SS Introduction to Harvard referencing

Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International

Introduction to Harvard referencing system


Why?

Records what sources you have used

Demonstrates your reading and research

Gives authority to your writing


When do you reference

You must always reference any statements, ideas, or opinions from another writer’s work, even if you have put them into your own words

If someone else’s work or ideas are the source of a particular theory, argument or viewpoint

When you have used specific information, e.g. statistics, research, case studies etc.


How do you reference

You need the author and date of publication

e.g. Bee & Boyd (2007) indicate that play is a crucial ingredient in developing cognitive skills in the early years.

or

Play may be a crucial ingredient in developing cognitive skills in the early years (Bee & Boyd, 2007).


Examples

In a recent study, Harvey (1992) argued that ..

Theory rises out of practice and once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Collinson et al., 1998)

Rainer and Reiman (1989) take a different view

Stevens (2004) refers to this having been a result of ...


Secondary referencing

You may want to use an idea from a source referenced in another work. You haven’t read the original, but have discovered it through a secondary source.

E.g. The model of the creative process offered by Cecil (1992, in Duffy, 1998), consists of four stages.

Or - This offers a model of a spiral curriculum with concepts being returned to at increasing levels of complexity and understanding, (Bruner in Bruce, 1991).

Duffy and Bruce will be in your bibliography, (but not Cecil or Bruner)


Quotations

When you are using the exact words of someone else

Always use quotation marks “around the quote”

You will also need the author, date of publication and page number


Examples

If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year and page number are put in brackets

According to Berk (2007, p599), “young children often appear to use parallel play as a respite from the demands of complex social interactions.”


If the author’s name does not occur naturally in the sentence, name, year and page number are all in the brackets

In terms of play, “young children often appear to use parallel play as a respite from the demands of complex social interactions,” (Berk, 2007, p599).


If 2 authors

Use both surnames

E.g. Learning can be enhanced as “there are more opportunities for co-operative learning between friends,” (Taylor and Woods, 2005, p70).

Or

Taylor and Woods (2005, p70) indicate, “there are more opportunities for co-operative learning between friends”.


If 3 or more authors

Use et al.

E.g. This can be seen as an example of “more effective task performance,” (Smith et al. 2003, p150).

N.B all the names would be included in your bibliography

Smith, P., Cowie H. & Blades M. ( 2003, 4th Ed.), Understanding Children’s Development, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing


Secondary quotations

When an author quotes from another author

Use the name of the person you are quoting first, then in and name the author of book

E.g. Creativity can be described as “connecting and rearranging information from a variety of sources, including the imagination,” (McKellar, 1957 in Duffy, 1998, p11).



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SS Introduction to Harvard referencing

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