Basic guide to APA referencing

Academic Writing: Citing, Quoting and Referencing

Overview

The key purposes for referencing source materials

Paraphrasing — within the main body of your text (in-text)

Quotations — within the main body of your text (in-text)

Referencing — after the main body of your text (post-text)

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The key purposes of referencing

Thepurposeofreferencingisthree‐fold:1. Togivecreditto(acknowledge)thosewhosewordsorideasyouareusing

2. Toavoidplagiarismandtomakeyourargumentmorecredibleandvalid

3. Allowsreaderstocross‐reference yoursources(toeasilyfindtheoriginal)

Cross‐referencing: allows readers to locate the publication information of source material (the original source). This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

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Plagiarismisaveryseriousviolationofacademicintegrity.

Ifyoudonotacknowledgethosewhoseworkyoucite,youareplagiarising

Avoiding plagiarism

Youavoidplagiarismbycitingandreferencing everysourceyouuse.

Paraphrasing Paraphrase(orsummarise)fromagivensource,usingyourownwords

Name|Year|Pageno. e.g. AccordingtoHartandSmith(2014,p.66),sometext…

Directquotations Originalpassagecopieddirectlyfromthesource

“…”+Name|Year|Pageno. e.g.“sometext”(Hart&Smith,2014,pp.72–73).

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Citing and referencing source materials

in-text Paraphrasing

in-text Quoting

post-text Referencing

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Consider these points...

Beforeincorporatingacitation,considerthefollowing:

Citedsourcesshouldsupportyourpoint,notmakeyourpoint.

Ifyoudocite,doyouneedtodirectlyquotethefullsentenceorcanyoujustparaphrasethepartofthesentencethatismostrelevanttoyourownresearch?

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Sample citation (in-text):

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Sample reference list (post-text):

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in-text Paraphrasing

Ifyouparaphrasefromasource(i.e.rewriteitinyourownwords),givetheauthor/screditfortheirideasasfollows:

(Thisissometimescalledan“indirectquotation”)

According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. More text, more text…

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in-text Direct Quotations

Ifyouuseadirectquotationfromanoriginalsource,givetheauthor/screditfortheirideas(words)

Includethepagenumber/sfromwherethewordsweretaken– asthiswillenableyourreaderstofindit.

Some text here, some text here… “Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis in the treatments of phobias” (Jones & Smith, 2002, p. 44). More text, more text…

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in-text note the difference

According to Hart (2011), those who write with paper and pencil tend to be more creative. More text, more text…

Some text here, some text here… “the sample who preferred to edit using a word processing program were found to be less creative” (Hart, 2011, p. 167). More text, more text…

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in-text Paraphrasing “Secondary Sources”

Youmustcreatethefollowingtypeofcitation.:

According to Jones (as cited in Smith 2005), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. More text, more text…

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References (post-text)

Yourreferencelistmustalphabeticallylistevery sourcecitedinyourpaper.

Itprovidestheinformationnecessaryforreaderstolocateandretrieveanysourcescitedinyourpaper.

References

Hart, J. (2011). The semantic web. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Smith, T. (2005). The Five Rules of Setting up an Internet Giant. London: Routledge.

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Eachandeveryretrievablesourcecitedinyourpapermustappearinyourreferencelistand,viceversa.

References need to be detailed

Howdoesyourlistofreferenceshelpthosewhoreadyourwork?

e.g.Youtakesourceinformationfromthisbook(eitherintermsofsomedirectquotesorparaphrasedpoints)

Whatarethepiecesofinformationyouwillneedtoprovide?

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Obtaining details for reference lists

InformationRequired: Title

InternationalHumanResourceManagement:AMultinationalCompanyPerspective

AuthorNameMonir H.Tayeb Tayeb,M.

Published(year)27Jan2005 (2005)

Published(by)OxfordUniversityPress

Published(location)USA

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Referencing: Books

Basic:

Author,A.(2012).Titleofbook.City:Publisher.

Twoauthors,secondedition:

Author,A.,&Author,B.(1972).Titleofbook(3rd ed.).City:Publisher.

Chapterinabook:

Author,C.(2004).Titleofchapter.InA.Editor(Ed.),Titleof

book (edition,pp.87‐124).City:Publisher.

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Referencing: Newspapers & Websites

Newspaperarticle:

Author,A.(Year,MonthDay).Titleofarticle. TitleofNewspaper.

Retrieved,MonthDay,Yearfromhttp://www.site.com/full/url/

Websitearticle:

Author,A.(Year,MonthDay).Titleofarticle.Retrieved,MonthDay,

Yearfromhttp://www.site.com/full/url/

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Referencing: Journal articles

Basic:

Author,A.(2008).Titleofarticle.NameofJournal,7(2),265–298.

Twoauthors,accesseddigitally:

Author,A.,&Author,D.(2004).Titleofarticle.NameofJournal,

32(4),875–922.doi:0000000/000000000000

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DigitalObjectIdentifier(DOI)provideapermanentanddirectlinktothegivenarticle.

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Practice: APA Citation and Referencing Workshop

General APA style guidelines

Fonts and document formatting

Document organisation

Title conventions

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Reference: APA formatting & organisation guidelines

FontsandFormat Yourdoctoralthesisshouldbetyped,double‐spacedonA4paper

Itshouldhave1inch(2.54cm)marginsonallsides

Youshoulduseaclearfontthatishighlyreadable.

Asarule,Times New Roman font isusedin12ptsize.

Alltextinyourdocumentshouldbedoublespaced.

Title Typeyourtitleinupperandlowercaseletters

Itshouldnotcontainanyabbreviationsorwordsthatservenopurpose.

Beneaththetitle,typeyourfirstname,middleinitial(s),andlastname.

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www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx

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Reference: resources online

Interviews,Email,andOtherPersonalCommunication:

Sometexthere(Y.Lin,personalcommunication,May6,2010).

Y.Linalsoarguedthatbusinessisalwayspleasure(personalcommunication,May6,2010)

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Reference: how to cite other types of source material

Nopersonalcommunicationisincludedinyourreferencelist

Onlycitetheirname,thephrase“personalcommunication,”andthedateofthecommunicationinyourtext

InadditiontoAPA,therearemanyotherreferencingstyles

APAusesHarvardreferencingwithinthetext,listingtheauthor'snameandyearofpublication,keyedtoanalphabeticallistofsourcesattheendofthepaper(Hart,2012).

Universitiesandacademicjournalswillstatewhichstyletheyexpectwrittensubmissionstofollow.

Seeaquascript’sChicagoStyledocumentation

http://aquascript.com/chicago-style/

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Reference: other referencing styles

IfyouuseasoftwarepackagelikeEndNote™tomanageyourreferences,itcanautomaticallyconvertthemfromonereferencingformattoanother.