International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Austrian RC in Batagram (Pakistan) EQ Operation

Day 4: Sanitation in Emergencies

RDRT WatSan Training

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Objective

1. Become a sanitation engineer??2. Understand what is sanitation3. Understand how to select the right option

for excreta disposal4. Be familiar with different technical options

for excreta disposal in emergencies5. Be familiar with the Emergency Response

Equipment for sanitation6. Construct an emergency latrine!

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Sanitation in Emergency

1. Excreta disposal

2. Solid waste management

3. Waste water management (drainage)

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What is dangerous about faeces?

Primary sanitary barriers

ToiletsHand-washing (critical times)Water treatment and water handlingFood hygiene

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Pathogen Die Off Time in faeces

Pathogen Retention Time

1M 2M 3M 4M 5M 6M 10ME coli + + - - - - -Salmonella + + - - - - -Shigella + + - - - - -Vibrio Colerae + - - - - - -Enteric Viruses + + - - - - -Hookworms + + - - - - -Ascaris + + + + + + +

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How do we do excreta disposal in a emergency?

Rapid assessment & planning design

Implementation:

1st phase – Immediate action

In-depth assessment & planning design

Implementation:

2nd phase – medium term action

Monitoring

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Sphere Standards and Indicators

SPHERE standard 1: access to and numbers of toilets

People have sufficient numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all

times of the day and night.

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Sphere Standards and Indicators

SPHERE standard 2: design and construction

People have access to toilets which are designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to

use.

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Selection Criteria

Number of people using latrine and location of peopleCommunal or familyElderly/disabled populationDesign life: - will population move?SpaceComfort and community desiresTradition of latrine use in community PrivacyUse of water/reuse of faeces – availability of water?Anal cleansing material (amount of water used)MenstruationAvailability of local materials and tools

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Selection Criteria (cont.)

Pit sizeV = (NxSxD) + 0.5 m of free space x A

N = number of users; S = Sludge accumulation (m3/person/year); D= design life (years)

A= pit-base area (m2)

GroundwaterNot all designs suitable for high groundwaterUsually 99% of pathogens destroyed within 2m of unlined pit in unconsolidated soils if above water tableIf in saturated zone then contamination spread is HORIZONTAL (usually) up to 15m

Soil conditionsSoil stabilityInfluence if a pit or soak pit is possible to excavateWatch for effects throughout the seasonsInfiltration rate

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Selection Criteria (cont.)

Siting Communal latrines good distance (30m) away from dwellings and down wind if possible Family latrines near to dwelling (5m) Away from water sources (see groundwater) Avoid depressions, water courses that might run with water DISCUSS with community Space for additional latrines

Safety and accessibility (Lighting, Location, Distance, Screening, Design - separate M/W/Children - ) Operation and maintenance Construction of hand washing facilitiesTime constraintsFinancial constraintsHuman Resources

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Technical options

Immediate action

1st phase Acute emergency

•Open defecation fields•Shallow trench latrines•Deep trench latrine•Shallow family latrines•Bucket latrine•Packet latrine•Chemical toilets

Control free defecationCommunal facilitiesCommunity consultation

Medium term action

2nd phase stabilized emergency

•Simple pit latrine•VIP latrine•Pour-flush latrines•EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation)•Borehole latrine•Septic tanks

Family facilitiesCommunity participation

disaster4-6 weeks 1-6 months

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Latrine components – basics

•Privacy and dignity•Roof is essential in areas with high rainfall•Door / spiral-shaped entrance•< 1 m2 is recommended•Frame: timber, PVC pipe, •Fitted with plastic sheeting, local materials•User’s involvement in design

Superstructure

•Support weight of a person•Easy to clean•Prefabricated or manufactured locally•Concrete, wood, ferrocement or plastic

Slab

Pit

•1 m across and 3 m deep (minimum 0.9 m diameter)•Best shape: circular•The top 0.5 m of a pit should be always lined (but depend of soil)•Different pit lining material: locally available

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Communal or Family?

Family facilities:

Usually designed and built by the users (with or without designs, tools and materials provided by others).

They may be used by several families. The latrine belongs to the family / ies.

Communal facilities:

Managed by the community as a shared resource (market, school, etc.).

The facility belong to the community.

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Sanitation Ladder

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Open Defecation fields

WHEREVER POSSIBLE AVOID DEFECATION FIELDS AND INSTALL TRENCH LATRINES AS FIRST OPTION

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Shallow trench latrine

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Deep trench latrine

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Pit latrine and VIP

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Pour-Flush latrine

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Exercise – latrine design

In your group think about the positive and negative aspects of this design (10 min)

Source: OXFAM. Photographer: Saira Raza

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Which one would you use?

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Operation and Maintenance

Cleaning: Supervision + Equipment + TrainingCommunal latrines: Need for employing some members to clean and maintainOwnership: Involving population in design, siting, construction, maintenance, etc. Family latrinesCleaning materials: cleaning kit (disinfectants, mops, rags, buckets, gloves, etc)

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Handwashing Facilities

Providing handwashing facilities is easier said than done, especially in a large area. Work with your team to chose the right technology (jug, tippy tap, etc) and establish a system of keeping water available

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Common Mistakes of WatSan Staff

“I think the people want…”

“In the last place I worked in we did this, so I am sure it will work here.”

“I am sure the people will clean the latrines themselves.”

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Standard-size squatting plate (1200 mm x 800 mm)

Emergency Response Equipment for Sanitation

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Resource Materials

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