1. A VISUA lDICTIO N ARY OFARCHITECTUREfIlAN( U O . K . ( H INC;

2. i iI-Af JVISUAL DICTIONARY OFARCH ITECTU REJ I I I I I I I IFRANCIS D.K. CHING A VNR BOOKJOHN WILEY & SONS, INC NEW YORKCHICHESTERWEINHEIMBRISBANESINGAPORETORONTO 3. I!I.-"A VISUALDICT-IONARYOFARCHITECTURE f {-rIIt... _.-l-I.f.I I-~, ;,~ 1~l...(t)l .;~!Ili..Il.-rAlZ~H)FRANCIS D.K. CHING fER~ANr7~l 4. This book is printed on acidfree paper. 8 CopYright @1995 'ry John Wiley &Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneou5~ in Canada.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in arry form or by arTy means, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as ~rmitteJ under Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, without either the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropr~ per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvere, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon should be add~ to the f'enni55loos Department, John M.~ & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@W1lEY.COM. This publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqaged In rende:ing professiot131 servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, the services of a competent professional person should be oought. U~ralj' of Congre% Cataloging-irH'uuncatlon Data: ISBN 0-471-28451-3Printed in ~e United S~ of America. 20191817 16 15 1413 12L:LL 5. (ONTENTSPREFACE 7ARCHITECTURE9FORCE 96PLASTIC 192ARCH 12FORTIFICATION 98PLATE 194BEAM 15FOUNDATION 100PLUMBING 196BRICI< 18FRAME 104REINFORCED CONCRETE 202BUILDING 21GEOMETRY 108ROOF 208CABLE STRUcnJRE 28GLASS 112ROOM 216CEILING 30HARDWARE 114SHEll 219 . SITEWORK 221CERAMIC 32HISTORY 128SOIL 224COLOR 38HOUSE 136SOLAR ENERGY 226COLUMN 40JOINERY 140SOUND 228CONCRETE 42LIGHT 142STAIR 233CONSTRUCTION 48 ~HEAT 117CHURCH 35LOAD 151STONE 236DESIGN 52MASONRY 155 -DOME 60MATERIAL 161SURVEY 246DOOR 62MEASURE 166TEMPLE 248DRAWING 66MEMBRANE 168THEATER 256ELECTRICITY 74METAL 16?TRUSS 259ELEVATOR 80MOISTURE CONTROL 176VAULT 262.'STRUCTURE 238FASTENING 82ORDER 179VISION 264FIREPLACE 87ORNAMENT 182WAll 266FIRE SAFETY 88PAINT 187WINDOW 271flOOR 92PLASTER 188WOOD 276INDEX 285 6. PREFACEill '. '-',',. "'" f--'tjC~/~_._.,/~' r~'rm =1.=0_. _ _ _ _' ; ... >+-,- " :...,: . -4- .~ "'.- .. - ; r - .."')IOne picture is worth a thousand wordsiir~I,~ II~JJust as a single image can be worth a thousand words, a single word can conjure up in the mind's eye a thousand images. Regardless of t.he power of a solitary word or image, however, each communicates meaning more effectively when brought together into a sfngle preserrtatlon, The symbiotic relationship between graphic and verbal communication is the basis for this visual dictionary of architecture. Instead of an alphabeticallistil19 of entries as found in most dictionaries, the information is clustered around basic aspects of architecture as outlined in the table of contents. Within each section, words are placed in a visual context which further explains, clarifies, and completes their meaning.The reader may use this dctionary in a number ofw3'js.lf one trows the exact term and wants to find CiJt rts meaning, then one can 1001: it up in the index. Looki~ up one term will always present related terms arTa:1ged around one or more illustn In the production of what Is beautiful appeallng. or of more than ordil'l3l)' slgnlflcanu.aesthetics The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art. beauty. tJste. with a view to estabhshlng the meaning and valiatty of clitlcalJudgments conceming wori::s of art. Also. esthetics.anabeautydelightThe aggregate of qualities In a person or thing that gives Intense pleasure to the senses or deep satlsfactlon to ~ mind or spirit. whether arising from harmony of fonn or color. excellence of craft. trutirfulness. originality. or other. often unspeGlfIal7!e property.A high degree of pleasure or enjoyment.iJtaste CriticalJudgment. discernment. or appreciatlon of what Is fitting. harmonious. or beautiful prevailing in a culture or personal to an Il1.~. --.rlJUVUrt;hI.~ An archway having sides or Jam~s not at .. :~ right angles with the face of Its abutments_L~enur!ngA temForal)' fl7lmework for supportln~ a ma son I)' arch or vault during construction until the work can suppo~ Itself.camber piece Aroard used as centulng for a flat arch. ~( slightly crowned ~ allow for settling of the arch. Also calle4C.1l)1per 51ip.12L L l L_ffilllI{II jL/_LL 12. l ARCHrI lr,...--------------+-'arch actionIThe manner In whlcn an arch transforms the vertlca I forces of a su pported load Into Inclined components aria transmits them to abutments on either side of the archway.r--~-------+- ~rchaxis the median line of an arched structure. .---------J-..~f"line of thrust;., The setofresultantsbf thrust and weight each part of an arch Imposes 0'1 the next lower one. For bending to be eliminated throughout an arch. the line of thrust must coincide with the arch axis.IffIJunic~lar .1rc_h I An .rch shapeJ to develop only axial compression und~r a given loading. This sh3pirampant.1rch .fLJ~ An arch having onc Impost higher than the other.1........;-..------~ stilted archround arch' An arch having a continuously cuc;'ed Intrados. esp. a semicircular one. RolTL1n arch An arch having a semicircular i~tr.:ldos...-L.~..,.'~ :.. .-t-..An arch restir~ on imposts treated as downward ccn,i~uations of the arctr0lt.{j!PeUarch. 'A round arch rest'lng 011 two large corbels_ _ _ _ _ __with cUrYed taus.hor$eSMe arch An.rch having an Intracios that MdensaPove the spri~lng Pefore 1I3rrowing to;jJ rounded crown. Also cal1efMoorIsh arch.! ,'trefol1 archII l.JAn .1rch having 3 cusped Intrados with three~~~Iarc~.iround or pointed foils.tJAn arch strock from one or morecenters ~Igw the springing line. skewPact _'--,-_ _ _ _ _- . l".polll'ted arch' An arch ~vlng a pointed crown. ettuli~r3rarc&'Z r =' A pointed arch havIng two centers and r.:Idllequal to the span.'i.~..J/.....~t7-,A stone or course of masonry having a sloping f.Jceagainst which the: end of a segmental arch rests.II'---'.... /."'...."---~_+; basket-handle .1rch/_lla~arcltt A pointed ~rch having two unters and radII greater than the span.Athree-centered 3rch having a crown with a radlus mUGh gre3ter than that of the outer pairofcurYes. Alsocallefn~ de panic!, drop al'C"A pointed a rcll haying two centers arid r.:IdJl tess than the spar!.G~thl~'~Rh; I r.. ApoInted arch, esp. one havIng two centers and equal r.:Idn.I lJL i L I L: 'lU'pased arch An arcn havIng a ri~ of tess than half the span . . -3..oearch A pointed arch, e3Cn hJunch of which Is a double curve with t~ c.cncave side uppermost14l~ !I L 14. BEAMrI iA rigid structural member designed W C3rry and transfer! I____ supporting ~1I1I~~It~i!~IIIIIIIIII;;!!!lliliiiiiill!!lIIII~~ii~Ii~~tiriainISViel~e,oadsacross spaceelements.~M--"-'_h __L,.----L.L.....---.-l- -to1span ' The extent of space l7etween two supports of a structure. Also. the strocture so supported.; rcearspa~'-:..,,:-"------------~ The dIstance b-etween the inner faces of the supports of a span.-r.= i~=!r~~ler !distance l7etween the supports of a=+ t f [f -+ -t + span.f-===------------------~Iiiri i[~14Ptnd~mcment -tam. gIrder. ortruss to compellS.1te for an anticipated~~-~--~--r .- -il,.---: vertical shearing stress;_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----1 -An extern.alshearforu at a cross section ~~h~~of a beam or other member subj~ to Pendl~. fl1U31 to tM a~ebralc sum of tnnsverse forces on Ofle side of the section.I.~ ___ ----___ ---:------: :_:-:::::::::::::::::::::::::~-=---=---=--=------------ ---~------r------J----~--------nonlinearly toward the outer faces.:1The shearing stress developed along a cross section of a ~eam to resist transverse shear. havIng a ma"xtmum value at the neutral axIs and decreasIng:The snearlng stressdevetOped t.J prevent -~ slippage alang Iong!tudlnal planes of a ~m' ur.oer transverse loading. ~ual at any point '-"-. to the vertlcal~h~~r:l~_~ *e:;;;at that pointAIso ca lIec90ngftudinaf s~rfn4 s~s;:~. -- - -:- - -------- -- -- - ----:- ---~~15 15. BEAM fp=MC{!)_______ wheref.= extmn~ firer stress In ~ndjngM= bending n10mttTtC=from neutnl/axis to th~ outermost surfJC~ in b~ndin9distJnc~mamentoflnertia The sumOfthe products of each element of 2n 2rea 2nd the square of Its dlstance from a coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of Inertia Is a geometric property that Indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural mem~er Is dlstrl~ted and does not reflect the Intrinsic physical properties ofa material.IfYc = ~-------thenfpIry 3 tJacre{ z. JouPling th~ depthreduces t;!!e bending 5tres5eS by 3 factor of 4.="secuon.I:The tfflcfetlcy cf 3 Pe3m 15 lnCT'e3seJ by CQnflgurlng the CT'OS5 section to provfde the requireJ moment cf Inmb or section modulus with the 5maOe$t pos5M~ 3rea. usua!1y by mating the section kep with most of theWhk ~ 3 ~ span reduces th~ bending ~=MISsection modulu,'A~~r6pMy of a cross deflned as the moment of Inertia of the section divided l1y the dlsta nee from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.Ii 1m3teri;( at the ~mitles where th~ maximum bending ~ occur.33.25 inz = Area of section11.20 in 2 = Area of 5Xtion= iaboutx-xaxis25OIn4 = I aPoutx-xaxis3861n 452.61n' "" S54.7in 3 =5principal stresses The tensile and compresslv~ stresses ' resulting from the Interaction of ~na1nf! and shea r stresses at a cross section of a beam._1-At the txtreme surfaces of a bam. only !>ending 5tr~ses &:xl5t and the prlnclp;1l stres:.e-s 3rt equivalent to the tensiJe and a;mpr-c5slvc str~5e5 resulting from l>alJ1nq.LAt th~ nelltra/axls of the section. only shar stresses exist and these can ~ rcscI~eJ InW ta7sJ1~ ;mil compre55le ~ses xtJn~ at 45" mgfe.s to the neutnl1Xl5,JFor 217 lrrU:rrnedim element sut;ect to botb be:nJlng x.J she3r 5tre55eS. the prlnctp.al stresses h3re 3n InclinztJcn ktemI/neJ by the rd3t1r~ magnitudes ofth~ 5tre55e5.L ,tress trajectories lines depictIng the direction put not the magnitude of the principal stresses In a ~eam.-5hear ceo'Ur T~~p~-~nal~Ia_~9f.a s~l~~gIfWfiICfi'i'?transverselOad';r'-ust pa'55 In orJe~ to16Iongltudlnal axis.~-tensionL JL-,- ,prevent torsion or twlstlng.of the mem~er a~out.aI Ir IL 16. BEAM rlf-.-t."f.tlU 1 +J.1J.LtLI: .:111.11111111',heard.g .. m~:.A graphic representation of the variation In magnitude of the external shears present In a structure for a given set of transverse loads anel support con.:fitlons.I,I!...-' -Concentrated loads produce e~ma( she~cantilever beamUniformly distribtJud loads produce (ine3ri) :.": X'pro~rij veat:ns,u pPPfted. a~ only.one~~~~~.~!~CQn-'~m.'g.wJ'-~ ~~~: ;;';~~' :.,,'''''.r imoment reslst4nce. As with any st.otlwfly aetennlnate structure, the v-alues of an reactions, shears. and moments for a simple beam are Independent of Its Crc5S' sectional shape and ma~31.,'I!momentdi.1gram _ _ _ _ _ _r: ;t. !:; ii'l:1 III !r !( III. . ). '~III.~' ..tr i5imple beam A ~m restlC3 0.1i sim~~~u.ffljs at Dot.~ ends, which are free tc rota~ and have norA3EIC:~torrott~~nJn:fF.~i6''r ~ . J. Ipositive shearI :Uniformly distribrMd loads producepanbciJc311y var:lr.~ moments.cantilever';~~~~~~~~'~=:~~~~~~~~~~~=t -...P,,~~.t.. ,.res~l?nt. of.shearforceSth3tacts .r vertIca~ upW1rd'~n the left part of the structure !:>errig consldered.~ A~."r:esutta nt. of.5 hearforcesthatact5 .. . "ertIC3l!:t ~~rapn the left part of the structUrl: ~elrig'consldered.overhanging peam A slmple Deam extending beyond one its supports. The overhang reduces the posltlve moment at mldspan while developing a n~3t!ve moment at the Inse of the cantliever over the support.Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW (03d, tJ;e projection for wltfch the morrr~ OY~ the 5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt 3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the Sf!41negativeshear ----------------~positive moment""',' ' ,::;Concentr.lted loads produce bending mom~ts which vary hne;;rfy between loads.louis and support conditions. The overalltkf1ected shape of a structure subject to Pendlng can often lie Inferred from the shape of its moment diagram.::.:-~:~~!-W,f~~jj,!!e.:,~---:",""r-T--,.-,-.,."-l...1fJ-l-L-L...LL.....w.-l...L.L....w..::...~.~.~._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- " -_ _- '.c.,....A !:>ending mending 's~s,lncre-ase the rlgldlty of the ~m. and ~uu Its1J_ ccrttinuou5 pe4m_~ be3m extettding~~t~~ih",,~J~, .. ~~Jn ordu to aevelOp greater rlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than a ser~s of simple lleams having similar spans and loading. Both fIXed-end and contJnuous !:>eams are Inktamlnate structures for which the values of all reactions. shears. and mo~nts are dependent not only or. span and Ioaalng but also on crosssectlonal Sh3F~ 3'1d material.effective length The dist3~ce Det ..... een Inflection points In the sp3~;f a flxed'end or continuous beJ~. quiIl3ie.-: in nature 3simp!]s~pportedto the actualleng~h~'eam.17 17. ,lJJ.Sl.(W A m3SOf1f)'unitofclay, formed into rectar.gwr prism while plastic and lurdenea Py drying in the sun orl.firi~inaUn.~~~~ ! scft-mud process'ccmmott~~. The process of forming prick l:>y molding relatively wet clay havlng~re C$!:Vwt- JtBrict made for general Pulkllng purposes and :let s~1a11y treated for color and te~~re. Also C311ea building brick; _.. ' -- ....... - .. - -~mingl1rict' !3rlcl: maJeofspec~1 clays for facing a wall. often treate4 to produce the ~sJ~~.~glg~ and 5Jrfau text.ure. Also calrea fa ci In-Ick. :.--. --:Bricl: formed In the softmud process wlt.,~~~!llllllllllilll~11A des~ll3t1on Indicating the pennlssll7le ~rtatlon In size. color. ch Ippage. a"d dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facing I7rick unit.rex F.ang I1ricl:: suitable for use where a !ninlmum ~rlatlon In size. narrow color fA ng~. and high degree of l.T1ech3nlc31 pafectlon are rea.ulred.Bricl: formed In the soft-mud process with 3 mold lulnicated with water to prevent stlci:!~. producing 3 smooth. dense surface.r waterstruckhick ! "trrt-mud pro~The process of fonnlng prick and structur.il tile ~ extruding stiff Put plastic clay having a moisture content ofl2t to 151 through 3 !~ cuttlng the extrusion to length with w'res l:>efore firing.FB51drrpress processkick sultaple for use where a wider color ~,nd greater variation In size 3re ~rmitted than for type FBX.uiThe process of fanning prick ~ motdlng relatively dry clay having a moisture co~ e:q; of . 51 W under high pressure. resulting in sbrpedged. smooth-surfaced pricks.FDA F.a~ I1ricl:: sulta7te for use whereIl.i1 b1n) f.. fumau or oven for Pumll1g. I:1aklng. or dryi~ ~I~. esp. one for firing pottery.17a:ir-3 , m=ks. or dryl~ tlml:>er.p,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlng from lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. and texture of the Individual units.j~~hin~'ft MW~A dr!s~tUtIon indicating the dura!7i11ty of a . A ImCk grade suitable for exposure to-,moder'3te weatherl~ as when used ~e m:t unit wfIen exposea to weathering. The grade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated u.s. Is drtW In~ three weathering liiltn Wlltel Iii subfreezing temperatures. ~ - serer!. moderate. and negllgll7le .3cc,~dIng to,nnual winter rainfall and the 6n~1 number of freezing-cycle days. Brick is pJd for use In each I'C9lon according to ,uanaF,cln~lorici~'3mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9. producing 3 matte-textured surf~1 prick_type!,.....j5.1ndstruck brick, - - - - - -_ _--.: Plfing luiCk un~lterTl4tely with too much or too httle air to vary their face COlOr.!cull " 1 A !nicI: or tlmb~ rejected as being ~ Infer':r quality..~ strength. maximum water a~.andm3XlmumSJturatloncoefl'.clent.t1~j5W ~ , II !nick grade suita~1e for exposure to severe weatheri~,;as when In contact with ---~-----=::: the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to ~ permeated with water In subfreezl~~-~~ve-temperatures..NW ...... - ..... -.... -... ,.. ...... .... ........~.A brick grade sulta~1e for ~posure to jl!e9~n~~~ ~~as when usea as a 113Gb,,. orin Itfterlor ma son r y . -The ~ofW3ter a~ Py. claL I"'.lSOlllj' unit when Immersed In either cold or boIIIn4 I'I7ter for a st3 ted length of time. ~'5 a percent3ge of the weight of,-!J~l.,edryl/l1lt.~iI coefficient The rnlooft~ weight of water absorbed ~5bhiy Dille hi!mtlrsta In cotr IIt7ter to the weight a~sorPed when ~ In rolh~ water. Indicating the ~ resistance of the brick to the #etlan of freezl~ and thawing. ~..-.; . ,- ;;>:'!f' ,~ ; _ .t.t~ ~:'l :' .:!{ : : ~.~..~.I. ..,;("'....~. ---.;.;" .":~~;" ~ , , ; : ; . ~. ~q.." ,-i~-:-;;~~.:.~I':~ ~, ~~ h..'j~) Sdflo~res;e:;~~:~~ "V.'weight of water absorbed ~._' partially Immersed for A white. powdery deposit that fonns on an croe minute. expressed I~ grams or ounces exposed masonry or concrete' surface. caused Vy the leaching and crystallization p minute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of of 50luple salts from within the material.3iTl3S011f'y unit wheniI~18i.~ ~ -- ...... ~~Jfi!el7ridcr-: A GT{mUle of fire clay ana used for IInln~ amaGtts and flreplaces.t.~_c~ AWctry clay usea In the making of~rucl&t;S. aria otHer objects exposedto high tempentlJres.~!y_,A material having the avlllty to ~taln Its physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE' w~ suPjected to high temperatures.IU 18. BRICK~lrnoml,,' dim ",.IonA brlc~ dline~S'o()f1 Lvgerthan the actual dJ~s:cn account for the . thicl:ness rf 3 :nortar Joint.toI.3 courses = 8 in. (20.3 mm)'h-r---moduL-lr brick A 17rld: h.wing nominal dimensions of 4 x 21,.'3 x3 in. (102 x68 x203 111m) .NormJn brick APricl: h.wing nominal dimensions at 4 x 21,'3 x12 in. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) ...SCRurick Briel:: h3';119 nominal dimensions of 6 x 2113 x12 In. (102 x 68 x 305 mm).5 COU."'5ts = 16 In. (406 mm) ~=:::ib=:::o:;f=:.d,-,-~~..engineered brick AInicl: h.wlng nominal dimensions of 4x3~/s.5In. (I02x81x203mm).Norwegian I1rick A 17M h3Vi~ nominal dimensions of 4 x 3'/s x 12 in. (102 x81 x 305rmm).4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm)Roman brick Brick ha'ling nominal dimensions of 4x2x 12 in. (102x5! x 305 mm).r jumbo urickrecanomy Prick A modu~r vrick having nominal dimensIons.Any of "'3 r100J 5 C'1erslzed 17ricks h3vlng nomlnJl di~~S:Ons establJshed Dy theof 4x 4 x 5 in. (102 x 102 x 203 mm).m3nubct~~e-.rf rirseal'IA brd or tl.e i-.3Ying normal facestret:.cMr-'iA l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laid"hortzoot..fIy In a wall with the lo~er or parallel to tne$lJri:ou.dlmensloos ~Jt 2 nominal thickness ofeage~2In.(51I11m~''' .. ''~r.,ht-JA 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lid horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter end ~ or parallel to the surface.A !mel:: cut t... rsversely so as to leave onetr1dw~-., .. ,~~J~:..,TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to aA I7rld: lakl horizontally on the longeredge with the shorter end exposed. AI$O.~Jcertain s~ c-r sl1ape.fc.~~}rA I7rld: laid vertically with the longer face edge ~pqsed .. itorlr~k lakl vertically with the I1read faceex~., ... '.' 7shineri 'A brIck i3J hfelon ga l!eries.Iloft ~ikiing A ?tJ:!dlng haVing several floors with large areas of unobstructed space. originally rerrtea out for ~ht Industrial purposes and r.aw fre'.uently converted to residential OCCt;p3r.cy.;I1_..J 22. BUILDINGL.rttic Aroom or space directly under the roof of a Pullding. tsp. a house.luffeltory _._ .. _ _ ... ..... -._ ......... ' .. A usal7le living space within a sloping roof. usually hav~ng dormer windows for lighting.",t. _f LLcrawl space ,...,.,." An area In a build In!! hJvl"9 a clearance less than human height. M accessible I1y crawhng. esp. such a space below the flrst floor tha t Is enclosed by foundation walls.,cellar __ J Aroom or set of rooms. for the storage of food. fuel. or the like. wholly or partly underground and usually be'neath a bulk/ing.cyclone cellar A cellar or other underground place for shelter during violent storms. as cyclones. torna.ms. or hurricanes. Alsa called stann cell.1r.L[fl1ulkhe3d -. __ ...... __ ......... -... _-'/ A horizontal or InclIned door over a/~ .~l__________~____st_a_/~aY_g_M_n_g_~_c_~_s_to__ ____ __ a_ce_"a_r_.=-__________________:" floor A contlnuous supportl"9 surface . extending horizontally throughout a : bulkllng. havl"9 a number of rooms and ; const~utl"9 one level In the strocture.~-$-l;-.- mezzanine A low or partial story Wtween two main : stories of a bUllalng. ~p. one that projects i as a blcony and forms a composltion with! ,the story beneath It.-B---r- fi~tfloor ! :IThe gl"O'Jnd floor of a bu!k:flng. In 8rltaln and elsewhere. the first floor IS tile floor Immediately above the ground floor.--;-.. ground floor :The floor of a bu/ldlng at or nearestto ground levelr Ik..;.+:--l-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_I__areaway A sunken area affording access. air. and light to a !1asement door or window._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.... _ _ _;'" pasement : A story of a building that Is wholly or part~ A - vbelow ground level. Isubbasement Arry story or floor below the maIn basement of a buifding 23. BUILDING~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ..-....... - .... --.------.---fro nUspieceThe front of a ~ulk:llng or any of Its skies facl~ a pu~hc wtrj or space. esp. one dlsUngulshui by Its architecturalA princ!p31 fac3de. or a part or feature of a facade. often t~ as a separate elerTl!rTt of tl-.e des~n 3nd highlighted by"',:reatment."",IiOrT1a~ntation.", """""!1""""""",.,1j ""'"~"~~~==::S r- pavilion ~:Acerrtr31 or fIar.l:i:-..g ?ro}xt~ su~alvlslon of a f:3C3de. us~i!J ~tea by more elabor3t.e decon'erhead structure.r I, recmtigrui' -.1 Ametal grid for supporting a suspenaed celhng of acoustical tiles haVing rapl:>eted-----J?~~.. -.- spline1ftees suppartin~the acoustical tiles of a suspenaed ceiling.11I1i!!i;IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIWrr-A thin metal str:p Inserted InCO the edges of two acoo5~31 t;ile= to ma~ a lrottJolnt between them.------.--.- kerf /iAgroo.-e cut In c.o the edges of an acoustlcal tlle to rteelve a spline or T-shaped m~~r ~rt1~qrid.~ pconccal&:J grid ~. A metal grid suppOrting the acolJstl~1 tilesof ~ suspended ceiling. hldcfen within kerfs cut Into the edges of the tiles.(j~r mebl uilingA suspended ce:1I~ system of narrow metal strips. usually Incorpornl~ rnodul3r I19htl/l4 .nd alr-nanJnll9 components. ;II ~'5...; :) ~ ~~A'S;...;)~.;I.Integrated ceiling A suspended cell1~ system Incorporating ~~~~ 1igh_~n.9 ..~11etween any contlg uous pa Ir of these colors.rea,d.arkI.J.:IeepJ Des~natlng a color having low lightness and strong saturation.Dt5Ignatl~..g color h.ivfng low i,Jut appears to rt&ct more or less of the Inck:!tnt light. V3rylng from Vlack to white for surface colors and from plack to colorless for transpa rent volume colors.yellowIcolor.brightness The dimenSion of a color which Is correia ted with luminance ana by which visual stimuli are ordered continuously from 'Iery dim to very plight. Pure white has the maxlmu m Prlghtness. and pure I1!acl: the mlnlmu m Lnightness.!u!jUtransmitted.. ~uVtractlve colorA cclor produced by mixing cyan. yeflow. 2nd rnagent.a pigments. each of which a~rbs cer'bln wavelengths. A Pa fa need mlxtu re of these coIora~ or su~e primaries theomlcally yields I1IacI: ~ !t2~ 2n wav~~~