Language and Linguistics 2

8/6/2019 Language and Linguistics 2

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What is language?

A. The system of human communicationwhich consists of structured arrangement ofsound into larger units, e.g. morphemes,

words, sentences.

B. A variety of language, spoken in one part

of a country or by people belonging to aparticular social class.


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Can language also refer

to non-human systemcommunication such as

the language of bees?A. Yes.

B. No.


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A. Speech is the primary mode of

language; writing is a secondary

one.OR

B. Writing is the primary mode of

language; speech is a secondary

one.

Which is true?


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Which is true?A. Acquisition is the conscious representation

of grammatical knowledge that has resulted

from instruction

OR

B. Acquisition refers to the unconscious

development of the target language system

as a result of using the language for real

communication


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Which is true?

A. Learning is the conscious representationof

grammatical knowledge that has resulted

from instructionOR

B. Learning refers to the unconsciousdevelopment of the target language systemas a result of using the language for real

communication


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Which is true?A. First language is acquired

naturally.

OR

B. First language is acquired

unnaturally. (only learn from school)


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What is Linguistics?

A. Linguistics is the study of specific

languages with the goal of learning to

read, write or speak them.Or

B. Linguistics is the scientific study of

the phenomenon of human language.


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C. Linguistics is concerned with

trying to make people speak

properly.

Or

D. Linguists are concerned with

describing how people speak.


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E. Linguistics is highly relevant for

primary and secondary schoolteachers.

Or

F. Linguistics is not relevant for

primary and secondary school

teachers.


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What is applied linguistics?

A. general principles of the structure and

functioning of languages

B. the application of the ideas and methods of

linguistics to practical problems which have

something to do with language, esp. the

analysis of second-Language teaching


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What is Computational

Linguistics?A. is the process of converting texts from one

natural language to another natural language

without any human intervention.

B. is an applied field that combines the

traditional field of linguistics with the newerfield of computer science.


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Some Fundamental Concepts

Every language is complex.

All languages are systematic.

Speech is the primary mode of

language; writing is a secondary one.

First language is acquired naturally.


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Definition ofDefinition of

LanguageLanguagefrom manyfrom many

linguistslinguists


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Bloomfields definition (1933)

Human speech differs from the signal-

like actions of animals. In human speech,

different sounds have different meaning.

To study this co-ordination of

certain sounds with certain

meanings is to study language.


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Chomskys definition (1957)When we study human language, we

can approaching what some mightcall the human essence, the

distinctive qualities of mind that

are, so far as we know, unique

to man.


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Lehmanns definition (1968)Language is a system for the communication

of meaning through sound. More precisely,

language, viewed as a system, consist of

three subsystems: one semantic,

one syntactic, and

one phonological.


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Sapirs definition (1921)

Language is a purely human

and non-instinctive method ofcommunicating ideas,

emotions and desires by

means of voluntarily produced

symbols.


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Saussures definition (1915)

Language is a system of

sign that express ideas,


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What is language?

Language is a code that we learn to

use in order to communicate ideas andexpress our wants and needs. Reading,

writing, speaking, and some gesture

systems are all forms of language.


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The design/defining features of

human language (Charles Hockett)

Arbitrariness

Productivity/Creativity

Duality

Displacement

Cultural transmission


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Arbitrariness--No logical or necessary relationship

between the sound of the words and their

meanings.- The connection between the words and

its meanings is arbitrary. (the sounds

change depending on the language)- Onomatopoeic words (which imitate

natural sounds) are somewhat motivated.


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Productivity/creativity----Peculiar to human languagesusers of language can

understand and produce sentences they have never heard

before,

e.g. we can understand sentence like A red-eyed

elephant is dancing on the hotel bed, though it does not

describe a common happening in the world. A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw

all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly

exhausted, making any novelty impossible.

The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is

used to communicate about food sources in any direction.But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be

sent through the bee dance; bees do not talk about

themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people,

animals, hopes or desires


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Duality (double articulation)

Lower level----sounds (meaningless)

Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning)

A communication system with duality is

considered more flexible than one without it, for a

far greater number of messages can be sent. A

small number of sounds can be grouped and

regrouped into a large number of units of meaning

(words), and the units of meaning can be arrangedand rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.

(we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make

a dictionary of sentences of that language.)


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Displacement----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not

present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or

future, or in far-away places.

A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last

year

There is something special about the bee dance though.Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources

they have found when they are no longer in the presence of

the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of

displacement. But this component is very insignificant. Forthe bees must communicate about the food immediately on

returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they

discovered last month nor do they speculate about future

discoveries.


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Cultural transmission

----Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching andlearning; rather than by instinct).

Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats,

gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to

those of all other cats, gibbons and bees. A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not

mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally

transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the

next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.

The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human

being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human

language.


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LAD = Language Acquisition Devices


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The origin of language

The divine-origin theory---- Language is a

gift of God to mankind.

The invention theory---- imitative, cries of

nature, the grunts of men working together.

The evolutionary theory---- the result of

physical and psychological development.


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Aspects of Language

Development

Halliday (1984)

We learn language.

We learn through language.

We learn about language.


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How Should We Study Language?

ObserveObserve (we collect data and analyze it)

HypothesizeHypothesize (we hypothesize a rule)

TestTest (we gather more data to test ourhypothesis)

ConcludeConclude (we write a final rule based on

our observation and tests)

This is the scientific method!!!


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What is linguistics?

----Linguistics is the scientific

study of language.

----A person who studies

linguistics is known as a

linguist.


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The scope or major branches of

linguistics

Theoretical

linguistics

1. Phonetics

2. Phonology3. Morphology

4. Syntax

5. Semantics

Use of linguistics1. Applied linguistics

2. Sociolinguistics

3. Psycholinguistics


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Theoretical linguistics

Phonetics----speech sound (description,

classification, transcription): articulatory phonetics,

acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics.

Phonology----sound patterns of languages Morphology----the form of words

Syntax----the rules governing the combination of

words into sentence.

Semantics----the meaning of language (when themeaning of language is conducted in the context of

language use----Pragmatics)


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Use of linguisticsUse of linguistics

Applied linguistics----linguistics and

language teaching

Sociolinguistics---- social factors (e.g.

class, education) affect language use

Psycholinguistics----linguistic behavior

and psychological process

Stylistics----linguistic and literature


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Why Do Teachers Study Linguistics?

To know how language

works. To help their students.

To make good decisions. To be more effective.


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Applied

Linguistics


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What is Applied Linguistics?

According to the Longman Dictionary of

Applied Linguistics (1985) there are two

definitions: the study of second or foreign language

learning and teaching.

the study of language and linguistics in

relation to practical problems, such as

lexicography, translation, speech pathology,

etc.


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DefinitionsApplied linguisticsApplied linguistics uses information from

sociology, anthropology, and information theory as

well as from linguistics in order to develop its owntheoretical models of language and language use,

and then uses this information and theory in

practical areas such as syllabus design, speechtherapy, language planning,literacy, bilingualism

and authorship identification.


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An Overview ofApplied

Linguistics Therefore, applied linguistics involves

a- what we know about language

b- how it is learned

c- how it is used

The primary concern of applied linguistics

has been second language acquisition theory,

second language pedagogy and the

interrelationship of both areas.


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Applied Linguistics

Theoretical

linguistics

Psychology

Pedagogy Sociology


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Scope of applied linguistics

Language teaching and learning

Language testing

Psycho- and neurolinguistics Sociolinguistics

Discourse analysis

Computational linguistics

Translation studies

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Language and Linguistics 2

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