1 History of Nursing

8/10/2019 1 History of Nursing

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HISTORY OF NURSING INTHE WORLD AND THE

PHILIPPINES


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Primitive Phase of Nursing

believed that illness is causedby evil spirits

Shaman or witch-doctors:

believed to have powers that drive

out evil spirits with the use ofamulets, magic words, etc


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These witch-doctors later on

became priest physicians : built

temples for the gods and

encouraged people to worshipthem

Note: Since the early years, caring for the sick hasalways been associated with religion/beliefs


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Period of Babylonians

Hammurabi came to power and

wrote the code of Hamurabi

Code of Hammurabi

- earliest documentation of law

governing the practice of medicinedating to 1900 BC


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- Related to sanitation and public health,

the practice of surgery , the differentiation

between the practice of human medicineand veterinary medicine , and penalties for

violators of the code

-If a doctor cured a man, he will be

rewarded with 10 shekels of silver

-If a man died, the doctorshand will be cutoff.


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Role of gyptians

The Egyptian Goddess Isis and her son Horuswere regarded as creators of medical arts

They used the medium of dreams to minister to

the sick

Burying their dead in tombs and would require

embalming.

Anatomy and physiology.

The belief on the etiology of disease as causedby evil spirits was eradicated


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Nursing of Greco-Roman cultures

The Greek god Asklepios( Aesculapius)Chief healer

Epigonesoother

Hygeia - goddess of health and was

revered to as the embodiment of the

nurse


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Romans borrowed gods from the Greeks

after conquering Greece in 200 BC

Hippocratesfatheror medicine;

-philosophy of medicine

-practiced medical ethics

-rejected the belief that the origin of

diseases is supernatural in nature

-developed medicine through clinical

observation and case-studies


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Nursing of African Cultures

African Cultures

nurturing functions of the nurse

included roles as a midwife, herbalist,wet nurse, and carer for children and the

elderly


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Ancient India cultures

Early Hospitals were staffed by male nurseswho were required to meet four qualifications:

1. knowledge of the manner in which drugs

should be prepared for administration2. cleverness

3. devotedness to the patient

4. purity of mind and body

Indian women served as midwives and

nursed ill family members


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Hebrew Culture

The code of Moses from the Jews

started the concept of buildinghouses of hospitality for the sick (the

origin of hospitals)


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The Americas

From the Aztecs, bath houses wereestablished (temascals)

They introduced advanced art of

bandaging, amputation, suturing, blood-

letting and massage


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The Chinese Culture

Charm treatments and alchemy

were practiced

Emperor Shen Nung Founder

of Chinese Medicine


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The Hindu Culture

Brahmanism introduced the practice of

ancestor worship and animal reverence

Charaka known for his ethical

standards in medical practice

Susurta known for the description of

diseases, surgery and use of herbs


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The Role of Religion

in the Development ofNursing


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Third and fourth century

Wealthy matrons of the Roman Empire

converted to Christianity and used theirwealth to provide houses of care and

healing for the poor, sick, and homeless.

Birth of Crusaders - composed of

brothers in arms who provided nursing

care to their sick and injured comrade


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The Role of Religion in the

Development of Nursing

The Knights of Saint Lazarus

dedicated themselves to caring forpeople with:

Leprosy Syphilis

Chronic skin conditions


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Middle Ages ( AD 5001500)

Male and female ,religious ,military, andsecular orders with the primary purpose of

caring for the sick were formed

Knights of St. John(Knights ofHospitalers)

Alexian Brotherhood ( organized in 1431)

Augustinian Sisters ( first purely nursingorder)


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16thcentury

Camillus DeLellisfounded a nursing order

to provide care for the poor, the sick, thedying, and those in prison.

1633St. Vincent de Paul in France - founded the

Sisters of Charity

Sisters of Charity sent nursing sisters to

provide care in the New World, establishing

hospitals in Canada, United states, and

Australia


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The Development of Modern Nursing

Creation of the Institute of Protestant

Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth , Germany in

1836 by Theodore Fliedner

The training school for nurses at

Kaiserswerth included care of the sick inhospitals , instruction in religious doctrine, and

ethics, and pharmacy .

the Deaconess movement eventually spread

to 4 continents including North America, North

Africa, Asia, and Australia


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The Role of War

Crimean War ( 18541856)

The inadequacy of care given to soldiers led to apublic outcry in Great Britain

Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Herbert of

the British War Department to recruit a contingent of

female nurses to provide care to the sick and injured

in the Crimea.

Nightingale and her nurses transformed the

military hospitals by setting up sanitation practices


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Societal

Attitudes


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Mid 1800

nursing was without organization ,education, or social status

womans place was in the home andthat no respectable woman should have a

career


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Martin Chuzzlewit (1896)

reflected his attitude toward nurses

through hid character:

SairyGamp she cared for the sickby neglecting them, stealing from them ,

and physically abusing them


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19thcentury

Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercy imagearose because of Florence Nightingale

Nightingale brought respectability to thenursing profession

Nurses were viewed as noble,

compassionate, moral, religious, dedicated,

and self- sacrificing


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Leaders of Nursing

Florence Nightingale (18201910)

born to a wealthy and intellectual family

received her 3 months training in

nursing in Kaiserswerth in 1847

In 1853, she studied in Paris with the

Sisters of Charity


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Leaders of Nursing


In 1860, opened the Nightingale Training School for

Nurses

Aims of NightingalesSchool of Nursing: (1) to train

hospital nurses (2) to train nurses who are to train

others as well (3) to train district nurses for the sick

poor


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Leaders of Nursing


Lady with the Lamp due to her

achievements in improving the standards forthe care of war casualties in the Crimean war

First to exert political pressure on

government Nursings First scientist - theoristfor her work Notes in Nursing: What It Is

Not(1860/1969)


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Clara Barton ( 18121912)

a school teacher who volunteered

as a nurse during the AmericanCivil War

noted for her role in establishing

the American Red Cross


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Lillian Wald ( 18671940)

Founder of Public Health Nursing

First to offer training to the poor in the NewYork slums

Henry Street Settlement and Visiting NurseService - provided nursing services, social

services, and organized educational andcultural activities


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Lavinia Dock ( 18581956)

She campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather

than the Physicians to control their profession


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Margaret Higgins Sanger

a public health nurse in Newyork

founder of Planned Parenthood

imprisoned for the opening of the First BirthControl Information clinic in America


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Mary Breckinridge ( 18811965)

established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)

1918 worked with the American Committee for

Devastated France1925she and other 2 nurses began the FNS in

Leslie County , Kentucky

Within this organization, she started one of the

first midwifery training schools in the United States


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Nursing in the

Philippines


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As men were busy fighting in wars,women were confined in houses, doing

household chores and caring for the sick

in the home

In San Juan de Dios, upon assumption

of the Daughters of Charity (DC), anumber of practitioners were recruited


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In 1876, the first graduates of

doctors or physicians of the UST

were deployed to each province

across the country (1:1)

In other towns, there were no

doctors deployed male nurseswere assigned

(practicantes de medicina)


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Those who did not meet the standards of

the medicine program were given

assignments to care for the sick under thesupervision of licensed doctors

UST also opened the Escuela de Matronas(School of Midwifery)

R.A 2498 an act to amend RA 310

regulating the practice in the PhilippineIslands of medicine, surgery and all their

branches


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RA 2808the first Nursing Law

Ms. Anastacia Giron-Tupas, the

superintendent then of PGH and Dr.Fernando Calderon, the Director

then of PGH pioneered the

Conceptualization of RA 2808


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Pioneer Nursing Schools:

Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing -1906

The Philippine Training School of Nursing -1907St. LukesHospital School of Nursing 1907

Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing 1907

St. PaulsHospital School of Nursing (Manila) 1908

San Juan de Dios Hospital Schools of Nursing 1913Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing in Capiz 1913

Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu) 1918

Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing 1921

Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing- 1921

Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing-1923

Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing -1930


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The Foundation of the Filipino Nurses Association (PNA)

Founded on September 2,1922 during an organization meeting held at

the Nurses Dormitory of the PGH, presided then by Ms. Anastacia Tupas

Mrs. Rosario Montenegro-Delgado was elected as the first president

Ms. Alice Fitzgerald adviser (representative of the Rockefeller

Foundation)

It had 3 sections ( Nursing Education, Public Health Nursing and

Institutional Nursing & Private Duty Nursing

PHN section put up its first publication called Messengerwhich later oncalled as FilipinoNurse and is now called The Philippine Journal of

Nursingthe official organ of the organization


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THANK

YOU!

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1 History of Nursing

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