Petroc Harvard Referencing Guide

7/29/2019 Petroc Harvard Referencing Guide

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GUIDE TO REFERENCING

Harvard Referencing for Petroc

What is Referencing?

Acknowledging the work of others that you use in your assignments.

Why use References?

Proof of reading

If you do not reference you could be accused of plagiarism (using other peoples

work or ideas without crediting them). Committing plagiarism is a very serious actand will lead to a formal disciplinary process.

It is your responsibility to reference your work.

What type of material do I need to reference?

Direct quotes

Paraphrases - text which you have rewritten but is still essentially someone else'swork or idea

Statistics

Studies

Theories and ideas

Other people's interpretations of events/material

Any facts which are not common knowledge

REFERENCING IN THE TEXT

In-text citations give the brief (abbreviated) details of the workwhich you are quoting from, or to which you are referring, in your text.These citations will then link to the full reference in your reference listat the end of your work, which is arranged in alphabetical order byauthor. (Pears and Shield, 2008, p.14)

In-text citation format:

Open round brackets

Author or editors surname, followed by a comma

Year of publication, followed by a comma

Page number(s), preceded by p. for a single page, or pp. for more than one

page. Close round brackets

BOOKS

Direct quotation (The actual words used by an author)

You must always cite and reference the quotation, including the page number. Whenyou are using someone elses exact words, you must enclose the quote in doublequotation marks ( or speech marks ), or in single quotation marks. Whichever youuse, be consistent.

Referencing Guide Petroc 080910 1


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How to put the authors name and the date of your source into your text..

Example: It is stated that, pay has been a continuous feature of many British sports

(Polley, 1998, p.1).

Or, if you have already used the authors name in the sentence: Polley (1998, p.1) states that, pay has been a continuous feature of many

British sports.

Indirect quotation (a piece of text you use with only minor changes to

wording, and therefore no quotation marks)You must always cite and reference the source, including the page number.

In-text citation example:

The view proposed by Franklin (2002, p.88) ...

Reference list:

Franklin, A.W. (2002) Management of the problem, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) Themaltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.

Paraphrasing (putting someone elses writing into your own words, without

changing the meaning)You must always cite and reference your source, including the page number.

Summarising (briefly stating the main points only of an article, webpage,

chapter or book, with little detailed information)Cite the author and year, no page number usually necessary.


The formation of professions was examined in Prest (1987).

Reference list:Prest, W. (ed.) (1987) The professions in early modern England. London: Croom Helm.

Citing sources when the author/editor cannot be identified:

Use the title


In a recent study (Health of the Nation, 2008, p.94), statistics showed

INTERNET

When referencing a web page you include the same details as you would for a book(author, title, publisher/producer etc). Similarly, if some details are not available yousimply use the next unique element that is provided for example, if there is no

author noted you would reference (and cite [in your text]) by title ...

When referencing web pages (ie. In your reference list at the end of your work) or anyother internet documents you must include the full URL as it appears in the address



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bar...to avoid any confusion when someone tries to check your reference... (Pears &Shields, 2008, p. 21).

The defining element in referencing a web page is its Uniform Resource Locator, orURL. This should be included in your reference list, but do not include the URL inyour in-text citation, unless this is the only piece of information you have .(Pears & Shields, 2008, p. 39). (Compilers emphasis)

Eg.

In-text citation:

Yau (2001) provided information about the Chinese community.

Reference list:Yau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at:http://www.geocities.com/dragonproject2000/ (Accessed: 14 June 2008).

Eg.No author name or web page title available:

In-text citation example: No author name or web page title available

The latest survey of health professionals (http://www.onlinehealthsurvey.org, 2008)reveals that ...

See below for details of how to reference a web page in your reference list.

For more examples, please see

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear TreeBooks. Copies held at 808.027 in Petroc Barnstaple library.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Direct & indirect references within the text will be the same as books.

Key Points

More than 3 authors of one book or article - use first author thenet al.

(in italics)e.g. Collinson et al. (1993) in your in-text citation, but you must list all the authors,however many there are, in your Reference List at the end.

Use 3 dots to indicate the omission of words from a direct quote.

When one author quotes the work of another, use the phrase cited in.

Example: Buzan (1974, cited in Barnes, 1992. p.x) says that a good summaryof a lecture is often more useful than extensive notes.

NB You should only do this if the original work cant be found.

This is called secondary referencing.. Short quotations, up to 2 or 3 lines, can be set in double quotation marks and

included in the body of your text.



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Longer quotes should be indented from the main body of text, as a separate

paragraph. Quotation marks are not needed.

Phrases to use when you want to work citations into your text:

Making statements andgiving options

Making observations and referringto sources or data

to assertto make an assertionto believeto claimto make a claimto considerto expressto sayto stateto suggestto make a suggestionto think

to citeto documentto draw uponto findto indicateto noteto observeto make an observationto point outto quoteto refer toto reportto show

Arguing Defining and Describing

to argueto present/put forward anargumentto concludeto reach a conclusionto contend (noun: contention)to demonstrateto emphasiseto place/put emphasis onto hypothesiseto present a hypothesisto insistto make clearto make a pointto reasonto recommendto make a recommendation

to showto stipulateto stress

to callto categoriseto divide into categoriesto classify (noun: classification)to describeto describeto defineto give a definitionto give an exampleto identifyto illustrateto give an illustrationto liken toto refer to

Agreeing with another

viewpoint

Disagreeing with another

viewpoint

to acceptto acknowledgeto admitto agreeto be in agreement with

to concedeto make a concessionto recogniseto support (a view)

to counter (an argument)to criticiseto make a criticism ofto differto disagree

to disputeto oppose



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REFERENCING AT THE END OF THE TEXT, with in-text citation examples

What is a Reference List?

A reference list details all the sources of information that you have actually

acknowledged within your piece of work, so that a reader can confirm thepublication details, and find the item.

Sources should be placed in alphabetical order of surname.

When no author name is found for a source, the name or title of the publication is

used, and fits into the alphabetical list of author names in the appropriate place.

What is a Bibliography? (For information only, as you will only rarely need to includea bibliography in your assignments at Petroc)

A separate list, below your reference list. A bibliography uses the same formats as a reference list, but includes all material

used in the preparation of your work, not just the sources actually cited as in-textreferences.

Material should also be placed in alphabetical order, as above.

BOOKS

Citation order for reference list or bibliography:

Author surname, followed by a comma Author initial, followed by a full stop

Year of publication (in round brackets)

Title of book (in italics), followed by a full stop

Edition, edn. (only include this if it is not the first edition, eg. 2nd edn.), followed

by a full stop Place of publication: Publisher (note the colon)

Series and volume number (where relevant).

Key points

Use the title as given on the title page of the book, together with the subtitle (ifany)

The title of the book should be in italictext

Subtitle should be in italicand lower case letters, and be preceded by a colon ( : )

and followed by a full stop (see example on p. 6)

First letter of the first word of the title only, and of any PROPER NOUNS (name of an

individual, place or organisation) in the main book title should be in capitals. Eg. Ahistory of Shakespearean England

Single author:

In-text citation:



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According to Bell (2005, p.23) the most important part of the research process is

Reference list:Bell, J. (2005) Doing your research project. 4th edn. Maidenhead: Open UniversityPress.

More than one author:If there is more than one author, et al. should be used in your text, but all the namesmust be used in the final reference list, i.e. expand on et al.

In-text citation:

This was proved by Grafton et al. (2004)

Reference list:Grafton, Q., Adamowicz, W., Dupont, D., Nelson, H., Hill, R. J. and Renzetti, S. (2004)The economics of the environment and natural resources. Oxford: Blackwell.

Chapter within an edited collection:

In-text citation:

It has been consistently argued that good understanding of referencing can helpstudents to research (Jones and Smith, 2004).

Reference list:

Jones, E. and Smith, S. (2004) Encouraging good referencing, in Krabovich, X. andMonster, A. (eds.) Get good results. London: Penguin.

ELECTRONIC BOOKS (e-books)

e-books in a collection

Citation order for reference list or bibliography:

Author surname, followed by a comma

Author initial, followed by a full stop


Title of book (in italics), followed by a full stop Edition (edn.) (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition),

followed by a full stop Name of e-book collection (in italics)

[Online], followed by a full stop

Available at: URL of collection

(Accessed: date).

Returnedit, I. (2009) How to make best use of your library book: a guide for everyone.NetLibrary[Online]. Available at: http://netlibrary.com (Accessed: 24 June 2009).



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Key point

Remember to remove the hyperlink (right click on the highlighted address,

and choose remove hyperlink from the menu)and the underlining from aweb address.

E-books freely available (eg. Google Books)

As above

Use the full web address of the book you are citing

Blumenbach, J.F., Lawrence, W. and Coulson, W. (1827)A manual of comparativeanatomy. Google Books [Online].Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J3ooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=fishing&lr=&as_brr=1 (Accessed: 7 July 2009).

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Printed Journals

Author (surname, initial.)


Title of article (in single quotation marks, capitalise only the first word and any

proper nouns) Title of the journal (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word, except

linking words - and, of, the, for), followed by a comma Issue information (volume, part number in round brackets, month or season),

followed by a comma Page reference, using p., or pp. for more than one page. Full stop.

NB. Thejournal title should be in italics,not the article title.Example:

Zandonella, C. (2001) Is it all just a pipe dream?Nature, 410 (6830), pp. 734-735.

Also note that if there is no volume number or part number, the exact full date shouldbe used, e.g. 3 May 2006.

Journal articles in online collections (e-journals)

Electronic journal articles are usually part of journal collections such as Swetswise,Ebsco, etc.

Author (surname, initial.)


Title of article (in single quotation marks)

Title of journal (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word, except linking

words - and, of, the, for) followed by a comma



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Issue information (volume, part number in round brackets, month or season)

followed by a comma Page reference, using p., or pp. for more than one page, followed by a full stop

Name of collection (in italics)

[Online], followed by a full stop

Available at: URL of collection

(Accessed: date).

Bright, M. (1985) The poetry of art,Journal of the History of Ideas, 46 (2), pp. 259-277.JSTOR [Online]. Available at: http://uk.jstor.org/ (Accessed: 16 June 2008).

Key point

You should state if you found the article online, as the online versions of journal mayleave out some sections of the printed versions, such as advertisements and letters.

INTERNET

You must distinguish what you are referring to on the internet. A vast range ofinformation is available: journal articles, organisation internet sites, personal internetsites, government publications, images, company data, presentations etc. the type ofsource will dictate how you cite it. For a full range of examples please use:

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear TreeBooks. Copies of this book are held in Petroc Barnstaple library, at 808.027

Internet sources. Web pages should be referenced as follows:

Author of the information (a person, group or organisation)

Year (in round brackets) the page was published / last updated. If no date given,

use the URL (no date) and the date you accessed the page. You should thinkcarefully about whether to use undated information!

Title of the internet site (in italics), full stop

Available at: URL (i.e. whole web address including numbers, slashes etc.)

(Accessed: date).

Remember to remove the hyperlink (right click on the highlighted address,and choose remove hyperlink from the menu)and the underlining from aweb address.

Web page with individual author:

Yau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at:http://www.geocities.com/dragonproject2000/ (Accessed: 14 June 2008).

Web page with no date:

http://uk.jstor.org/http://uk.jstor.org/


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http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/compression.html (no date) (Accessed: 14June 2008).

Web pages with organisations as authors:

British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at:http://www.redcross.org/index.asp?id=39992 (Accessed: 17 June 2008).

Government publications on web pages:

Great Britain, Department of Health (2004) Primary medical services allocations2004/5. Health Service Circular HSC 2004/003 [Online]. Available at:http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Lettersandcirculars/Healthservicecirculars/DH_4071269 (Accessed: 21 June 2008).

Key points

A reference should take the reader directly to a cited article rather than to the home

page. Just because information can be found through a search engine such as Google does

not make it reliable, or necessarily suitable for academic work.VISUAL SOURCES

Book illustrations, diagrams or tables:

Author of book


Title of book (in italics)

Place of publication: Publisher

Page reference of illustration, etc. Illus./fig./table

In text citation:

Holbeins painting illustrated the prelates ornate mitre (Strong, 1990, pp.62-3).

Reference list:

Strong, R. (1990) Lost treasures of Britain. London: Viking, pp.62-3, illus.

Installations:

Artist

Year (in round brackets)

Title of installation (in italics)

[Installation]

Location

Date seen

In text citation:My bedby Tracey Emin (1999)

Reference list:

Emin, T. (1999) My bed [Installation]. Tate Gallery, London, 31 October.



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Paintings/drawings:

Artist

Date (if available)

Title of the work (in italics)

[Medium] Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the city

OR if seen online:

Name of collection (in italics)

[Online]

Available at:

(Accessed: date)

In text citation (painting in a gallery):

The triumph of St Augustine was one of the finest works by Coello (1664).

Reference list:Coello, C. (1664) The triumph of St. Augustine [Oil on canvas]. Museo del Prado,Madrid

In text citation (painting in an online collection):Dals Madonna (1958) is seated in an ear.

Reference list:

Dal, S. (1958) Madonna [Oil on canvas] Oxford Art Online [Online]. Available at:http://www.oxfordartonline.com (Accessed: 9 July 2008)

NEWSPAPERS

Where the author is given:

Author (surname, initial.) Year of publication (in round brackets)

Title of the article, in single quotation marks, full stop

Title of the newspaper (in italics capitalise the first letter of each word, except

linking words - and, of, the, for) Edition if required (in round brackets ) (eg. regional newspapers)

Full stop

Day and month, followed by a full stop

Page reference, full stop.

Old, D. (2008) House price gloom, Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn.), 26 June, p.25.



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Where no author is given:

Title of newspaper (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word, except

linking words - and, of, the, for) Year of publication (in round brackets)

Title of the article (in single quotation marks), comma

Day and month, comma

Page reference.

The Times (2004) Getting physical: exercises for a leaner and fitter government, 30April, p.25.

Key point

If you are citing several articles published in the same year, from the same paper, usea, b, c, etc after the year, e.g.

The Times (2008a)...

TV/RADIO PROGRAMMES

Title of programme (in italics) Year of transmission (in round brackets)

Name of channel, comma

Date of transmission (day/month).

Little Britain (2005) BBC 2 Television, 23 June.

Episodes of a television series:

Title of the episode (in single quotation marks)

Year of transmission (in round brackets)

Title of programme (in italics)

Series and episode numbers if applicable

Name of channel

Date of transmission (day/month).

The Big Chill (2003) Horizon, BBC2 Television, 13 November.

To quote something a character has said:



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In-text citation:

yeah but no but... (Pollard, 2005)

Reference list:

Pollard, V. (2005) Little Britain. BBC2 Television, 23 June.

VERBAL INTERVIEWS

If your essay or research includes interviews with people who are experts in their field,you must enter them in your list of references.

Citation order:

Name of person interviewed

Year of interview (in round brackets)

Title of interview (if any) (in single quotation marks), or Private interview

Interview with/interviewed by Interviewers name

Title of publication or broadcast (in italics) if applicable

TV/Radio channel name, if applicable

Day and month of interview

If published on the Internet add:

[Online]

Available at: URL

(Accessed: date)

Television interview:

In-text citation:

The Prime Minister avoided the question (Blair, 2003)

Reference list:

Blair, A. (2003) Interviewed by Jeremy Paxman for Newsnight, BBC 2 Television, 2February.

Internet interview:

In-text citation:

The Democrat appeared confident in the discussion (Obama, 2008)

Reference list:

Obama, B. (2008) Interviewed by Terry Moran forABC News, 19 March. [Online].Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Vote2008/Story?id=4480133 (Accessed:16 June 2008).

Private interview:

Sky, Pr. A. (2003) Private interview. Interview with N. Bewick, 22 February.



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If possible, attach a transcript of the interview to your assignment, provided that it isreasonably short.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Citation order for Departmental publications:

Country

Name of Government Department


Title (in italics)

Place of publication: Publisher*

Series (in brackets) if applicable

*If referencing an online version replace Place of Publication: Publisher with

[Online] Available at: URL remember to remove the hyperlink and underlining

(Accessed: date)

In-text citation:

Prison numbers increased last year (Great Britain. Ministry of Justice, 2007).

Reference list:Great Britain. Ministry of Justice (2007) Sentencing statistics (annual) [Online].Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/sentencingannual.html (Accessed:

3 June 2008)

Acts of Parliament (UK Statutes):

Citation order:

Country.

Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number (in italics)

Year of publication (in round brackets) Place of Publication: Publisher*

*If referencing an online version replace Place of Publication: Publisher with

[Online]

Available at: URL remember to remove the hyperlink and underlining

(Accessed: date)

In-text citation:

The Human Rights Act (Great Britain. 1998)indicated that

Reference list:



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Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: TheStationery Office.

Reference List

Pears, R. and Shields, S. (2008) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide.Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.

University of Plymouth Learning Development (2008) How to reference: University ofPlymouth guide to referencing [Online]. Available at:http://intranet.plymouth.ac.uk/learndev/ (Accessed 29 June 2009).


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