Bangkok 2017
Workshop on the Efficient Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource, Bangkok 2017
Non-GSO satellite issues
Timur Kadyrov
Radiocommunication Bureau, ITU
Bangkok 2017
Where do satellites operate … Geostationary Orbit 35,786 km above the Earth's equator
Highly Elliptical Orbit – 40 000 km in apogee
Medium Earth Orbit 8 000 - 20 000 km
Low Earth Orbit 500 - 2 000 km
International Space Station
GNSS
Sub-orbital
Bangkok 2017
265 000 km belt around the earth
– and yet congested
– more than 700 satellites active/inactive in-orbit (more than 300 are commercial operational satellite)
GSO
Bangkok 2017
Advantages
– Less booster power required
– Less delay in transmission path
– Suitability for providing service at higher latitude
– Lower cost per satellite to build and launch satellites at NGSO
Disadvantages
– Satellite system and ground segment are expensive
– Less expected life of satellites at NGSO due to ionizing radiation effects, requires frequent replacement
– Requirements for deorbiting
Non-GSO
Bangkok 2017
90s-00s
– Private companies starting their projects OrbComm, Teledesic, Skybridge, Iridium, Globalstar
– Private launching companies
Outcomes
– Private launching projects abandoned
– Telecom projects abandoned
– Iridium went bankrupt
– NGSO gets access to new “Teledesic bands”
– New regulations to alleviate concerns of GSO community w.r.t interference issues from NGSO
Projects
Bangkok 2017
Nowadays
–Space science missions, navigation and mobile-satellite systems (Iridium, Globalstar)
–State-owned non-GSO telecommunications utilizing elliptical orbits
–First non-GSO broadband from O3B
Projects
Bangkok 2017
Equatorialorbit
• Equatorial plane
• Orbit 8 065 km
• 12 satellites in orbit plus 8 more in 2017-2018
• Service ±45º Latitude
Bangkok 2017
New submissionsAdm/Org Satellite Name
Number of unique
orbit types
Number of
satellitesAdm/Org Satellite Name
Number of unique
orbit types
Number of
satellitesUSA USCSID-P 1 8 F ES-SAT-2 30 1428
J QZSS-1 1 1 CYP ANDROMEDA-A 1 48
CAN CASCADE-CX 1 1 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4
G O3B-B 1 24 CAN 102 1 774
IND INSAT-NAVR-GS 1 4 G O3B-B 1 24
CAN CANPOL 1 2 RUS SKY-F 2 24
CAN COMMSTELLATION 3 891 NOR SE-6-HEO-1 1 2
G L5 4 2692 NOR SE-6-HEO-1A 1 2
CAN CANPOL-2 2 51 HOL DREBBELSAT 1 24
G O3B-A 1 24 NZL APOG 1 18
NOR ASK-1 2 7 G THEO 1 882
LIE 3ECOM-1 1 288 CAN MAPLELEAF-1 1 60
F MCSAT-2 HEO 5 312 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-1 4 160
F MCSAT LEO 1 774 CAN MULTUS 3 80
NOR STEAM-1 3 3993 CAN CANSAT-LEO 2 117
NOR STEAM-2 3 3993 NOR STEAM-2B 1 1600
F MCSAT-2 LEO-1 14 4500 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-2 4 160
F MCSAT-2 LEO-2 4 2772 USA USASAT-NGSO-3C 1 1600
F MCSAT-2 MEO-1 10 624 USA USASAT-NGSO-3D 1 1600
F MCSAT-2 MEO-2 4 744 USA USASAT-NGSO-3E 1 400
F MCSAT-2 HEO-1 3 36 USA USASAT-NGSO-3F 1 400
G O3B-C 7 840 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4
LIE 3ECOM-3 1 288
>
Bangkok 2017
✓ Evolved in 1990 – 2003.
✓ Coordination – ensures protection of existing services on equitable access basis
✓Coordination between non-GSO and GSO in limited frequency bands
✓Coordination between non-GSO in limited frequency bands
✓ Hard Limits – Article 22 EPFD limits to protect GSO from non-GSO
✓ Ultimate protection of GSO – No. 22.2
✓Non-geostationary-satellite systems shall not cause unacceptable interference to and shall not claim protection from geostationary-satellite networks in the fixed-satellite service and the broadcasting-satellite service
Non-GSO regulations
Bangkok 2017
FSS frequency bands No hard-
limits for
protection
of GSO
Coordination
between
Non-GSO
Coordination
between
Non-GSO
and GSO
Article 22 EPFD
hard-limits are
applicableEarth-space space-Earth
3400-4200 MHz Ст. 22
5725-6725 MHz Ст. 22
7250-7750 MHz 22.2
7900-8400 MHz 22.2
10.7-12.95 GHz 9.12 Yes
11.2-11.45 GHz 9.12 Yes
11.7-12.75 GHz 9.12 Yes
12.75-13.25 GHz 9.12 Yes
13.75-14.0 GHz 9.12 Yes
17.8-18.6 GHz 9.12 Yes
18.6-18.8 GHz 22.2
18.8-19.3 GHz 9.12 9.12A
19.3-19.7 GHz 22.2 9.12 9.12A
19.7-20.2 GHz 9.12 Yes
20.2-21.2 GHz 22.2
27.5-28.6 GHz 9.12 9.12A Yes
28.6-29.1 GHz 9.12 9.12A
29.5-30.0 GHz 9.12 Yes
V-band FSS V-band FSS 22.2
Bangkok 2017
Equivalent power-flux density (EPFD) takes into account the aggregate of the emissions from all non-GSO satellites in the direction of any GSO earth station, taking into account the GSO antenna directivity
EPFD considers pointing of a victim receiving antenna with respect to any source of interference
Complex calculation methodology considers an interference varying in time and space
1414
EPFD
S.1503-38
S.1503-39
Bangkok 2017
EPFD is calculated:– Downlink (at the input of GSO earth station receiver)
– Uplink (at the input of GSO space station receiver)
– Inter-satellite (at the input of GSO space station receiver)
a iN
i maxr
ir
i
it
P
G
G
d
Gepfd
1 ,2
1010
410log10
15
What is EPFD?
Bangkok 2017
GSO
NGSO
GSO
NGSO
GSO
NGSO
EPFD on downlink EPFD on uplink
EPFD on inter-satellite path
Bangkok 2017
Article 22 – Hard Limits to protect GSO from Non-GSO– Hard EPFD limits enable non-GSO FSS systems to
share frequencies with and protect GSO systems without requiring individual coordinations with all the systems worldwide
– FSS non-GSO satellite systems shall comply with the EPFD limits contained in Tables 22-1A, 22-1B, 22-1C, 22-1D, 22-1E, 22-2 and 22-3 of RR Article 22
✓Article 22 contains reference parameters of GSO stations to be protected
17
EPFD Limits Regulatory Framework
Bangkok 2017
Article 9 – coordination trigger limits– specific large earth station requires coordination
under RR No. 9.7A with respect to any existing non-GSO satellite systems using the coordination triggers in RR Appendix 5; or
– FSS non-GSO satellite systems requires coordination under RR No. 9.7B with respect to any large earth station (under certain conditions) using the coordination triggers in RR Appendix 5.
✓Coordination trigger limits enable protection of very large specific GSO earth stations
18
EPFD Limits Regulatory Framework
Bangkok 2017
EPFD Limits Validation Tools
Validation Software is developed in accordance with methodology in Recommendation ITU-R S.1503-2
Resolution 85 (WRC-03) establishes intermediate arrangements until required software is developed
“Qualified favourable” finding is given based on the commitment by notifying administration to fulfill Article 22 limits
Findings under review
Two parallel developments:– Transfinite Systems Ltd, developed in C++
– Agenium, developed in C#
Reasons for two developments - Confidence in results: useful for BR and ADMs to be able to check the result of more than one tool
19
Bangkok 2017
Circular Letter CR/414, 6 December 2016 contains details of examinations to be carried out in accordance with Resolution 85 (WRC-03).
The Bureau contacted (end of March 2017) individually each administration having submitted non-GSO systems in the FSS, and requested administrations to submit within three months:
– “traditional” non-GSO parameters in Appendix 4 – orbit parameters, frequency assignments etc.
– The PFD/EIRP* masks accounting for all the features of specific non-GSO systems arrangements
* See also Rec. ITU-R S. 1503-2
20
Implementation of Resolution 85 (WRC-03)
Bangkok 2017
Defines non-GSO station transmission “footprint”– For transmitting non-GSO earth station in form of eirp and off-axis eirp mask
– For transmitting non-GSO satellite in form of pfd-mask given either in azimuth-elevation plane or relative to GSO exclusion zone
– For transmitting non-GSO satellite in bi-directional frequency bands in form of eirp and off-axis eirp mask
Masks are presented in XML-format and embedded in MS Access .MDB container
Not included in BR IFIC SRS database
Will be published once examination of non-GSO satellite system is completed
21
XML-mask data Item A.14 of Appendix 4 of RR
S.1503-08
Azimuth
Cell i
Elevation
M(Az, E1)
S.1503-07
GSO satellite
GSO arc
iso- linea
longnon-GSO
Dlong
O
z
x
y
Bangkok 2017
App.4 “for space
stations operating in a
frequency band
subject to Nos. 22.5C,
22.5D or 22.5F…”
Undertaken by filing administration
Rec. ITU-R S.1503-2
EPFD calculations
Parameters of non-GSO system delivered by
a notifying administrationInitial data available at the BR
Non-GSO System parameters input
to EPFD calculations
Calculation of pfd / e.i.r.p. masks
pfd / e.i.r.p. masks
Determination of runs to execute
Determination of worst case
geometry
Calculation of EPFD statistics and
limit compliance checking
Decision: pass / fail
BR Input Data to EPFD Calculations
Objectives:
Protection for GSO systems
Flexibility for non-GSO systems
Approach:
Measurable non-GSO system characteristics
Computation of EPFD CDF based on these parameters
Article 22 limits:[EPFD, % time]
by:• Frequency band• Dish size• Service FSS/BSS• Ref. bandwidth
Single non-GSO system verification limits “for all pointing directions” for all GSO systems
Rec. ITU-R S.1503-2 Overview
Bangkok 2017
For systems having:– Non-repeating
orbits
– Subject to EPFD limits to protect GSO large antenna diameters
simulation time steps could reach >50 billion
Further increasing calculation time with larger number of satellites in constellations >500
Demand for more precise modelling of certain non-GSO systems
23
Recommendation ITU-R S. 1503-2
Bangkok 2017
Optimize algorithms to increase performance
Aimed towards more precise definition of operational non-GSO parameters
Constellations can contain sub-constellations with different orbit parameters and shape
XML-mask format to include more latitude dependent parameters– Exclusion zone angle
– Tracking duration
– Earth station density
– Maximum number of co-frequency tracked satellites
24
Draft Revision of Recommendation
ITU-R S. 1503-2
Bangkok 2017
ITU-R Recommendation S.1503-2 Functional description to be used in developing software tools for determining conformity of non-geostationary-satellite orbit fixed-satellite system networks with limits contained in Article 22 of the Radio Regulations
EPFD software web-pagehttp://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/space-epfd/en
EPFD Support Forumhttp://groups.itu.int/epfd/en-us/epfdforum.aspx
25
Resources
Bangkok 2017
Regulatory
deadline
Bringing
into use
How to get agreement from all GSO
satellite networks worldwide?
How to get agreement from all GSO
satellite networks worldwide?
How to get agreement from all GSO
satellite networks worldwide?
How to get agreement from all GSO
satellite networks worldwide?
How to get agreement from all GSO
satellite networks worldwide?
How to get agreement from all GSO
satellite networks worldwide?
How to ensure that no Unacceptable
interference is caused GSO?
How to establish co-existence
with other non-GSO?
How to establish co-existence
with other non-GSO?
How to establish co-existence
with other non-GSO?
How to establish co-existence
with other non-GSO?
How to meet EPFD limits with evolution of
design of the system?
How to meet EPFD limits with evolution of
design of the system?
How to meet EPFD limits with evolution of
design of the system?
Bangkok 2017
System design uncertain at the coordination stage
Regulatory schedule is tight for coordination and bringing into use
Flexibility for NGSO
Submission of coordination requests with multiple orbital characteristics.
1. Should one NGSO submit a filing with multiple sets of orbital characteristics and inclination values which are mutually exclusive?
2. How to prevent abuse and warehousing of spectrum?
Further evolution of regulations
Bangkok 2017
For the submission of a request for coordination to a NGSO satellite network or system, the notice will be receivable:
satellite systems with one or more set(s) of orbital characteristics and inclination value(s) with all frequency assignments to be operated simultaneously;
or
satellite systems with more than one set of orbital characteristics and inclination values:– with a clear indication that the different sub-sets of orbital
characteristics would be mutually exclusive;
– frequency assignments to the satellite system would be operated on one of the sub-sets of orbital parameters to be determined at the notification and recording stage of the satellite system at the latest.
Further evolution of regulations
Bangkok 2017
Bringing into use NGSO frequency assignments
Regulations on BIU are required to prevent warehousing orbit-spectrum and avoid paper satellites
What is the definition of BIU for NGSO?
One NGSO satellite?
Entire constellation?
New Rule of Procedure (Circular Letter CR/412)
World Radiocommunication Conference in 2019 (WRC-19) to review this issue
Further evolution of regulations
Bangkok 2017
New submissionsAdm/Org Satellite Name
Number of unique
orbit types
Number of
satellitesAdm/Org Satellite Name
Number of unique
orbit types
Number of
satellitesUSA USCSID-P 1 8 F ES-SAT-2 30 1428
J QZSS-1 1 1 CYP ANDROMEDA-A 1 48
CAN CASCADE-CX 1 1 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4
G O3B-B 1 24 CAN 102 1 774
IND INSAT-NAVR-GS 1 4 G O3B-B 1 24
CAN CANPOL 1 2 RUS SKY-F 2 24
CAN COMMSTELLATION 3 891 NOR SE-6-HEO-1 1 2
G L5 4 2692 NOR SE-6-HEO-1A 1 2
CAN CANPOL-2 2 51 HOL DREBBELSAT 1 24
G O3B-A 1 24 NZL APOG 1 18
NOR ASK-1 2 7 G THEO 1 882
LIE 3ECOM-1 1 288 CAN MAPLELEAF-1 1 60
F MCSAT-2 HEO 5 312 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-1 4 160
F MCSAT LEO 1 774 CAN MULTUS 3 80
NOR STEAM-1 3 3993 CAN CANSAT-LEO 2 117
NOR STEAM-2 3 3993 NOR STEAM-2B 1 1600
F MCSAT-2 LEO-1 14 4500 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-2 4 160
F MCSAT-2 LEO-2 4 2772 USA USASAT-NGSO-3C 1 1600
F MCSAT-2 MEO-1 10 624 USA USASAT-NGSO-3D 1 1600
F MCSAT-2 MEO-2 4 744 USA USASAT-NGSO-3E 1 400
F MCSAT-2 HEO-1 3 36 USA USASAT-NGSO-3F 1 400
G O3B-C 7 840 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4
LIE 3ECOM-3 1 288
>
Bangkok 2017
Co-existence ensured at
Coordination between NGSO
Mechanism Coordination stage Operational stage
Use of homogenous orbits X
Agree on parameters
Exclusion zones
Mitigation techniques
X
Agree on acceptable level of
interference
X X
Avoid in-line events X
WRC-15 recognized that administrations may mutually agree on
the organization of multilateral coordination meetings for NGSO
FSS systems.
Bangkok 2017
— Frequency overlap is used to trigger coordination.
— Operational EPFD limits to fulfill No. 22.2.
— The use of EPFD during coordination for frequency bands not subject to Article 22 EPFD Limits?
Coordination between NGSO
and GSO
Bangkok 2017
The non-GSO operator submits MOD to increase the number of satellites in their constellation with the same {a, e, i}?
Note that S.1503-2 categorises non-GSO systems using {a, e, i}
…Or with different {a, e , i}?
The non-GSO operator reconfigures their system leading to a different Article 22 related parameters e.g. PFD/EIRP masks?
Modification of NGSO filing
GSO Satellite position from
WCGA
GSO arc
Non-GSO satellite set at latitude in WCGA assuming
point mass orbit model
Non-GSO satellite reaches latitude from WCGA
assuming full orbit model
Difference in longitude between these two positions
GSO Satellite position used in EPFD run
GSO ES position from
WCGA
GSO ES position used in EPFD run
Bangkok 2017
Guiding principle - RoP on No. 9.27 (coordination is not required when the nature of the change is such as not to increase the interference to or from, as the case may be, the assignments of another administration)
- BR to study the technical justifications provided by the notifying administration to make its finding and publish them to ensure the transparency of the process. Such justifications may be based on static and dynamic interference assessments
- Responsible administration may wish to commit to not requiring any more protection from other non-GSO systems or very large earth stations subject to No. 9.7A than that required for the original parameters
BR will report on its experience in the application of Resolution 85 (WRC-03) to RRB
Modification of NGSO filing
Bangkok 2017
Decision 482 (C2017) – establishes cost recovery for satellite network filings
Same method to establish cost recovery for GSO and Non-GSO
ITU Council 2017:
BR by 31 January 2018 to submit a study on the technical issues arising in connection with processing of complex non-geostationary satellite (non-GSO) network filling systems to clarify technical issues
Cost Recovery for NGSO filings
Bangkok 2017
V-band NGSO (Agenda Item 1.6)
37.5-39.5 GHz (s-E)
39.5-42.5 GHz (s-E)
47.2-50.2 GHz (E-s)
50.4-51.4 GHz (E-s)
C-Band NGSO (Agenda Item 9.1, Issue 9.1.3)
Study provisions for NGSO in C-Band for circular orbit
systems
www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rcpm/Pages/wrc-19-studies.aspx
WRC-19 New spectrum for NGSO
Bangkok 2017
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
24.25-24.45GHz
24.45-24.65GHz
24.65-24.75GHz
24.75-25.25GHz
25.25-27GHz
27-27.5GHz
31.8-33.4GHz
37-37.5GHz
37.5-38GHz
38-39.5GHz
39.5-40.5GHz
40.5-42.5GHz
42.5-43.5GHz
45.5-47GHz
47-47.2GHz
47.2-47.5GHz
47.5-47.9GHz
47.9-48.2GHz
48.2-48.9GHz
48.9-50.2GHz
50.4-51.4GHz
51.4-52.6GHz
66-76GHz
81-86GHz
Milliers
Spectrum(GHz)understudyforIMTidentificationbyWRC-19
UnderStudyforIMT UnderStudyforHAPS UnderStudyforNGSOFSS
• 33.25 GHz of spectrum under study for IMT• 12.25 GHz also under study for HAPS and/or NGSO FSS
Bangkok 2017
Space debris