Post on 20-Jun-2015
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FeedstuffsLarge Animal NutritionSwine, Sheep and Goats
FeedstuffsFeedstuffs- any component of a
diet ( ration) that serves some useful function
Functions:1. Provide source of nutrients and
energy2. Combined to produce rations3. Modify characteristics of diet
International Feed ID SystemSystem for classifying feedstuffs
based on descriptive characteristics
Based on the primary nutrient provided by the feedstuff
Each feedstuff is assigned an International Feed Number ( IFN)
There are 8 international Feedstuff classes1. Dry Roughages2. Pasture Range and Grasses3. Ensiled Roughages4. High Energy Concentrates5. Protein Sources6. Minerals7. Vitamins8. Additives
1. Dry Roughages
Characteristics:1. Bulky feed that has low weight
per unit of volume2. High crude fiber content, low
protein and fat digestibility3. Contains greater than 18% crude
fiber and less than 70% total digestible nutrients
Dry Roughagae ExamplesHay- legume ( alfalfa), grass
legume, non legumeStraw and chaffCorn cobsCottonseed hullsShells and hullsSugarcane byproductsPaper and wood byproducts
2. Pasture and Range grasses1. Grazed plants2. Soilage or greenchop3. Cannery and food crop residues
3. Silages and Haylages- fermented, high moisture feed
made from the entire plant. Stored in silos
Examples:1. corn, sorghum2. Grass, grass-legume, legume
4. High Energy ConcentrateCereal grainsBeet and citrus pulpMolassesAnimal, marine and vegetable
fatsRoots and tuber
5. Protein Supplements
Contains greater than 20% crude protein
1. animal, avian, marine sources2. Milk and by-products3. Legume seeds4. Brewery and distillery by-
products5. Urea, ammonia
6. Mineral supplements and 7. Vitamin supplementsMust be added by sources that
animal is able to absorbVitamin concentration in plants
and animal tissues varies greatlyPlants: vitamin concentration
affected by harvesting, processing and storing
Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of most vitamins
8. Additives
Non- nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or improve the efficiency of feed
1. Added in very small quantities2. Antibiotics, antifungals,
antimicrobials3. Buffers, colors, flavors4. Probiotics5. Hormones, enzymes
Estimating Nutritional Value of a FeedGoal: estimate how well nutrients
in feedstuffs matches the animal’s needs
Three methods for Estimating1. Chemical Analysis2. Digestion and Balance Trials3. Feeding Trials
Chemical AnalysisSubdivides the components of
the feedstuff into general groups ( protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins) to estimate the relative amount present
Problem: Doesn’t estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed
Digestion and Balance TrialsMeasures the digestibility of a
feedFeed consumption and fecal
excretion are measured over period of time
Problem: Not a true measure because feces contain sloughed cells and tissue
Feeding TrialsUsed extensivelyUsually done before chemical
analysis or digestion and balance trials
Can evaluate growth, egg production, wool production
Swine NutritionPorcineMonogastric ominivoreTerms1. Sow – adult female2. Boar- adult male3. Piglet- young pig4. Gilt- sexually mature female, no
litter yet5. Barrow- castrated male
Swine Nutrition- WaterNeonates 80% water, finishing pigs 55%
waterRequirement is influenced by many factors (
environment, moisture content of feed, urine output, etc.)
General guidelines 1-11/2 quarts of water per 1 lb of feed consumed
Lactating sows require more for milk production
Water quality affects consumption, high total dissolved solids can cause diarrhea, high levels of sulfates should be avoided
Swine Nutrition- EnergyRequired for buildup of lean and fat tissueNursing pigs- most energy from fat and
sugar in milkGrowing pigs- most energy from cereal
grainsSows and finishing pigs- some energy is
gained from volatile fatty acids from fermentation in large intestine
Dietary need is directly related to body weight
Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is controlled by energy content of diet
Energy source feedstuffs for SwineCereal grains ( especially swine)Damaged grainsGrain by- productsPurified sugars ( sucrose, lactose
for piglets)Fat ( tallows, animal and
vegetable fats)Processed food waste
Swine Nutrition – Protein and Amino acidsPig carcasses contain 50% muscle. About
8% of the whole body is edible proteinPigs need 10 essential amino acids to
maintain tissuesAmino acids required are arginine, histidine,
isoleucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, high requirements, low content in feedstuffes ex. Corn
Most diets are based on soybean meal due to its higher lysine content
Protein Source Feedstuffs in SwinePlant proteins: soybeansAnimal proteins: by-products of
meat packing industry, fish meal, dried milk products
BacteriaSynthetic amino acids
Swine Nutrition- MineralsHighest Mineral NeedsCa and P- usually fed as limestone and oyster
shellsNaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed
intakeI- soybean and grain diets deficient,
supplement requiredFe- injected in piglets to prevent anemia-
lasts 3 weeks, milk is iron deficientMg- required in growing pigs, present in
feedstuffsZ- supplemented to prevent parakeratosis
Swine Nutrition- VitaminsVitamin A- supplement 2-3 times need because
corn has low Vit A and it breaks down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a good source
Vitamin D- absent in most feedstuffs, expose pigs to sunlight or add sun cured hays or fish oils to diet
Vitamin E – required in all life stages, legume hay, green forage and cereal grains are good sources
Vitamin K- present in feeds, synthesized by hind gut fermentation but pig must have access to feces. Supplement added to prevent hemorrhaging in newborns
Vitamin, Mineral and Additive Source Feedstuffs in SwineMineral- trace mineral saltVitamin- alfalfa meal,
fermentation by products, animal protein
Additives: antibiotics, anthelmintics etc
Nutritional Diseases in SwineAmino Acid Deficiency: anemia,
edema, immunocompromise, impaired growth
Parakeratosis: Occurs between the 6-16th week of life. From low zinc, high calcium diet; bilateral abnormal keratinization of the skin, forming horny scales; starts as brown spots on underside
Swine Feeding Management Pre-breeding: gilt is bred at 7-8 mos. Flushing 1-2
weeks prior to breeding increases ovulation and litter size, high antibiotics added to diet
Gestation: normal nutritional needs for first two trimesters. Majority of growth is in last month. Overweight sows are more likely to crush piglets
Farrowing: include laxatives to prevent constipation when in farrowing crate; wheat bran or dried beet pulp 10-15% of diet; high antibiotics
Lactation: nutrient requirements 3-4 times higher than during gestation, produce 2.5 lbs milk per piglet; if feed restricted can suffer bone fractures and paralysis
Nursing pigs: all nutrients from sow’s milk for first 2 weeks. Must supply iron( injectable) Begin eating dry food at 2 weeks
Sheep NutritionOvineRuminant HerbivoresTerms:Ewe- female of reproductive ageRam- intact male of reproductive ageLamb- young sheep of either sexWether- neutered adult maleMutton- meat derived from adult
sheep
Sheep Nutrition- WaterWater is limiting nutrient in many
areasWater quality is more important
to sheep than any other livestock species ( stagnant, odor, high bacterial or mineral content)
Water intake is influenced by feed, vegetation, protein intake, environmental temperature, amount of rain, dew, or snowfall
Water Requirements for Sheep1 gallon of water per 4 lbs of dry
feed consumedMore water when air temp is
above 70FLess intake if water temp is <40
or > 50FLower requirement where there is
daily rain, heavy dew or soft, wet snow
Lower requirement for those eating silage, succulent or range forage
Sheep Nutrition- EnergyInsufficient energy from low
intake or poor quality feedEnergy deficiency reduces
growth, fertility, wool quality, death
High energy needs:- Immediately before and after
lambing- Flushing ewes and rams for
breeding- Finishing lambs
Energy Source Feedstuffs for SheepGood quality pasture, hay, silageGrains: barley, corn, wheat, oats
and miloPrecautions: when feeding
wheat grain- lambs susceptible to acute indigestion
Sheep Nutrition- ProteinUsually quantity is more
important than quality due to bacterial conversion in rumen
Microbial protein synthesis supplies protein needs except when lactating or very young lambs
Add extra protein feeds when pastures are mature or when feeding creep rations
Protein source feedstuffs for sheepGreen pastures, soybean meal,
cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, urea ( sometimes0
Urea levels: < 1% of total rationNo urea in young lambs, creep
rations, straw, poor quality hay or lambs on limited feed
Sheep Nutriton- MineralsHighest Mineral NeedsNaCl- usually provided ½-1/3 lb per ewe
per monthCa, P – highest need during lactation,
provide leafy legumes for Ca, grains for PI- usually provided in saltCo- more in legumes than grassesSe- small difference between deficiency
and lethal toxicity, muscular dystrophyZinc- high needs for normal testicular
development
Sheep Nutrition- Vitamins
Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months
Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside may show problems
Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E deficiency
Vit K- synthesized by rumenVit C- synthesized by tissues
Vitamin and Mineral Feedstuffs in SheepVitamins- green feeds, germs of
seeds, sun-cured haysMinerals- leafy legumes, grains,
trace mineral and salt mix
Sheep Nutritional DiseasesEnterotoxemia type D- intestinal
toxins present in blood; caused by stress and sudden diet changes; vaccinate lambs prior to weaning
Urinary calculi- common in rams and wethers in drylot; results from Ca/P ration imbalance and decreased water intake
Sheep Feed Management
Pre-breeding: ewe is flushed for 4-6 weeks, 2 weeks prior to breeding and continuing for 2-3 weeks after bred; flushed on either high quality pastures or ¼ to ½ lb of grain or pellets per day; treat for internal parasites and trim hooves
Gestation- 70% of fetal growth happens in the last 6 weeks of gestation
continuedLate pregnancy feed requirement- 50% more feed if single lamb- 75% more feed if twin lamb- Add grain to high roughage diet, more energyLactation- maximum milk production 2-3 weeks
post parturition; feed three times her maintenance requirements; must have increase protein intake to make milk
Nursing lambs- born with non functioning rumen; colostrum is a must within first 12-18 hours. If no ewe colostrum, can use fresh cow colostrum. Creep feeding used for early weaning and getting lambs to market
Goat NutritionCaprineRuminant HerbivoreTermsDoe- femaleBuck- intact maleKid- baby goat, either sexWether- castrated male- Inquisitive feeding behavior- Raised for meat, milk, fiber and hides
Goat Feeding BehaviorConfinement feeding: will pick through offered
feed and eat what they wantThis results in 2 important effects:1. Composition of consumed diet differs from
formulated diet2. Goats will eat more if they have more to select,
so offer less feed to force them to choose more of the diet
Range feeding: active forager, browses all plant types including trees, shrubs, grasses, creating a browse line. Will sometimes defoliate one type of plant; goats grazing hilly terrain have higher energy requirements than those on level terrain
Goat Nutrition- WaterRequirements- Intake is related to feed intake
and feed intake correlates to productivity
- Free access to good quality water- More sensitive to water quality,
won’t touch fecal/urine contaminated water
- Lactation increases needs
Goat Nutrition- EnergyWide variances among breed,
productivity, production and sizeMostly from carbohydrates and
low levels of fat, high fat inhibits rumen fermentation
Excess fat is stored in the body around internal organs
Consume more dry matter then other livestock species
Energy Source- Feedstuffs for GoatsForages: alfalfa hay, bermuda
grass haygrains: corn, sorghum, oatsmolasses
Goat Nutrition- ProteinMost expensive component of
dietNeeded to support rumen
fermentation and supply amino acids
Unlike fat, excess is not storedVary with developmental stageProtein source feedstuffs for
goats- Soybean meal, fish meal,
cottonseed meal and sunflower meal
Goat Nutrition- MineralCa and P are two major minerals-
needed for bone development and milk production
Mobilize bone stores for high needs
Phosphorus need is met due to goats high selectivity in diet
Only salt should be provided free choice
Lush pasture is deficient in magnesium
Goat Nutrion- VitaminsOnly Vit A is likely to be deficientOccurs in confinement fed goats
in dry cold weatherOccurs in range fed goats when
vegetation contains little or no green plant material
Goat Nutritional DiseasesEnterotoxemia type D- can occur
after high intake of immature succulent forage. Toxin is produced by Clostridium perfringens type D
Urinary calculi- can occur when Ca and P rations are unbalanced