnalysingLivelihoodOptionsLearningObjectives:

To build theunderstandingofparticipants onthepresents cenario oflivelihoods To increase the understanding of people on issues, challenges, opportuni ties and

limi ta tionsin thecontextofwatershed programmeContent:

Presentli velihoodso Farmbasedli velihoods

Agricul ture opera tions includingsowing,weeding,haraves ting,plughingetc

Agricul ture inputsupplyshops Anyother

o Nonfa rmli velihoods Ruralartisans Blacksmith Carpenta ry Repairshops Puncture shops Anyother

Issuesin li velihoodso Inputsupply

Availabilityofrawmaterial Dis tance,cos t Credi tfacility Transporta tion Quali typroducts Availabilityvs Demand

o Outputmarketing Marketinglinkages Demand vs supply Quali tyandquantity Pri ce, Middlemenexploi ta tion

o Gradingandprocessing Lackoftechnicalknowhow Lackofopportuni ties

o Profi tability Volumeofproduceorbusiness Demand forthe products

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Supplymeetingthedemando Publici ty

Challengesin li velihoodso Competitiono Changingtrendso Growingdemandso Adaptingimprovedtechnologyo Constraintsin accesso Publici tyo Inabili tyto meetthe demand

Opportunities inli velihoodso Wideopportuni tieso Growingdemando Demand and valueforquali tyo Interimbusinessopportuni ties

Limita tions inli velihoodso Dis tance tothe marketo Availabilityofqualitymanpowero Availabilityoftransporta tionand otheraccessoriesand facili tieso Changingtrendso Anyothertothe localcontext

Outcomes

Theparticipants wouldbeabletolistthepresentlivelihoodopportunities inthevillages Theywouldalsoexplainthechallenges,opportunities,limitations andotherissues inlivelihoods

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17. Session17:UnderstandinglivelihoodcyclesLearningObjectives:

To build theunderstandingofpeople on Livelihood cycles To educate ondifferentphasesofli velihood

Content:

Livelihood cycleo Knowledge technicalknowhowo Procuringrawmaterialinputsupplyo Processing/manufacturingo Interimoutputo Valueaddition Gradingandpacking,s torageo Supplytotheoutputmarket

Foreveryprocessthere aremanysub processes Phasesoflivelihood

o Gettingacquaintedwith technicalknowledgeo Marketingarrangementso Enhancinglinkageso Breakeveno Profi tability

Outcomes Theparticipants wouldbeabletoexplainthelivelihoodcycle Theywouldbeabletoexplainphasesoflivelihood

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18. Session18:LivelihoodoptionsunderIWMPLearningObjectives:

Tobrainstormthepeopletoexplorethepossiblelivelihoodsunderwatershedprogramme Toexplainthe roleofwatershedprojectinpromotingli velihoods

Content: Possible/permissiblelivelihoodsunderwatershedprogramme

o Farmbased Backyard poultry Chickrearingcentre Goatery Piggery Rabbitery Apiery Sheeprea ring Seri culture Flouri culture Vegetable NPMdalprocessingandmarketing Fishrearing PantaMithrashop

o Nonfarmbased Tailoring Embroidery Carpenta ry Blacksmith Flourmill Ki rana Pushtrolley Barbershop Chappalmaking Computer Anyother

Roleofwatershedprogrammein promotinglivelihoodso Trainings,skilltrainingsandexposureso Enhancingtheexistingskillso Trainingsinnewskillso Facilitating/Arrangingcreditfacilityo Facilitatingmarketinglinkageso Organizinginto groups

Outcomes Theparti cipantswould beableto explainthepossibleli velihoods Theywouldbeabletoexplainthe roleofwatershedprogrammeinpromotinglivelihoods

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19. Session19:Indicatorsforsuccessfulimplementation ofwatershedprogramme

LearningObjectives: To educate the peopleon indica tors forsuccessfulimplementation ofwatershed To educate peopleon sustainabilityofwatershedprogramme

Content:

Indica torsforsuccessfulimplementa tion ofwatershedprojecto Sus tainableagri culturewith goodreturnso Properutiliza tion ofdeveloped degraded natural resource basei n place with

norms forsameo Resource useagreementsin placewith clea rnormsin caseofviola tiono Increasedyields ,increasedproductivi tywithincreasedincomeo AllCBOsformed undertheprogrammeare functioningwello Improved credi tworthinessofCBOso Poorand others arebroughtoutofindebtednesso Revolving fund management is well and being used for creation and

s trengtheningoflivelihoodso Shiftfrommono croppingtomultiple cropping;cash cropstofood cropso Flood i rrigationtomicro i rri gationo Increasedproduction ofgrains ,milk, fish,egg,vegetables, frui ts, fi rewood and

meatetc.o Properutiliza tion offundswith dulyachievingdesiredresul tso Parti cipa tion ofallincludingwomen and pooratalllevelso Degradedand poorpeoplelandisdeveloped and broughtinto cultiva tion and

productiveuseo Assured drinkingwaterforhumanbeingsand cattleo Increasedincomesarei nves ted foreducation,newincomesourcesandwelfa re

ofthe familyo Workingtogetherreflectsin happyfamilyand therebyhappysocietyo Collecti ve effortstosolvecommunityneedso Linkageswith otherdepartmentsand financialins titutionso Reversemigra tionso Anyother

Indica torsforsus tainabilityofwatershedprojectso Sta tus of developed natural resources continuous even after completion of

projectperiodo Watch and ward istaken ca rebythe WSC/UGswithi tsownfundso Repairs andmaintenanceofcrea ted assets isbeingdonebyUGs/WSCo SHGsmanagementsupportsys temsare continued

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o Support systems such as Seed bank, fodder bank, cus tom hi ring centre etc.created foragri culture andli vestockarecontinued

o No newborewellsare dugto exploitthe groundwater,butmore areais broughtundercul ti va tion through microi rri ga tionand watersharingmechanisms

o Rotation ofleadership in true spi ri tofselfhelpo Anyother

Note: all above indicators can be categorized as Social Indicators, Economical Indicators, EnvironmentalIndicatorsetc. Outcomes

The parti cipants would beable to lis t the indica tors forsuccessful implementationofwatershedprogramme

Theywouldalsolisttheindicatorsforsustainabilityofwatershedprojects

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20. Session20:IndicatorsforgoodWSCLearningObjectives:

To orientonindicatorsforgood WSCContent:

Indica torsforGoodWSCo Meetingsare properand regula ro Rotation ofleadershipo NumberofSHGsand UGsformed,in functiono Bookkeeping,recordsandthei rstatuso Resource useagreementsin placeo Coverageofbeneficia rieso Contribution collectedo Areacoveredo Familiescoveredo Level ofgroundwatero Foodsecuritylevelso Productivi tylevelso Usageofrevolvingfundo Increaseinincomelevelso Forward and backward linkages establishedo Linkage withfinancialins titutionso Otherprogrammesmobilizedo Interventionspromoted otherthanworkso Sus tainabilityofinterventionso Sus tainabilityofsupportsys temses tablished

Outcomes:

The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheindica tors foragoodWSC

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21. Session21:PostprojectsustainabilityofwatershedLearningObjectives:

To educate the peopleon selfsuffi ciencyaftercompletionofwatershed period To evolves tra tegiesforwithdrawal

Content:

Importanceofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershed periodo Casestudiesofsuccessful watershed projectso Casestudiesofnotsosuccessful projectso Indica torsforselfsuffi ciency

Strategiesandprocessesforwithdrawalo Strategiestobeadopted at

Planningstage Implementations tage Sel fMonitoring Sel fassessment

o Processesthroughoutthe period atdi fferentstageso Formationand Strengtheningappropria teCBOsand networkso Developingnormsandsocialregulationso Transparencyand accountabili tyo Strengtheninggoodpracticeso Buildingcapaci tiesofcommuni tieso Buildingontheknowledgeofpeopleandthei rpracti ceso Transferofkeyfunctions and roleso NetworkingCBOso Es tablishingstrongand meaningfullinkagesandrapporto Enhancingthe creditworthinesso Pro active dis closure ofinformationo Keepingtherecordsavailabletoallatallthe timeo Keepingallthe recordsproperanduptodate

Note:Asetofgoodparti cipa toryprocessesrightfromthe beginningare the baseforsmootherwithdrawal.Technicall ywithdrawalprocesssta rts at theendof the year,but the groundshallbe preparedfromthe beginningi tself.Outcomes

Theywouldhighlight theimportance ofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershedperiod

Theywouldlistthes tra tegies andprocessesofwithdrawal .

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22. Session 22: Good practices of watershed communities

LearningObjectives: To educate ongoodpracticesofwatershedcommunities To explorethepossibilitiesofrepli catingin watershed programme

Content:

Goodpractices in NRM GoodPractices inAgri cul ture GoodPractices inSocialRegulations GoodPractices inInsti tutions Importanceofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershed period

Outcomes

Theywouldlistofgood practices in watershed projects Theywouldhighlight theimportance ofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershed

period Theywouldlistoutactivi tiestha tare possibletorepli cate.

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23. Session 23: Functionaries, Institutions, Processes, Timelines,RoleandResponsibilities

LearningObjectives: To listthe functionariesand Ins ti tutions intheprogramme To listouttheroleandresponsibilitiesofeach functionaryand Ins titutions To listoutkeyprocessesinthe programme.

Content:

Lis toffunctionariesand Ins ti tutions in the programmeo Sta televel

SLNA CEO Consortium Experts atSLNA

o Dis tri ctLevel DWDU ProjectDirector Experts

o ProjectLevel PIA WDTs Coopera tives

o Watershed Level WSC UserGroups CIGs SHGs PGs Watershed Secretary Paraworkers Volunteers

Processesintheprogramme Timelinesandresponsiblefunctionary/Insti tution

Outcomes

Theywouldlistoffunctionariesand ins titutionsin watershed projects Theywouldlistoutthe allprocessesin the programme Theywouldexplaintimelines andresponsible functionary/Institutions

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24. Session 24: DPR Preparation Participatory processes,toolsandmethodologies

LearningObjectives: To explain the processofpreparingDetailedProjectReports

Content:

Importanceofplans ImportanceofDetailed ProjectReportin the contextofIWMP Unders tandingcontentsandchaptersofDPR

o Readingandunders tandingDPRcontentso Lis tingouttheinformationrequi red to becollected andca tegorizinginto

Primarysources ofi nformation Secondarysourcesofinformation

Unders tandingPrimaryinformationcollection formatso Socio EconomicSurveyo Parti cipa toryNetplanningo Drainageline trea tmento FGDTypologyplanningformats

ImportanceofParti cipa toryapproaches in DPRprepara tiono Need and essenceo Impactofparti cipatoryplanningprocesseson programme

Parti cipa tion Owning Quali tyandQuantity Contributions Management Pos tprojectsus tainability Moni toringand Evalua tion

Parti cipa toryPlanningmethodologieso PRAtools

Lis t of tools Social Map, Resource Map, Transact walk, Seasonali tyanalysis,situationanalysis,wealthranking,venndiagram,FGDs,etc.

Methodology Process Human Resource requi red Timelines Dosand Donts Tipsforfacilita tors/Planningteam

o Focused GroupDiscussions Typologyanalysis Productivi tyEnhancementplans

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Livelihood DevelopmentPlans EntryPointActivi typlans Capaci tyBuildingplans

o WritingDPRso FormationofPlanningteams

OutcomesoftheSession:

Parti cipantswouldbeableto unders tand,analyseandexplainthe contentsofDPR Theywouldbeableto prepare theplans basedon the emergingneed and demands Theywouldbe able to explore opportunities fori nclusion oftraditional practi ces and

peopleknowledge.

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25. Session 25: applicationofRemoteSensing,GIS and InformationTechnology

LearningObjectives: To explain the useofRemote sensingapplica tions ,GISand Informationtechnology To exploreoptionsforonline moni toringand quicken the processes.

Contents

Use ofInformationTechnologyo Expriences

Banking NREGS Anyother

Use ofGISappli cationso Whatis GISo Use ofGISo Requi red envi ronment

Webbasedmonitoring Genera tionofestimates Recordingofworks Online paymentsystem Anyother.