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1
1
2
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No&ce the black line referring to the Natural Increase. Natural increase is how large the popula&on grows when birth rates are compared to death rates. Natural increase DOES NOT include other factors that might lead to a change popula&on numbers such as immigra&on.
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Stage 1 would be a hunter/gatherer society. Most of human history was in Stage 1. There is a state of equilibrium as there is a very high birth rate but also a very high death rate. The death rat
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The growth rate is high. Europe entered this stage during the Industrial revolu&on, communi&es became healthier, pubic health improves, there is an increase in agricultural produc&on. Children are needed to farm and there is s&ll a high infant mortality rate. Women are also s&ll pressured to have more children due to religious and social encouragement. There is liLle family planning. Current example: Kenya, Niger, India. Many countries are stuck in stage 2 due to lack of economic development.
8
No&ce the changes from stage 1.
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A small family means an improved quality of life. The key here is economic growth. People are deciding to limit their family size. Many countries today are stuck in stage 2 because they have not developed economically. Countries can include China and Brazil. The “transi&on” occurs between stages 2 and 3 but in order for this to occur you must have economic development.
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This is found in more developed countries today. There again is a state of equilibrium but at much lower levels. Growth is slow. You have very low birthrate and very low death rate. These countries tend to be very urban/industrial. Family planning is evident in these countries. Health care and food supply is excellent. Countries can include The United Kingdom, United States, France.
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Countries such as Germany are in Stage 5 of the DTM. Stage 5 countries have the same development characteris&cs as Stage 4 countries but Stage 5 countries have slowly falling popula&ons.
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This is a Stage 4 country with low growth and an aging popula&on
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Chile is a Stage 3 country. The popula&on has shi`ed mainly to urban areas but many families are s&ll large due to Catholicism
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This is a Stage 2 country, note the wide base and narrow top. No&ce as well what this pyramid shows about life expectancy in this country. This country is very undeveloped.
22
The Epidemiological Transi&on is a model aLemp&ng to show the rela&onship between types of diseases most present in a popula&on compared to levels of development. In less developed countries at the early stages of the epidemiological transi&on, communicable diseases (cholera, malaria, flu, etc.) are great contributors to the Mortality Rate. As countries become more developed and reach the later stages of the Epidemiologic Transi&on, non=communicable diseases (diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc.) are more responisble for deaths.
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The actual “transi&on” occurs when countries, usually NICs, reach a point where non-‐communicable diseases cause more deaths than communicable diseases.
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In &mes of economic uncertainty, such as a`er the collapse of communism and the loss of the safety net provided by the government, fewer children are born as people lack confidence in their ability to raise a child under such circumstances. Health issues abound in Russia from high suicide rates to alcoholism. Environmental issues related to industrial pollu&on have increased the death rate as well as raised the number or birth related health issues for women and children.
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