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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 2
Alstom Grid
Equipment & services for power generation
Alstom Thermal Power
Equipment & services for rail transport
Equipment & services for power transmission
Alstom Renewable PowerAlstom Transport
Three main activities in 4 sectors
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 3
ALSTOM Grid Ltd. Tampere, Finland
Employs around 300 people in Tampere and Vantaa
Sales office of other Alstom Grid products in Vantaa
Turnover of 68 million EUR year 2012-13
Exports account for 95 % of the output
Main market areas: Scandinavia, Europe, Asia, Russia, Alstom Grid
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 4
Alstom Grid Tampere offering
Reactive Power Compensation Power Electronics Activities
LV products up to 1kV
LV capacitor units LV reactors
Electronic products LV capacitor banks LV active filters
HV products up to 145kV
HV capacitor units HV reactors Electronic products HV capacitor banks
Compensation systems
Static Var Compensators(SVC)
Industrial SVCs Utility SVCs SVC MaxSine (STATCOM) Series capacitor banks
HV products over 145kV
HV capacitor banks
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 5
There are three kinds of reactive power:
Reactive Power
Inductive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1L)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the right
Capacitive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1C)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the left
Harmonics Reactive Power (D)
=> Non-sinusoidal current
22
1 DQQ 2
111 CL QQQ
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 6
Inductive Reactive Power
S
Uq
R
L
iL
uL
Uq uL
iL
L
uL;iL
t
iL
uL
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 7
Capacitive Reactive Power
S
Uq
RC
iC
u
Uq uC
iC
C
uC;iCuC
iC
t
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 8
Harmonics Reactive Power
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
Firing Angle: 140Firing Angle: 120Firing Angle: 90 (half power)Firing Angle: 30
Dimmer
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 9
Harmonics Reactive Power
t
IL
Dimmer with smoothing reactor
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 10
Harmonics Reactive Power
UL2-L3
UL1-N
UL2-N
N
UL3-L1
L3
UL3-N
L1
IL2
L2
UL1-L2
IL1
MIL3
t
IL1,2,3
3-phase dimmer; Thyristor-DC-Drive
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 11
Harmonics Reactive Power
q
Iq
-
+
IR
C R UR
1-phase B4 diode rectifier
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 12
Harmonics Reactive Power
3-phase B6 diode rectifier
t
IL1,2,3
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 13
Harmonics power consumers are:
Non-Linear Loads
etc.
Drives (frequency converters, DC-drives)
Dimmers
Power supplies (computers)
Furnaces (induction furnaces, arc furnaces)
Lightings (gas-discharge lamps, fluorescent tubes)
Diode Rectifiers
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 14
Harmonics Theory
A harmonic is defined as a sinusoidal wave with a certainamplitude and an integer (whole number) multiple of a
fundamental frequency. A harmonic is a component of a
periodical signal with a fundamental frequency.
If the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics havefrequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, etc.
The mathematical procedure to calculate amplitudes and
frequencies of harmonics is the Fourier Transformation!
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 15
Fourier Transformation
1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th1st1st+3rd1st+3rd+5th1st+3rd+5th+7th1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th
1st3rd5th7th9th11th13th
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 16
Fourier Transformation
= 1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th
1st
+3rd
+5th
+7th
+9th+11th+13th
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 17
Harmonics Data-Demonstration
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 18
Fundamental reactive current as well as harmonics reactivecurrents cause stress to:
Whats up with Reactive Current?
What means reactive power?
Lines Transformers Generators etc.
The product of a sinusoidal alternating voltage with a alternating current
contributes no power if that current is a reactive current. In this case only
reactive energy flows - there is no net transfer of energy to the load.
Also known as idle current; quadrature current; watt-less current.
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 19
Active Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 20
Active Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 21
Inductive Reactive Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 22
Capacitive Reactive Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 23
Harmonics Reactive Power (5th)
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 24
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics Reactive Power (7th)
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 25
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics Reactive Power (5th + 7th)
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 26
In contrast to fundamental reactive current, harmonics
currents cause harmonics voltages which cause disturbances
to consumers installed in the same electrical network:
Harmonics Consequences
Finally triple harmonics cumulate in the neutral wire which
causes overload and dramatic consequences:
Reduction of the life span and thus premature failure of condensers andelectric motors due to thermal overloading
Malfunctioning with electronics Malfunctioning of protection device Malfunctioning of ripple control systems Impairment of the ground fault deletion
Cable fire Transformer breakdown Noise emission
Why harmonics currents cause harmonics voltages
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 27
Why harmonics currents cause harmonics voltagesin electrical networks?
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 28
- Active harmonics filters
Basically there are two possibilities to compensate
harmonics currents:
What to do against harmonics?
- Passive harmonics filters (tuned parallel resonance circuits)
Passive harmonics compensation
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 29
Passive harmonics compensation(tuned parallel resonance circuit)
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 31
Active Filters: Pro and Contra
Active Filters Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Direct compensation of harmonics currents Easy dimensioning Independent from the mains voltage quality Independent from the network impedance Excellent dynamics No influence to ripple control systems Electronic overload protection No capacitive reactive power injection Compensation possibility close to consumers
More expensive (than passive filters) Higher power losses Ripple current
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 32
To measure harmonics voltages and currents the following
equipment can be used:
Measuring Harmonics
Total harmonics distortion factor (THD)
Europe: THDR, USA: THDF
Oscilloscope (the data can be analyzed after the measurement resultswere stored)
Power meter (Fluke, Tektronix etc.)
Data logger (TOPAS, Dranetz etc.)
1
1
2
;F
I
I
THD
1
2
R
I
I
THD
%-THD may not contain a sufficient informative value for currents. An absolute
harmonics THD-value in Amperes may be preferred instead!
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 33
Power:
Calculating Power
Power factor:
1
2
111
11
;sin
cos;
IUDIUQ
IUPIUS
22
1 DQQ 22
1
2 DQPS
1
2cos1 RTHD
S
P
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i il i
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 35
Stand Alone MaxSine Compact Module
New Active Filter MaxSine
MaxSine100AV6C
MaxSine100AV6CE
i il i
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 36
MaxSine Compact Cubicle Version
New Active Filter MaxSine
i il Si
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 37
Main Features
Small size enables customized modular cabinet construction
Ethernet connection and Web Server for monitoring, setting and control User interface: PC or optional HMI
Several menu languages (also character languages)
Relay output for run indication Standby in case of small load current
Adjustable relay output for cubicle fan
Selectable dual parameter page setting e.g. for emergency generatorsupply
Devices available for 3-wire as well as 3-wire + neutral (4-wire)
Several overload protection algorithms: Output limiting factor by current peak Output limiting factor by temperature High temperature switch-off
New Active Filter MaxSine
N A i Fil M Si
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 38
Compensation Features
Two compensation modes: Fast mode, selectable harmonics, amplitude and phase, 1-50th
Ultra fast mode, global compensation Adjustable output overall factors for amplitude and phase
Total power factor can be forced to 1 Possibility to balance line currents Ability to eliminate neutral current
6 current inputs for multiple circuits (open loop, closed loop, CT-additions, etc.)
Excellent dynamics; Response time < 1ms in ultra fast mode and adjustable from1 network period to 50 network periods in fast mode
Selectable current input sensors: Rogowski coils Current transformers (CTs) Selectable compensation priorities:1. Fundamental has priority2. Harmonics have priority3. Only fundamental4. Only harmonics
New Active Filter MaxSine
N A i Fil M Si
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 39
Extended Measurement and power meter functions Date/Time
Load, network and compensation currents in phases and neutral RMS, fundamental, harmonics currents and crest factors
Active, reactive, apparent and harmonics power, cosphi THD(u), THD(i), current and voltage harmonics spectrum
up to 50th harmonics Waveforms of currents Cabinet temperature and external temperature (e.g. heat sink) if
sensor connected Uploading of measurements for reporting
Network mains voltages
One set of measurement values is always saved to memory whensystem stops
New Active Filter MaxSine
A ti Filt A li ti
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 40
Active Filter Applications
Frequency Converter
A ti Filt A li ti
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013
Slide 41
Active Filter Applications
Network current (frequency converter)
before and after compensation with MaxSine
A ti Filt A li ti
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 42
Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
before compensation
Active Filter Applications
Order: f / Hz I RMS / A THDr: THDf: Total-
values:
1 50 35,50 91,55% 100,00%
3 150 0,52 1,33% 1,45% I RMS / A:
5 250 14,57 37,57% 41,04% 38,77
7 350 5,25 13,55% 14,80%
9 450 0,08 0,20% 0,22% THDr:11 550 1,93 4,98% 5,44% 40,51%
13 650 1,03 2,66% 2,91%
15 750 0,10 0,25% 0,27% THDf:
17 850 0,92 2,37% 2,59% 44,24%
19 950 0,52 1,33% 1,46%
21 1050 0,08 0,20% 0,22%
23 1150 0,51 1,31% 1,43%
25 1250 0,33 0,86% 0,94%
A ti Filt A li ti
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 43
Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
after compensation
Active Filter Applications
Order: f / Hz I RMS / A THDr: THDf: Total-
values:
1 50 36,91 99,49% 100,00%
3 150 0,16 0,44% 0,44% I RMS / A:
5 250 0,27 0,73% 0,73% 37,10
7 350 0,27 0,73% 0,73%9 450 0,12 0,33% 0,34% THDr:
11 550 0,16 0,43% 0,43% 3,20%
13 650 0,16 0,43% 0,43%
15 750 0,17 0,46% 0,46% THDf:
17 850 0,34 0,91% 0,92% 3,22%
19 950 0,03 0,08% 0,09%
21 1050 0,12 0,33% 0,33%
23 1150 0,14 0,38% 0,38%25 1250 0,26 0,69% 0,70%
A ti Filt A li ti
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 44
Personal Computers
Active Filter Applications
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 45
Network current (Personal Computers) before and after
compensation with MaxSine
Active Filter Applications
Acti e Filter Applications
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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 46
Dynamic DC-Drive
Active Filter Applications
Active Filter Applications
8/12/2019 Reactive Power Compensation[1]
47/48
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied onthat it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided withoutliability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 47
Network current (dynamic 3-phase load) before and after
compensation with MaxSine
Active Filter Applications
8/12/2019 Reactive Power Compensation[1]
48/48
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